...An Annotated Bibliography For A Research Paper On How To Ensure Equity In Commercial Exploitation Of Outer Space Resources Reference: Lee, R. J. (2012). Law and regulation of commercial mining of minerals in outer space. New York; Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. Lee’s book discusses various aspects of exploitation of outer space mineral resources. Different from other authors, Lee focused his discussion on commercial exploitation and proposed a comprehensive legal framework to regulate such activities in order to benefit the mankind. His book targets a wide range of readers so there is a lot of background information about technological and policy development. Lee himself is also professional lawyer who is specialized in space law, so his book s a reliable source of information. I am able to use this work as a good reference book to discuss how ethical theories such as deontology can be applied to commercial exploitation of outer space resources. Livingston, D. (2003). A code of ethics for conducting business in outer space. Space Policy, 19(2), 93-94. Livingston’s article presents a list of code of ethics for commercial operations in outer space and serves as an independent guideline for companies that want to venture into space. His guideline provides me with a good tool to evaluate different approaches that I want to propose in my paper using ethical theories. I believe the ethical consideration is the most important factor to ensure equity of commercial...
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...Author’s note I chose this topic on the basis it was the most difficult topic to research. I am fascinated with the celestial bodies that encompass our solar system. The Moon, being such an influential entity on our planet, has also one of the most mysterious findings our scientists have discovered. Author’s note I chose this topic on the basis it was the most difficult topic to research. I am fascinated with the celestial bodies that encompass our solar system. The Moon, being such an influential entity on our planet, has also one of the most mysterious findings our scientists have discovered. The Artificial Moon Justin Jones EN1320 Andrew A Bowen Abstract This paper analyzes several works on the Moon and its characteristics and geological features. The Moon is the largest satellite of a planet in the Solar System relative to the size of its primary, having 27% the diameter and 60% the density of the Earth, resulting in 1/81 its mass. The Moon is a paradoxical celestial body, raising questions about its composition and origin. Isaac Asimov wrote, there is no astronomical reason why the moon and the sun should fit so well. It is the sheerest of coincidences, and only the Earth among all the planets is ‘blessed’ in this fashion” (Samone 2012). Nobel chemist Dr. Harold Urey suggested the moon’s reduced density is because of large areas inside the moon where is “simply a cavity” (Regehr 1995). Carl Sagan also writes, “A natural satellite cannot be a hollow...
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...e-mail: vwykjak@unisa.ac.za Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the five major UN Treaties on Outer Space. Each of these Treaties are briefly discussed and assessed with particular emphasis on aspects relevant to Africa. Very few African countries have ratified these Treaties, as well as enacted domestic space legislation. The paper concludes with an assessment of Africa’s involvement in multilateral space fora such as OOSA and UNCOPUOS. It also offers recommendations to improve African countries’ ratification and compliance with these Treaties. Sommaire. Cet article est une introduction aux cinq traités majeurs de l’ONU, en matière d’espace extra-atmosphérique. Chacun des traités est brièvement discuté et évalué en insistant sur les aspects importants pour l’Afrique. Tres peu d’Etats africains ont ratifié ces traités, ainsi que mis sur pied une législation en matière d’espace. L’article se termine par une évaluation de l’engagement de l’Afrique dans des forums multilatéraux voués à l’espace tels que l’ OOSA et l’ UNCOPUOS. Des recommendations sont également suggérées pour l’amélioration de la ratification et le respect par les Etats africains de ces traités. International Space Law: Context and Text fact that no state can claim sovereignty of or occupy outer space, the Moon or any other Celestial Body. Moreover, the OST prescribes the role of non-governmental activities in outer space, the Moon and other Celestial Bodies, namely that their activities continue under...
