...has been paid on delineating and accentuating the differences between the many theories of therapy (Sprenkle, 2003, p. 93). Today, there is a move towards convergence of theories within the helping practices (Hackney, 1992, p. 3; Sprenkle, 2003). Researchers and practitioners are searching for an integrated approach which emphasizes the key components within the helping process and relationship that have been linked to effective therapy (Hackney, 1992, p.2). Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and Person-Centered Therapy (PCT) have been shown to bring about positive changes in therapy. CBT and PCT, like all single-theory approaches, have limitations. Literature suggests that when the change-producing techniques of CBT and PCT are combined and applied, counseling is more effective (Josefowitz & Myran, 2005; Tursi & Cochran, 2006). In this paper, CBT and PCT are reviewed and then integrated into one approach. A case example is then presented and hypothetical helping sessions are described to demonstrate how the various techniques of the approaches can come together...
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...their clients. There are a number of reasons that are attributed to this situation and they include, high charges for the service, and lack of adequate time, as the client must go to work and attend to all crucial activities of his or her daily life, for instance taking care of children especially for female clients. Introduction Therapy is the process through which, an individual engages into an one-on-one conversation with a trained and skilled expert, with the aim of learning ways through which he or she can deal with depression, stress, fear and tension (Corey, 2009). The trained individual can be a clinical social worker, psychologist, psychiatrist or a trained counselor. There are different approaches that are applied during the session, which must be in line with the problem that the client is undergoing. For instance, the trained counselor can apply cognitive behavioral therapy to help a client learn ways through which, he or she can become more satisfied with his or her own actions. This is done by helping the client to forget or unlearn past behavior that might contribute or is the result of his or her...
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...Every session, the client engaged in similar play. He first played with the Nerf guns and then a created battle in the sand tray while the battle become increasing more elaborate, it was initially difficult for me to see progress. I struggled with knowing how to measure success in the play room. For the first three sessions, I watched the client engage in the same behavior every session. I questioned my ability to make a difference or of my role. My initial reaction was confusion about my role and the process. After I began to conduct research on play therapy, I noticed some themes emerging. I also had a reaction of dread as I don’t like guns and violence. I am unsure how to react to this in play nor do I like it. In fact, I have always asserted...
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...combine both cognitive and behavioral principles and methods in a short-term treatment approach, have generated more empirical research than any other psychotherapy model (Corey, 2013). CBT can include so many varying techniques within the approach that it is sometimes difficult to study which techniques are effective. Although it is not known which CBT components are essential and which might be redundant in the treatment of PD with and PD without AG, (in vivo) exposure is generally considered to be superior to CT in treating AG (Van Apeldoorn et al., 2008). Pharmacotherapy is the treatment of disease and especially mental illness with drugs (Merriam-Webster, 2014). Pharmacotherapy can include many different types of drugs which can be administered in many different ways and has also been shown to be effective in treating PD/AG. Although there are other drugs and categories of drugs that could be used, including sedatives such as benzodiazepines, this paper will be discussing SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) in general. SSRI is defined as any of a class of antidepressants that inhibit the inactivation of serotonin by blocking its reuptake by presynaptic nerve cell endings (Merriam-Webster, 2014). Despite having different mechanisms of action and treatment delivery methods, CBT and pharmacotherapy share several features. They both are: (1) empirically proven treatments with an extensive history of research on efficacy; (2) practical and action oriented; (3) used...
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...Conceptualization using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Michelle Banks Liberty University Abstract Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a short-term, problem-focused, and goal-orientated form of psychotherapy. CBT is a form of treatment that focuses on the relationship between thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Dysfunctional automatic thoughts, maladaptive assumptions, and maladaptive behaviors are three focuses of CBT. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most extensively researched forms of psychotherapy. There are various ethical issues and several multi-cultural issues that need to be considered with CBT case formulation. Intake discussions with client and analysis of her assessment information suggest a pattern of dysfunctional automatic thoughts, maladaptive assumptions, and maladaptive behaviors. CBT techniques that will be used with client are behavioral activation, monitoring automatic thoughts, and exposure therapy. There may be spiritual challenges in utilizing Christian counseling with CBT. CBT and Christian counseling have are both compatible and incompatible. Case Conceptualization using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a short-term, problem-focused, and goal-orientated form of psychotherapy (Beck, 2011). CBT is not one specific treatment approach; rather it includes a combination of elements from cognitive, behavior, and emotion therapy (Murdock, 2013). CBT is a continuously evolving theory and that has...
