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Cc/Cc Cc/Ca Converter

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Para controlar os tirístores precisávamos de um circuito que originasse impulsos sempre no mesmo instante de tempo e que fosse sincronizado com a tensão de referência. Deste modo, utilizou-se o circuito integrado TCA785. Circuito este que, dando uma tensão de referência, produz um impulso totalmente controlado tanto em largura como desfasamento podendo variar entre o 0º e os 180º. Neste projecto um dos tirístores vai conduzir nas arcadas positivas da tensão da rede, e o outro vai conduzir nas arcadas negativas. Este circuito faz a sincronização com a rede utilizando para isso uma resistência de 220kΩ ligada ao pino5 que por sua vez está ligado ao pino1 (GND) por dois díodos em antiparalelo (ver figura 1) dando origem assim a uma onda quadrada centrada em zero e de valor máximo de 0,7V. Quando a tensão da rede se anula, o condensador que está ligado ao pino10 é descarregado e a rampa é inicializada a partir de zero. A tensão da rampa vai ser comparada com a tensão do pino11, que é regulada com um potenciómetro de 10kΩ. Quando estas se intersectam é enviado um impulso de corrente para o pino15 ou para o pino14, no caso da tensão da rede ser positiva ou negativa, respectivamente. Assim sendo, é possível variar o ângulo de disparo a partir da tensão de controlo. É necessário ligar um potenciómetro ao pino9, pois é a partir deste que se regula a corrente que irá carregar o condensador C10 que é responsável por gerar a tensão de rampa. A tensão de controlo que permite variar o ângulo de disparo e que vai ser comparada com a tensão de rampa, para é ligada ao TCA a partir de um potenciómetro ligado ao pino11.

Figura 1. Tensões de: sincronismo, rampa, controlo e tensão de disparo dos tirístores. Confrontar datasheet TCA785 O circuito de montagem do TCA baseou-se no circuito típico indicado na datasheet que permitia controlar dois tirístores de alta potência. Para o nosso conversor CA/CA, cada tirístor é disparado pelo respectivo sinal de comando proveniente do pino 14 ou 15. Como queremos que a duração do impulso proveniente destes pinos dure entre α e 180°, colocou-se o pino12 ligado a massa. figura [ 1 ] Esquema do circuito de controlo baseado no TCA785, Vsinc é a tensão de entrada (rede), díodos anti-paralelo está representado no quadrado a tracejado (editada da datasheet).

- PINO 01 → Massa. - PINO 05 → Entrada de Sincronismo (díodos em antiparalelo). - PINO 06 → Inibe todas as saídas (quando ligado à terra). - PINO 09 → Potenciómetro de ajuste de rampa (20<R9<500K). - PINO 10 → Condensador de formação de rampa (C10 ≤ 0.5μF). - PINO 11 → Potenciómetro de controlo de ângulo de disparo. - PINO 12 → Massa (desfasamento podendo variar entre o 0º e os 180º). - PINO 13 → +Vcc - PINO 14 → Saída de pulso positivo no semi-ciclo positivo. - PINO 15 → Saída de pulso positivo no semi-ciclo negativo.

O circuito de drive que vamos utilizar para injectar a corrente de gate no tirístor, recorre a um transformador de impulsos que suporta impulsos de 15V com uma duração máxima de 10µs, por isso, é necessário regular esta duração para que o transformador de impulsos não sature. Assim vamos gerar uma onda quadrada com uma duração inferior a 10µs e fazer o “E” lógico com o sinal à saída do TCA. Deste modo, o impulso gerado pelo TCA785 transforma-se em vários impulsos com uma duração que respeita as especificações do transformador de impulsos. Havia também a opção de não utilizar o “E” lógico mas outro circuito capaz de produzir os “n” impulsos, desta forma devemos ligar a saída do pino 14 e 15 do TCA a cada “enable”. Esta utilização não é a mais adequada visto que dois circuitos é de longe mais caro, logo uma decisão menos viável neste projecto. A estratégia utilizada para gerar a onda quadrada consiste em utilizar o circuito integrado NE555, no modo “ASTABLE OPERATION”, que permite regular a frequência e o duty-cycle da onda quadrada.

