...affairs shall be carried out in such a manner as to reflect the federal character of Nigeria and the need to promote national unity, and also to command national loyalty, thereby ensuring that there shall be no predominance of persons from a few States or from a few ethnic or other sectional groups in that Government or any of its agencies. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: section 14 subsection (3) The above provision of the Constitution enshrined the federal character principle: arguably one of the most controversial provisions of our Constitution. The Radio Nigeria phone in programme, Radio-Link, of Saturday the 25th of April brought this issue, once again, on the front burner. Its repercussions reverberated in the last Saturday’s edition of the programme. Conscious of the fact that mass enlightenment is an inevitable weapon for the destruction of old and new myth, I decided to commit pen to paper with a view to partaking, modestly, in this worthwhile debate. The phrase Federal Character was first used by the late General Murtala Ramat Muhammed in his address to the opening session of the Constitution Drafting Committee on Saturday the 18th of October 1975. Federal character of Nigeria, according to the CDC’s report of 1977, refers to the distinctive desire of the peoples of Nigeria to promote national unity, foster national loyalty and give every citizen of Nigeria a sense of belonging to the nation notwithstanding the diversities of ethnic origin...
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...and public health stances toward vaccination, (2) various religious standpoints and vaccine objections, and (3) suspicion and mistrust of vaccines among different U.S. and global cultures and communities. Individual versus Public Health Stances Many countries require their citizens to receive certain immunizations. In the United States, state laws dictate mandatory vaccinations, such as those required for children to enter school.[1] Controversies over the efficacy, safety, and morality of compulsory immunization stem from the longstanding tension between two, sometimes divergent, goals: protecting individual liberties and safeguarding the public’s health.[2] USAID/Mohammed Jiya-Doko Enlarge Polio survivors in Kano, Nigeria Individual versus public health priorities were first argued in the U.S. Supreme Court more than 100 years ago. In Jacobson versus Massachusetts, a resident of the city...
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...The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate all vaccines to ensure safety and effectiveness. No federal laws mandating vaccination exist, but all 50 states require certain vaccinations (exemptions allowed) for children entering public schools (ProCon.org, 2013). Children who are not vaccinated have a higher death rate than children who have obtained vaccinations. There are many arguments as to whether vaccinations are safe for children to receive. Vaccines should be a requirement for children because they help prevent diseases, minimize the risks for some disease and increase economic benefits. Vaccines are designed to put foreign antigens into the body so the body will produce antibodies to fight it off. When an antigen is introduced into the body and an antigen-antibody formation is produced, an immune response is stimulated. The body produces two types of immune response to ensure maximum immunity from disease. Vaccines provide children with the opportunity to receive immunity against the disease rather than actually contracting disease. The advantage of just having immunity against the disease is the fact that there will be fewer complications. Fewer complications leads to a decreased risk of stroke, heart disease, post herpetic neuralgia and pneumonia (Nazarko, 2013). Vaccines are very essential in preventing many diseases and the possibility of death. There are certain vaccinations that were not available many years ago. As a result, numerous people died from...
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...Facts 1. In the past 60 years, vaccines have helped eradicate one disease (smallpox) and are close to eradicating another (polio). 2. Vaccines currently help prevent more than 2.5 million deaths each year. 3. The impact of child vaccines is magnified when used in conjunction with other health efforts, including with things such as antibiotics, oral rehydration salts, bed nets, and vitamins. 4. New and underutilized vaccines could avert nearly 4 million child deaths under the age of 5 by 2015. 5. Vaccines cause “herd immunity”—if a majority of people in a community have been vaccinated against a disease, an unvaccinated person is less likely to get sick because others are less likely to get sick from and spread that disease. 6. Vaccines helped reduce measles deaths globally by 78% between 2000 and 2008; in sub-Saharan Africa, deaths dropped by 92% in the same period. 7. Vaccines exist that could stop rotavirus and pneumonia, two problems that kill nearly 3 million children under 5 each year. 8. New or improved vaccines are currently being developed for HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases. Researchers estimate that a viable malaria vaccine could be ready for children in the developing world as early as 2015. 9. Not all vaccines are given as shots; vaccines for rotavirus and polio, for instance, are given orally. 10. The GAVI Alliance has supported the immunization of more than 288 million children and as a result...