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...Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, 2007. Within his academic journal, Tan explains the moral and suitable use of prayer and Scripture, interior mechanism of CBT in religious when hiring a CBT based Christian. It seems that, the usefulness of his move toward spans 25 living years of his performance, as fit as, its submission in a diversity of settings counting in Bible school psychotherapy, rural care, hospice surroundings and extra contexts of counsel. Tan states eight key gears of a principled and suitable Christian-based CBT focusing on prayers and Scriptures. These comprise the astonished love in customer counselor app-relationship, the well thought-out healing of reminiscences, use of investigate methodologies to create ultimate conclusion regarding CBT superiority and use of bible-corresponding way. This also goes for bearing in mind Scriptures revelations in the meaning of experiential, spiritual and religious aspects of faith and life, assessing how behavior and thought influence the underlying problem using biblical truth and develops scripture-based interventions. In addition, the author highlights that focus should also be on larger contextual factors, such as cultural influences, and use of relevant community resource such as churches in therapeutic interventions. Tan goes ahead to talk about two models of integrating Christian-based CBT, open incorporation or the unconcealed use of prayers and Scriptures or the understood integration or the covert use of Scriptures and prayers...
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...12/6/14 Integrative Theory paper I have always hoped to be able to work with adults dealing with trauma, mental illness, and addictions. My personal opinion is that there is not enough counselors out there for adults. I welcome the idea of having my own practice and to being able to help someone make a positive change in his or her life. Though I must admit, that after working with aggressive, traumatized, abused kids I think I will work with families as well as single adults. At the beginning of this semester, I sated that self-awareness is something that grows over time and with exploration. I find myself reflecting on my thoughts and beliefs on a daily basis, a constant growth that can only lead to being a great counselor in the future. To further recap on my mindset, beliefs, and qualities, I see myself as having a gift for understanding and empathizing with others. Additionally, my personal qualities of patience, compassion, and good listening give me the character traits needed to be an exceptional counselor.It is because of my life experiences that I venture into the world of Clinical Mental Health utilizing theories such as, Positive Psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Reality (choice) Theory, Sand Tray (for the kids), and Client-Centered Therapy. To touch on my view of the world, by no means is it a naïve view. The world can be harsh, vile, and unforgiving. On the other hand, the world is full of opportunity, grace, miracles, and forgiveness. As...
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...Parenting Skills Training: An Effective Intervention for Internalizing Symptoms in Younger Children? Parenting O 2 182005 if know UK ©RIGINAL 1073-6077 Nursecom, Inc. Journal 2005 ARTICLE JCAP by Skills Training: Oxford, of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. An Effective Intervention for Internalizing Symptoms in Younger Children? Sam Cartwright-Hatton, D Phil, Clin PsyD, Deborah McNally, RMN, RGN, Clin PsyD, Caroline White, Clin PsyD, and Chrissie Verduyn, Msc, PhD PROBLEM: A number of interventions are effective in treating older children with internalizing symptoms. However, little is known about the efficacy of psychological interventions in treating younger children. This study examined the impact on internalizing symptoms of a parenting skills training program. METHODS: Forty-three parents took part in a parenting skills training program. Externalizing and internalizing behaviors were measured before and after treatment and after a 6-month period. FINDINGS: Externalizing symptoms fell after treatment. Interestingly, internalizing scores fell to an approximately equivalent degree. CONCLUSIONS: Sam Cartwright, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Manchester. Deborah McNally, RMN, RGN, and Chrissie Verduyn MSc, PhD, Department of Clinical Psychology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital. Carolyn White, Clin PsyD, Department of Clinical Psychology, Booth Hall Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK. Introduction...
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...Compare and Contrast Paper Frank A. Daniels JR Liberty University 169567 Thesis In my reading I find that Dr. Crabb is very intriguing a very intellectual writer and has a way of convincing the reader with his philosophies. I will discuss the four perspectives: Goal of Christian Counseling, Basic Concepts, Basic Strategy, and Developing a Counseling Program in the local Church as recorded in Effective Biblical Counseling. Then will Compare and Contrast the assigned articles listed in the course. Goal of Christian Counseling Dr. Crabb, stated, “many of us place top priority not on becoming Christ like in the middle of our problems but on finding happiness. People want to be happy but the paradoxical truth is that you will never be happy if you are concerned primarily with becoming happy. Your goal must be in every circumstance to respond biblically, to put the Lord first, to seek to behave, as He would want you to. The wonderful truth is that as we devote all our energies to the task of becoming what Christ wants us to be, He fills us with joy unspeakable and peace far surpassing what the world offers. We must reject the goal of becoming happy and adopt the goal of becoming more like the Lord” (Crabb, 1977, p20). Most people look for happiness in tangible things that you can feel touch or see and still find that they are coming up short and unhappy after the high has settled...
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...Personality and Individual Differences 46 (2009) 147–153 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Personality and Individual Differences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Cognitive-behavioural training to change attributional style improves employee well-being, job satisfaction, productivity, and turnover Judith G. Proudfoot a,*, Philip J. Corr b, David E. Guest c, Graham Dunn d a School of Psychiatry and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick 2031, Australia Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK c Kings College London, University of London, UK d Health Methodology Research Group, School of Community Based Medicine, University of Manchester, UK b a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t We report, for the first time in the literature, a cognitive-behavioural training waiting-list controlled study that changed employees’ attributional style, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and improved a number of individual differences measures of well-being. One hundred and sixty-six financial services sales agents (98% male, mean age 36.2 ± 9 years) were randomly assigned to either (a) a sevenweek cognitive-behavioural training program or (b) a waiting-list. Significant improvements resulted in employees’ attributional style, job satisfaction, self-esteem, psychological well-being and general productivity. A significant reduction in employee turnover over a 4.5 month period was observed...
