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Cellular Structures and Pathogenicity

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Cellular Structures and Pathogenicity
All the various surface components of a bacterial cell are important in the ecology because they mediate the contact of the bacterium possesses result from immediate contact with its environment. Its must use its surface components to assess the environment and respond in a way that supports its own existence and survival in that environment. The surface properties of a membrane and cell envelope, including capsules, glycocalyx, slayers, peptidoglycan and lps, and the other surface structures, such as flagella and pili or fimbriae.
Bacterial surface components may have a primary biological function that has nothing to do with path ogenicity. However, there are endless examples wherein a bacterial surface component plays an indispensable role in the pathogenesis of infectious disease. Bacterial structures may act as permeability barriers that allow selective passage of nutrients and exclusion of harmful substances; adhesions used to attach or adhere to specific surfaces or tissues; enzymes to mediate specific reactions on the cell surface important in the survival of the organism; protective structures against phagocytic engulfment or killing; antigenic disguises to bypass activation oh host immune defenses; endotoxins, generally cell wall components, that cause an inflammatory response in the host; “sensing proteins” that can respond to temperature, osmolality, salinity, light, oxygen, genome of the cell that will cause expression of some determinant of virulence.
In medical situations, the surface components of bacterial cells are major determinants of virulence for many pathogens. Structurally, a bacterial cell has three grchitectual reglens: append ages in the form of flagella and fimbriae; a cell envelope consisting of a capsule, cell wall and plasma membrane; and a cytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome (DNA)

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