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...Malaria has a long history since it first appeared more than 4000 years ago. It has always proved very deadly to the human race (CDC, n.d.). It is unknown when Malaria come across into the US. However, during the construction of the Panama Canal at the turn of the 20th century, U.S. officials made great progress in controlling malaria which was wide spread in the U.S. at that time. By 1914 eradication efforts reduced Malaria to about 6000,000 cases per year. By 1934, that number was further reduced to about 125,5000 cases per year. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium in mosquitoes. Human malaria is caused by four different species of Plasmodium: P. Falciparum, P. Malariae, P. Ovale and P. Vivax. A person can get malaria by mosquitoes that are infected with the Plasmodium species. In 2011, approximately 2,000 cases of malaria were diagnosed and treated in the United States (CDC, n.d.). There were top 3 states of malaria outbreak cases in the US. There were 238 cases in New York City, 126 in Maryland, and 104 in New Jersey. The overall number of cases represents an increase of 14 percent from the 1,691 cases reported for 2010 and the largest number of reported cases since 1971. Many malaria cases were reported diagnosed each year in the United States are imported from regions where mosquito borne malaria transmission is known to occur. 75 percent occurred among U.S. residents and 25 percent among residents...
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...Brianna Cole Mrs. Wicks Literature and Composition, Period 5 November 10, 2014 Ebola: Are We Ready Ebola is the Human races worse nightmare; a fast and indiscriminate killer that so far we cannot stop. The latest outbreak began when a 2-year-old boy fell ill on December 6, 2013 in Guinea. () Since then the virus have spread across Southern Africa and to other countries throughout the world. As of October 24, 2014 Ebola infected a total of 8 countries including; Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Mali, Senegal, Nigeria, Spain, and The United states.() A total of 10141 people from these eight countries has been infected and of these people 4922 have died(See Chart 2 for details).() Of these 10,141 people, 4 of them were Americans. ()...
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...Constitutional Development in Nigeria, 1914-1999 49 DYNAMICS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA, 1914-1999 S.O. Aghalino* Abstract: This article examines the intractable problem of constitutional engineering in Nigeria. It is asserted that the drafting of constitutions is a recurring decimal in Nigeria's chequered political history. Right from the colonial period. Nigerians were barely involved in the art of constitution making while the British colonial overlords employed constitution making to consolidate their imperial strategies. Post colonial Nigerian leaders have utilised constitution drafting to ensure regime longevity. The current 1999 constitution is a product of haste because the receding military junta was in a hurry to leave the political turf. Consequently, the 1999 constitution has all the trappings of military centralisation of power resulting in de-federalisation of Nigeria and the consequent clamour and agitation for the amendment of the constitution. Introduction: The drafting of constitutions has been a recurring decimal in the political history of Nigeria. Right from the colonial period, Nigeria has witnessed incessant clamour for one form of constitution or the other. The series of constitutions that were put in place during the colonial period were geared towards consolidating British imperial strategies. The point to note about colonial constitutions is that, the Nigerian people were barely involved in the drafting process. When Nigeria was eventually de-colonised...