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...After reading this week’s required reading assignment, I had to think if I am really “validating” the information my clients’ are sharing with me. Since I am able to record two of my clients, I went back to rehear the most recent sessions to verify if I am missing this important element during session. As I heard reheard the sessions, I did notice the client stating their issue or concern and I responded with either a question (What was that like for you or what does it mean to you?) or an interpretation of their feeling, thought or emotion. According to Koerner (2012), “With empathy, you accurately understand the world from the client’s perspective…you actively communicate that the client’s perspective makes sense” (p. 111). However, bearing...
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...Definitions of Abnormality Defining a person or behaviour as ‘abnormal’ implies something undesirable and requiring change Therefore, we must be careful how we use the term Psychologists need methods for distinguishing ‘normal’ from ‘abnormal’ Our definition of abnormality must be objective: * It must not depend on anyone’s opinion or point of view * It should produce the same results whoever applies it It must not be under or over-inclusive * It must not label as ‘abnormal’ or ‘normal’ behaviours or traits that aren’t Three definitions are used to define abnormality: * Deviation from social norms * Failure to function adequately * Deviation from ideal mental health Deviation from social norms Under this definition, a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. Their behaviour may: * Be incomprehensible to others * Make others feel threatened or uncomfortable With this definition, it is necessary to consider: * The degree to which a norm is violated, the importance of that norm and the value attached by the social group to different sorts of violation. * E.g. is the violation rude, eccentric, abnormal or criminal? Abnormality is defined in terms of behavior which goes against societies accepted standards Different societies have different standards Standards change over time Strengths Should be easy...
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...Reflections For me this course has been interesting and giving. I liked the practical parts of it, and especially listening to when you had ”therapy sessions”. This gave me ideas of methods to use in my life and my line of work. I am in Sweden studying positive psychology and motivational interviewing, and my aim is to in the future coach people to reach goals and also to become happier. This course has given me methods and interventions to achieve this and I have now seen a new way to work. It is also a good refresh of my old knowledge of conversation as well as i gained new valuable information. What was evident for me during your therapy sessions is that you often asked how the person was feeling, in order to see what changed during the session, as well as to know which state he or she is in and what needs working on (what should be central during the session). This is good for seeing what works and what don't, and what steps to take in order to achieve a good result. The client will hopefully truthfully explain what he or she is feeling and from this one can explore why this feelings exist and how to cope with them. You also cared about the past experiences and what feelings are connected to that, probably in order to find out the source of the behavior and pain. If a therapist finds out the past event, and the past feelings, this could help in trying to accept it. You also repeated what the person was saying, I think in order to show that you understand, and also...
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...and highlight the main processes. A discussion on the strengths and limitations of the approach will conclude the first part of the paper. The second part will be a review of personal clinical work discussing the transdiagnostic process and its hypothesised effectiveness. To conclude the author will provide a personal reflection. There has been a long widely accepted claim for the effectiveness of CBT with prolific amount of evidence for it’s effectiveness for Depression, Anxiety and Mood disorders (Roth & Fongy, 1995) Models such as cognitive therapy for depression (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), panic disorder (Clark, 1986,), posttraumatic stress disorder (Clark & Ehlers, 2004); and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Salkovskis, 1989) have led to disorder-specific interventions for treating common mental health problems. The benefits of devising a model on specific disorders is the high degree of research and comparable data involved; from that the therapist will be highly trained in the use of the model to deliver the approach for each disorder (Salkovskis 2002). Disorder specific models are seen to be easily delivered, able to define a number of sessions, which have positive implications for health economics and seem to correlate with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Cognitive therapy models were developed traditionally on Ellis (1958) & Beck’s (1976) theory, which asserts that distorted or dysfunctional thinking influences the patient’s mood...
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...In this essay I will be discussing a teaching activity that I carried out in clinical placement which was breathing exercises and relaxation techniques for a client who suffers from anxiety. I chose this activity because in my clinical placement many clients in the services suffer from anxiety. I researched on methods which could be used for clients who suffer from anxiety such as:- breathing exercises, yoga, anxiety management, massages, taking up exercises, CBT(Cognitive behavioural therapy), having a healthy life style and talking about feelings and thoughts which all help to reduce the symptoms of anxiety. I chose a 66 year old lady who suffers from anxiety and will be naming her Catherine to maintain confidentiality. The code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives’ (2008) states: "You must respect people's right to confidentiality”. I will be using a Gibbs (1988) reflective model as his model incorporates: - “description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan” (Gibbs, 1988). Catherine suffers from anxiety and would feel anxious in the morning and if she would have to go out to the shops or for a day out to the park. Catherine feels she can’t go out due to changes in her life because she lives alone and her husband passed away a year ago; they use to go out together, everywhere. Catherine does not feel anxious when she is accompanied by a friend or a team member from services, but tends to feel anxious when she is alone...
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