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...Telescopes in Astronomy Jennifer Boyer SCI/151 June 12, 2015 Robert Austin Telescopes in Astronomy What people currently know about the universe, along with all of its contents, is due in large part to the invention of telescopes. This paper discusses the science of sunlight and stars by explaining how the telescope has changed people’s view of the universe, as well as their place in it. This essay also discusses the major designs of telescopes, provides a list of each design’s strengths and weaknesses, describes the best places to build ground-based telescopes and why astronomers choose those places, and contrasts the strengths and weaknesses between building telescopes on Earth, in orbit, or even on the moon. Additionally, this paper explains how different frequencies of light tell more about the birth, life, and death in the nature and properties of the Sun, stars, and the universe. Lastly, this essay explains how telescopes operate in wavelengths of light that range from radio waves to gamma rays. How Telescopes Changed People’s View The invention of the telescope significantly impacts the way people in the past and present view the Earth, other planets and solar systems, as well as the universe as a whole (Bennett, J., Donahue, M., & Schneider, N., & Voit, M., 2015). Until the invention of Galileo Galilei's (1564-1642) simple telescope, many people thought that the earth was the center of our solar system (Bennett, J., Donahue, M., & Schneider...
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...Curiosity of a mankind toward heavens is as old as human civilization itself, if not older. We can find evidence of this fascination all over the world. During studying of my textbook I have realize that from dawn of time civilizations were attempting to map the stars. Some used obtained knowledge and applied it to more practical means such as farming and sea navigation. Some civilizations such Egyptians or Aztecs would use knowledge of the cycles of solar eclipses as political means, since they appeared to command the sun they would control it people. However, with every new discovery came more questions about the universe. With mere size of the universe, one might come to realization of amount of time required for its comprehension. Hundreds if not thousands of astronomers throughout the ages added some valuable pieces of information to astronomical big picture. As Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin brilliantly putted in her 1976 speech " [...] The old scientist cannot claim that the masterpiece is his own work. He may have roughed of part of the design, laid on a few strokes , but he has learned to accept the discoveries of others with the same delight that he experienced on his own[...] (Astronomy Today, Chap. 16, p 383) What we know today about the universe is a collective work of many generation of dedicated man and woman who continue to add new insight of astronomy great spectrum of universe. Some scholars may add a little, some may add a lot, yet some may change our understanding...
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...DX Cancri Zach Moon University of Arizona; (Insert Prof Name) (Insert class name) 20 October 2014 Author Note This paper was prepared for (Insert Class name), (insert course number), taught by professor (insert prof name). Abstract Our universe is filled with millions of objects that can be seen at different times throughout the duration of a 24-hour period. Many different stars help make up the 88-recorded constellations that can be seen around the world. Of those 88 configurations, are 12 constellations that are part of what is known as the Greek Zodiac. Each constellation in the Zodiac has a mythological story that some believe explains their existence. This paper will explain the history of the constellation Cancer,...
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...Final Learning Team Paper GLG/150 Final Learning Team Paper During the early days of mankind, humans were led to believe that he or she were the sole entity of the universe. The Earth was thought of as exact center of the solar system, and that other planets revolved around it. Through the efforts and determination of individuals who refused to believe unchecked facts or documents, Earth is not the center of the universe but is instead a small piece to a larger solar system. The discoveries made by earlier pioneers of science Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton. Developed ideas that help individuals understand the concepts of motion, and the formation of celestial bodies in space. Theories of gravity and space dramatically changed the views in which Individuals determine the origins of our Moon and other planets within our Solar System. As science and technologies progress, ideas of formations and motions in space provides more educated theories of how our world, or universe has formed and will continue to function. The Earth was formed about five billion years ago and is the earliest material in the solar system, which a solar nebula that collapsed from the formation of the sun ("How Did the Earth Form", 2012). Dust and gas from the solar nebula took about millions of years to form into the earth starting with center of the Earth to cool down and form a crust that allowed water to...