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...A SCIENTIFIC PAPER ON: THE SMOKING SYNDROME AND THE IMPEDIMENTS TO QUITTING SUBMITTED BY: THOMAS FE DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL MEDICINE & SURGERY NANJING MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHINA 1.1: ABSTRACT: This paper outlines the various impediments to quitting smoking and also attempts to recommend useful measures towards overcoming such difficulties. It thus became necessary to first assess the issue of smoking in terms of the geometrically increasing demographics, as well as the outstanding risks involved. However, it is both common knowledge and a well established fact that smoking has become a global practice and even a life style in some human communities, and hence herein referred to as the global smoking syndrome. This could be classified into varieties of styles brands and fashions cutting across but not limited to the classes of cigar, pipe and cigarette. The numerous terminal effects to human health, life and longevity are also assessed as established in already existing records and daily occurring incidences. However, from due assessment of all gathered facts, it thus becomes expedient that all the inter-playing forces of tradition, economy as well as social and psychological etiquettes must be duly addressed, if this global smoking syndrome must be curbed, as well as enhancing the poise to quit. 1.2: INTRODUCTION: Based on the ambition of furthering my medical studies in the perspective of cardiology, to...
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...17 Examination Malpractice in Nigerian Schools: An Obstacle to Progress in Socialization in School Environment: Causes, Effects and Remedy By OSBERT ESIKPONG ASINYA Department of English Cross River State College of Education, Akamkpa. Abstract This is a high level of interaction between the school and the society. There will be no school without the society and without the school, the society will not function well. It is the school that molds the society. The school helps to develop the society. It is through the school that the various aspects of culture are conserved and transmitted. Through the school, the society provides for itself, a formal system of education for satisfying the basic requirements for its existence. With all this, one expects the schools to be a very secured environment in which changes in behaviour can be facilitated. However, this is not always the case. Many obstacles have crept into the wheel of progress thereby making socialization to be impeded. In this paper, examination malpractice is looked at as a major social problem which constitutes an obstacle to progress in socialization in school environment. When examinations are set, rules or a code of conduct which candidates must adhere to while participating in that examination are provided for. Principally, a candidate is not allowed to engage in any activity that will make the essence of the evaluation to be defeated. He/she is not allowed to take any material considered to be of advantage...
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...Vaccinations: A Practice of Public Safety Vaccinations: A Practice of Public Safety Since their first introduction in the late 1700s, vaccinations have been a controversial topic of discussion. Vaccines are a safe and effective way to prevent the spread of disease. Although we can attribute the eradication and control of many diseases to vaccinations, there are still many Americans who are refusing to vaccinate their children based on their belief in a few unfounded fears. Most of these fears that the anti vaccine community believes are centered around the health risks involved with the practice of vaccinating. The majority of these fears have been disproven through extensive research. With the continued research and innovations of the leading scientists in vaccines, vaccines will become safer and more readily available to people around the world. Vaccinating is the most effective way to keep the public healthy by preventing and eliminating diseases and by preventing future outbreaks. Before the Scientist Edward Jenner introduced vaccines, it was a common to hear about deaths from diseases such as Smallpox, Rubella, Polio, Measles, Tetanus, and Diphtheria. Once these diseases were introduced into a community, they seemed to spread quickly, taking many victims with them. Today, because of the implementation of vaccines, this is a very uncommon occurrence. Hearing about someone being infected with these diseases is rare, and hearing about a death due to these diseases is even...
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...ABSTRACT The research is extensively to examine he rule of accountants in Third tier government and with particular reference to Brass Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. It will cleanly stray the importance of accountants in the third-tier government which is the local government level. The functions, duties and operational system of accountants in local government system can not be over stated. The research also went further to deals on the financial control and dealing of movement of fund or finance in the local Government system. At the end of this research, the role of accountant on accountability, probity and transparent way of spending local government finds will be the Hall mark of this work as to assist accountants in the third tier of the government to acquaint with its functions. This research is also to found out some problems that face the accountant and to proffer solutions to which is to better the accounting system as profession. 1 TABLE OF CONTENT Title page…………………………………………………………………………………..i Certification ………………………………………………………………………………ii Dedication …………………………………………………………………………………iii Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………….iv Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………….v CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Back ground of the study 1.2 Statement of problem 1.3 Objective of the study 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Scope and limitation of the study 1.6 Literature Review 1.7 Hypothesis 1.8 Method of Data Collection and Analysis 1.9 Definition of Terms CHAPTER...