Figura 2. Montagem utilizada para o NE555 gerar uma onda quadrada. Este circuito sofreu várias alterações devido à falta de díodos zenners de 15V, portanto, iremos explicar o circuito final. O condensador C1 é carregado pela corrente que percorre a resistência R1 e vai descarregar através da resistência R2 ligada ao pino7 que internamente está ligado à massa. Como precisávamos que os transístores estivessem mais tempo desligados do que ligados, colocou-se um díodo aos terminais de R2, assim, estarão ligados cerca de 0,4*T e desligados cerca de 0,6*T, isto porque, em termos de área tem de ser igual. Explicando melhor o tempo que o transístor está ligado vezes a tensão (área a vermelho), tem de ser igual ao tempo que está desligado vezes a sua tensão (área a azul). Ilustração [ 1 ]dkljfng voekjg çenfg mfvno iemr ktjg Durante a carga, a saída (pino3) fica com a tensão Vs, e durante a descarga fica no nível lógico zero. Como referido anteriormente, utilizou-se o díodo aos terminais de R2, pois desta forma é possível ter um duty-cycle inferior a 50%, uma vez que a carga de C1 faz-se apenas por R1. Após termos gerado a onda quadrada, apenas é preciso fazer um “E” lógico do sinal proveniente do TCA785 com o sinal do NE555, através do circuito integrado 4081. Na figura seguinte estão representados os sinais relativos a esta operação, e que irão ser ligados ao circuito de drive.

Figura 3. Resultado do “and” dos sinais provenientes do TCA785 e do NE555.

Dimensionamento do Circuito de Drive

Estamos a utilizar um transístor no modo de saturação para funcionar apenas como ligado e desligado. Através da datasheet protegemos o transístor limitando o valor máximo de corrente a 1ª, assim colocamos uma resistência de 15Ω em série com o colector. Ligamos também uma resistência da base ao emissor de modo a
A resistência de base foi obtida para valor de corrente na ordem de 5 vezes a corrente Igt, informação que está presente na datasheet do tirístor usado na actividade (BTW69), com esse valor de corrente e com beta (hfe) valor obtido na datasheet do transístor (BD139). O Valor obtido para a resistência de base é aproximadamente 1KΩ.
O transformador de impulsos utilizado foi o TI233 para o isolamento eléctrico do circuito de comando. É um transformador de 1:1 com um terminal ligado por uma resistência (de protecção do transistor) a alimentação VCC e outro ligado ao colector do transístor. O sinal recebido pela base será assim enviado assim para a gate dos tirístores, comandando o seu accionamento.

Figura 4. Esquema de ligação do driver de controlo dos tirístores.
Dentro da caixa a tracejado esta o esquema de protecção do tirístor

Para proteger contra a ocorrência de tensões inversas gate-cátodo, é colocado um diodo (1N4148) entre a gate e o cátodo do tirístor para protege-lo de tensões inversas pois em condução a tensão diodo não excede 1V em condução, quando o limite de tensão inversa de pico do tirístor é de 5V.Contra a ocorrência de correntes inversas na gate é colocado um díodo (1N4004) entre a parte positiva do transformador e a gate do tirístor para evitar qualquer corrente em direcção do transformador. Para esta aplicação é sempre aconselhado utilizar díodos rápidos. Para aumentar a capacidade de degrau de dv/dt, reduzir o tempo ao desligar e remover componentes ruído que podiam fazer disparar o tiristor acidentalmente colocamos uma resistência com valor 1KΩ em paralelo com um condensador de 47nF entre a gate e o cátodo.
Para prevenir a ocorrência da saturação do transformador de impulsos, é colocado em paralelo com o primário do transformador de impulsos colocamos um díodo zenner em série com díodo rápido para evitar a saturação do transformador, pois a corrente que quando o transístor conduzia ia para a massa, agora, como o transístor esta em corte tem de andar em roda livre para poder desmagnetizar o transformador. Esta configuração é também importante para evitar quedas bruscas de tensão graças a limitação de tensão do zenner.

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...UNIVERSITY OF KERALA B. TECH DEGREE COURSE 2008 SCHEME ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING I to VIII SEMESTER SCHEME AND SYLLABUS BOARD OF STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KERALA B.Tech Degree Course – 2008 Scheme REGULATIONS 1. Conditions for Admission Candidates for admission to the B.Tech degree course shall be required to have passed the Higher Secondary Examination, Kerala or 12th Standard V.H.S.E., C.B.S.E., I.S.C. or any examination accepted by the university as equivalent thereto obtaining not less than 50% in Mathematics and 50% in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry/ Bio- technology/ Computer Science/ Biology put together, or a diploma in Engineering awarded by the Board of Technical Education, Kerala or an examination recognized as equivalent thereto after undergoing an institutional course of at least three years securing a minimum of 50 % marks in the final diploma examination subject to the usual concessions allowed for backward classes and other communities as specified from time to time. 2. Duration of the course i) The course for the B.Tech Degree shall extend over a period of four academic years comprising of eight semesters. The first and second semester shall be combined and each semester from third semester onwards shall cover the groups of subjects as given in the curriculum and scheme of examination ii) Each semester shall ordinarily comprise of not less than 400 working periods each of 60 minutes...

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