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...Devin Braaksma Crippen, James Phil 105 14 December 2015 2nd Paper- Imprecision We Trust Although there are many different forms of astrology, they are all based around the similar concept that the position of the stars and planets in the sky around the time of your birth have somehow effected the person that you are today. However, this subject has a huge history that dates back to the 3rd millennium BC. In ancient times, astrology was used within a calendrical system to predict shifts in the seasons and weather. These signs from the stars were said to be a form of communication sent from divine beings in the sky. Astrology was commonly accepted as fact and was used within different cultures and societies up until the 17th century when new...
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...LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY TERM PAPER ON Extending UML to Support Domain Analysis SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:- Mr. SANDEEP SINGH AKANSHU KUMAR Reg No:-11112286 ROLL No:- A21 SECTION:- K1107 Abstract:- The process of modelling and developing commonality and variability for system families should be supported by suitable methods and notations. The object-oriented methods and their notations, which are used at present, focus on the development of a single system at a time. In this paper we analyse feature models as a representation of the common parts and variants contained in a system family, and propose using a feature diagram as a basic representation of commonality, variability and dependencies. We examine various approaches to customizing the standard modelling language UML to model system families and propose how to extend the UML for the purposes of modelling variants in object-oriented analysis and design techniques. We recommend the use of UML standard lightweight extensibility mechanisms (stereotypes combined with tagged values) without changing the UML metamodel. This enables us to join the advantages of feature models with UML and provides the traceability of a concept throughout...
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...The Renaissance was a period of monumental change in European history from the period prior. It was a time of knowledgeable excitement with substantial developments in art, literature and science from. A time after the Middle Ages and when the Roman Catholic Church ruled. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the Renaissance changed the views of the world from the Middle Ages. The Art of the late 13th century depicts stiff 2D, emotionless, gothic styled and chiaroscuro-less pieces. Though there is also a lack of perspective, it can be interpreted that the Byzantine style dominates, making it nearly totally religious and patronized mostly by the church. (Document A, Madonna Enthroned Between Two Angels by Duccio di Buoninsegna). Contra...
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...Trans. Nat/. .Acad. Sci. & .Tech. Philippines 29: 251-260 (2007) /SSN 0115-8848 Teaching High School Physics Effectively Christopher C. Bernido and l\faria Victoria Carpio-.Rernido Research Center for Theoretical Physics Central Visayan Institute Foundation Jagna, Bohol 6308, Philippines The Ascending Levels of Learning and Pedagogical ~1axims that could guide effective teaching of physics are presented. As an example of how these may be applied, the Dynamic Learning Prof:,lfam (DLP) of the Central Visayan Institute Foundation is briefly discussed. The DLP, together with 21st century technology, provides a scenario where the perennial lack of high school physics teachers in the Philippines can be bypassed. Introduction The breadth of topics that may be covered in teaching physics can be extremely wide. After all, physics probes the smallest things in the universe (the quarks and leptons), aiJ the way up to the "biggest" subject one can think of-the birth, death, and fate of the universe itself. One definition for physics states that it is the study of matter and energy. Most everything in the universe is either matter or energy, and this can make physics quite interdisciplinary. No wonder, therefore, that sub-areas in physics may be referred to as Biophysics, Geophysics~ Chemical Physics, Mathematical Physics, Astrophysics, Nuclear Physics, Econophysics, etc., and one also has the physics of sports, the physics of art, and so on. Because of its breadth, there is always...