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...CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE COURSE GUIDE CSS105 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE Course Developer Dr. Derin K. Ologbenla University Of Lagos Akoka – Lagos. Dr. Derin K. Ologbenla Course Writer University Of Lagos Akoka – Lagos. Course Co-ordinator Dr. Godwin Ifidon Oyakhiromen National Open University of Nigeria Lagos. NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ii CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Annex 245 Samuel Adesujo Ademulegun Street Central Business District Opposite Arewa Suites Abuja e-mail: centralinfo@nou.edu.ng URL: www.nou.edu.ng National Open University of Nigeria 2006 First Printed 2006 ISBN: 978-058-434-X All Rights Reserved Printed by Goshen Print Media Ltd For National Open University of Nigeria iii CSS 105 COURSE GUIDE Contents Introduction......................................................................... Aims................................................................................... Objectives........................................................................... Working through the Course.............................................. Course Materials................................................................ Study Units........................................................................ Textbooks and References.................................................. Assessment.......................................
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...Health & Medical Informatics Review Article Raghupathi and Raghupathi, J Health Med Informat 2013, 4:3 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7420.1000132 Open Access An Overview of Health Analytics Wullianallur Raghupathi1* and Viju Raghupathi2 1 2 Graduate School of Business, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA Finance and business management, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA Abstract Objectives: We examine the emerging health analytics field by describing the different health analytics and providing examples of various applications. Methods: The paper discusses different definitions of health analytics, describes the four stages of health analytics, its architectural framework, development methodology, and examples in public health. Results: The paper provides a broad overview of health analytics for researchers and practitioners. Conclusions: Health analytics is rapidly emerging as a key and distinct application of health information technology. The key objective of health analytics is to gain insight for making informed healthcare decisions. Keywords: Data warehousing; ETL; Descriptive analytics; Discovery Introduction analytics; Health analytics; Informed decision; Insight; Predictive analytics; Prescriptive analytics management, and preventive care. In one scenario, for example, the use of health analytics technologies can ensure that emergency room doctors are briefed and ready to treat patients prior to their arrival...
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...data. The analysis shows the average mean weight composition of household waste sortingat source ranges from 0.50kg to 0.63kg paper, 2.21kg to 3.29kg putrescibles, 0.85kg to 1.41kg glass, 0.52kg to 0.68 plastic and 0.89kg to 1.20kg cans. The average percentage composition of wastes ranges from 10% paper to 45% putrescibles. From the analysis, there is a low level of household awareness about the preparedness of household waste sorting at source, and hence low level of participation in household waste sorting, disposal and recycling. The study also concludes the need for strengthening the relationship of proper waste management framework policies and environmental awareness by the waste regulators in the State. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Nigeria as a country could be said to be urbanizing at an astonishing rate. The share of Nigeria’s urban population was revealed to have increased from 40 percent in 1970 to about 48 percent in 2009, with over 100 million out of over 160 million living...
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...PART 3 GROWING THE PRIVATE SECTOR CHAPTER 17 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS Institutions refer to arrangements and processes for the purposeful administration or management of a polity or the management of an entity. The importance of institutions will probably be best understood from the governance perspective. In this regard, we recall that governance is 111 primarily concerned with two inter-related issues. These are (a) existence of societal institutions for managing social relations; and (b) the degree of independence enjoyed by each institution in the performance of its assigned duties. Hence, the state of institutions along these two dimensions determines the quality of governance. Herein lies the desirability of assessing the current state of institutional setting in which ODSEEDS would be designed and implemented. For the purpose of our discussion, we have identified three major groups of stakeholders around which institutions could be appraised. These groups comprise (a) the government (public sector), (b) business (private sector); and (c) civil society (the people). These are the three primary partners (3PP) in the development process of any nation. The characteristic of each partner group in Ondo State are highlighted briefly as follows: 17.1 The Public Sector Ondo State has a seasoned executive arm of government, a legacy it inherited from the early 60s. The state’s civil service is blessed with competent technocrats and is expected to serve as...
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