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Cellular Respiration

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• or energy metabolism refers to the chemical breakdown of nutrients by the cell to produce energy needed by the body
• the energy released from the breakdown of nutrients is not directly used by the body but used to synthesize ATP
• an opposite process of photosynthesis
• breaking down of carbohydrates in order to produce ATP molecules, represented as:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
• divided into four individual sub-pathways:
- anaerobic stage, Glycolysis
- a transition reaction connecting glycolysis with the krebs cycle
- an electron transport chain
Structure of Mithochondrion
• double membranes organelle found in almost all living cells
• the inner membrane is folded to form little shelves called cristae
• the inner space filled with gel-like fluid is called the matrix, containing numerous enzymes
• the transition reaction and the krebs cycle occur in the matrix while electron transport chain occurs in the cristae
Glycolysis
• takes place in the cytoplasm of every living cells
• anaerobic stage of cellular respiration
• breakdown of glucose to two molecules of 3-carbon compound, pyruvic acid with net gain of ATP molecules and 2 NADH
• begins with energy investment step that requires two separate reactions and uses two ATP resulting to two C3 molecules
• ends in energy harvesting steps wherein oxidation occurs by the removal of electrons which are accepted by NAD, and the generation of four ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

Transition Reaction: Acetyl coA Formation
• serves as a bridge connecting glycolysis with the krebs cycle
• takes place in the matrix of mitochondrion
• each pyruvic acid molecule is split into 2-carbon acetyl group and CO2 with the production of NADH
• the acetyl coenzyme A is the high-energy molecule that enters th krebs cycle
Krebs Cycle
• named after Sir Hans Krebs, German-born

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