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...heard the saying you can’t teach an ole dog new tricks? What about the one where three old dogs teach new tricks? I’m sure you have heard that one, anyone who knows about our solar system can thank the three old dogs. Well, they’re not dogs at all, and at their time they weren’t old but in our time their long gone. Of course, I am speaking about Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Kepler. Funny thing is each one of them challenged and changed their predecessor's work, for the better of course, but we will get to that later. We have these three men to thank for a whole lot of new tricks. To name a few would be, our solar system, the way we form our maps, and we can’t forget the numerous mathematical formulas used to make ideas come to life. In this research paper, we will touch base on the lives of three great astronomers and the tricks they have taught us. We will also see how astronomers of today contribute to our everyday lives. Some say that our first astronomer was a great astronomer. Other say, “Ptolemy was the only great astronomer of Roman Alexandria.” (Brown, 2016) It’s all a matter of opinion, but what we cannot deny was Ptolemy was a great astronomer of his time and today. We do not know much about Ptolemy’s personal life. What we do know about him came from his work. He was born around 85ce in Egypt to a Greek family even though he bore a roman name. To say Ptolemy was diverse is an understatement. He was also diverse in his studies being he was a mathematician, geographer...
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...Soviet Socialist Republics. But it was also the culmination of the dreams of man for many millennia and the team who worked on the space programs was able to discover what so many of the people that came before and after them could only dream of. It was an endeavor that all of humanity was invested in at the time. It was a testament to the power of the human spirit and it showed how nothing was impossible if we persevered and strived to be better. The space race did not start as one would expect with the respective American and Soviet space agencies. But rather it began with the German V2 missile launches towards the end of World War 2. The V2 missile was designed by Wernher Von Braun a German scientist who had dreamed of traveling to the moon for many years; however this dream had to be secret as it was considered to be treasonous and not helpful to the German cause. Von Braun and many other amateur rocketeers were drafted into the German war machine in order to help build a super weapon and their base was Peenemünde. When the war was nearing its end the Third Reich unleashed its secret weapon, the V2 missile. It could hit anywhere within its target range and there would be no warning. When it hit, it caused scenes of mass destruction. The V2 missiles were to be Hitler’s ace in the hole. However by then it was far too late the war had already been lost with Soviets advancing from the East and the other Allies from the west and when the Allies discovered the German’s V2 missile...
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...100871, China; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 3 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems & Networks, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 4 Committee of Yuanpei Honors Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Received June 3, 2010; accepted July 22, 2010 In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in the Earth-Sun distance, with the modern rate reported as 5–15 m/cy on the basis of astronomical measurements. However, traditional methods cannot measure the ancient leaving rates, so a myriad of research attempting to provide explanations were met with unmatched magnitudes. In this paper we consider that the growth patterns on fossils could reflect the ancient Earth-Sun relationships. Through mechanical analysis of both the Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon systems, these patterns confirmed an increase in the Earth-Sun distance. With a large number of well-preserved specimens and new technology available, both the modern and ancient leaving rates could be measured with high precision, and it was found that the Earth has been leaving the Sun over the past 0.53 billion years. The Earth’s semi-major axis was 146 million kilometers at the beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon, equating to 97.6% of its current value. Measured modern leaving rates are 5–14 m/cy, whereas the ancient rates were much higher. Experimental results indicate a special expansion with an average expansion...
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...Mayan civilization that spanned from the borders of present day Honduras up to Mexico, but which only a certain amount is truly known. The principal reason why I chose to focus on these people was to challenge myself to try and gain a greater understanding of why they engaged in such strange rituals as bloodletting and even human sacrifice? What prompted them to commit such acts? I proposed that the performance of these actions, as they seemed to be so entwined with their culture, must have had something to do with their religious beliefs but which ones exactly, and how did they originate? It was with this in mind that I conducted an investigation into the sacrificial blood rituals of Maya culture. Thus, from conducting library based research - using books, Encyclopedias and the Internet - I found out that the Mayans had created for themselves a complex Creation Myth and pantheon of gods. It was to supposedly sustain these gods, who were constantly fighting against one another, that the Mayan conducted bloodletting and human sacrifices, believing that in return the gods would provide them the water needed to grow their maize. The gods, replenished by this blood, were able to maintain the harmony of the universe by preventing any one group of gods from becoming too dominant. How many of these sacrifices were voluntary, or were people picked randomly or slaves forced to do it depends on the authors who you read. What I do feel though, is that many people have called the...
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