...nasolacrimal duct obstruction, periorbital cellulitis, and orbital cellulitis 1.1 Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is the most common disorder of lids and lacrimal drainage apparatus, occur about 5 % of normal term infants. The anatomy of the lacrimal system consists of two parts; the secretory part which secretes the tears and the excretory part which convey the tears to the ocular surface. (1) Lacrimal secretion part consists of the main lacrimal gland which located in the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone at the superotemporal...
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...Tooth loss and dental extractions have existed for centuries with the latter being the main tool for providing relief from dental pain and removing diseased tissues (Torabinejad). There was an estimated 50 million dental extractions performed in the United States in 1979 (Bullock). With the increased number of people living in the United States for a longer period of time, the occurrence of dental extractions and tooth loss has certainly risen exponentially. Unfortunately, tooth loss, whether it is through dental extractions or other means, has long term clinical sequelae associated with it. Osteonecrosis of the jaw, bacteremia, orbital cellulitis, and other psychological and physiological clinical sequelae that impact the well-being of the patient will be discussed. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is defined as the presence of exposed bone in the mouth that fails to heal after appropriate intervention over a period of 6 to 8 weeks (Reid), and results in chronic osteomyelitis with areas of bone necrosis. Most commonly affecting the mandible (Bagan), patients with ONJ experience symptoms that range from painless exposed bone to severe jaw pain (Sambrook). The majority of cases of ONJ have been found to be initiated and associated with tooth extraction procedures as a result of the introduction of oral flora to the exposed jaw bone that prevents healing and becomes infected (Ruggiero). In addition to tooth extractions being a precipitating event to ONJ, it has been found...
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...Abstract This paper will present with a patient’s case study revelations throughout her recent heath problems. It will discuss the patient’s underlying disease of diabetes mellulitiis. The six body systems affected by this disease will be discussed and the major pathophysiologic concepts within each system will be elaborated on. Our Patient’s Case Study Revelelations Our patient is a 62 year old female with cellulitis of her right lower leg. This patient has a history of smoking three packs a day for 40 years and unfortunately has admitted to smoking again. She has high blood sugar; however, she cannot remember the name of the medication she is taking for it. She has a “touch” of high blood pressure and claims she controls her hypertension by eating a low salt diet. Her husband passed away 14 years ago and she states that she misses him very much. As the weeks continue, our patient is experiencing dyspnea upon rising in the morning. She has bilateral diminished lung sounds along with crackles. Our patient’s condition continues to worsen and she is diagnosed with congestive heart failure. She is complaining of pain in her extremities and abdomen. Her lab work shows azotemia, red blood cells and protein in her urine, and elevated blood glucose level. The fluid buildup continues in her lungs and her urine output is minimal. Heart failure and fluid volume excess seems evident, as well as, her renal system appears to be impaired. Underlying Disease This patient’s...
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...BEATRISA SHEKHTER NRS 433-V Literature Search Wound Care is very important topic in modern medical field. Pressure ulcers are the major problem in the long term facilities. Having an understanding of the exact cause of pressure ulcers helps place the role of repositioning into context. Demographic and epidemiological data suggest that health-care demand will increase considerably in the future as a result of an ageing population and a rise in the prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes. This phenomenon has come to be referred to as the ‘health care time bomb’ in the popular press and political discourse. The authors seek to look beyond the headlines and political rhetoric to clarify the extent to which they reflect the likely future reality with a specific focus on wound management. The present-day burden that wounds and current wound management practices place upon the health-care system are detailed and clarified, and the potential future implications of increasing wound prevalence on the current picture are explored. Possible opportunities to enhance current wound management practice as identified in the analysis are discussed. Declaration of interest: Alistair Biel by is a contractor for Smith & Nephew. Richard Searle is and employee of Smith & Nephew. This project was supported by an unrestricted grant from Smith & Nephew. As such, a pressure ulcer is defined as localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence, as a result...
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...Madeline M. Westrick Unknown 2 Unknown Lab Report INTRODUCTION In this study, each student was assigned a different unknown bacterium, with the task of identifying it correctly. Unknown 2 was Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes is gram-positive cocci that can result in human ailments that are classified as Streptococcal A infections, such as impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, and scarlet fever. The allotted testing time given was a total of four laboratory periods, or two weeks total. MATERIALS AND METHODS The unknown bacterial pathogen was presented via a liquid broth suspension in a double-walled glass test tube and on two nutrient agar (NA) plates. Its appearance was creamy yellow in color with sparse growth of medium-sized colonies...
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...Those who survive Measles could be left deaf, blind, or suffer brain damage. Furthermore, Tetanus is yet another preventable disease that can infect newborns in developing countries. If the umbilical cord is cut with instruments that are unsterile or the incision is treated with contaminated dressings, the Tetanus virus can be fatal to the infant. In fact, there were 200,000 newborns, as well as, 30,000 mothers killed in 2001 due to Tetanus complications. Additionally, Haemophilus influenza type b, also known as Hib., is a bacterial infection that is airborne. Hib. Type B can cause meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, arthritis, and cellulitis. Hib Type B is most common in children under 5 or 6 years of age. In developing countries such as...
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...CASE STUDY #9 1. The organism that is causing this disease is Haemophilus influenzae. This bacteria is this because meningitis would mean the doctor believed the disease was an infection affecting the nervous system. All of the gram negative diseases that affect the nervous system are Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium leprae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Treponema pallidum. The organism cannot be Neisseria meningitides because it has diplococci. Mycobaacterium leprae doesn't stain with gram stain but rather stains with carbol fuchsin as well as it takes several weeks for the sample to mature or the bacteria to grow. Trponema palladium also needs a special stain like deterle stain. Haemophilus influenzae on the other hand can be .2 to .8 um and can be long like worms or even dots. The bacteria grew in both the blood agar and the chocolate agar because it grows when it has factors that are present in blood which is an agar at 80 degrees with blood added in. 2. Yes knowing that the child is unvaccinated really helps in knowing the diagnosis because a normal Hib Vaccination would have prevented Haemophilus influenza and all of the infections caused by it. Haemophilus Influenzae Type B is what Hib stands for and is usually given at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months and one year. If the child had received these vaccinations the child would not have the bacteria in their system. 3. The resin the CSF is cloudy is that when there is an infection in the body, like Haemophilus influenza...
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...meaning they can transfer an active bacteria to another without knowing it or being sick themselves. The number of cases of Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has excessively increased in recent years. This being especially applicable to people with inserted pacemakers and other implanted biomaterials. Obtaining successful antibiotics for this extremely aggressive organism has been further more troublesome by the international spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. The new development of vancomycin- resistance among this bacteria is not alarming considering the metabolic adaptability of the Staphylococci aureus and the chronic overuse of antimicrobial drugs. Although at this present time vancomycin is...
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...On 10/29/2015 during our clinical, I had two male patients. My primary patient was an 83 year old man who was hospitalized for chronic cellulitis and my secondary patient was a 61 year old male who suffered an MI that was a transfer from Pahrump. My primary patient was fairly easy because he was being transferred to California the next morning because he did not have health insurance coverage in the state of Nevada. So, a lot of the care for him was administering his antibiotics, taking care of his needs, and helping him transfer to the bathroom. I educated him on the importance of finishing his antibiotics once he is discharged. He took the teaching very well because he stated that he was ready to get better. My primary patient had a PICC...
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...P.cinereus produces substances on the skin that may supply antimicrobial agent for protection. These protein fractions were more effective against S. aureus because S.aureus can cause skin infections and it is Gram- positive bacteria with a single -layered that can be enter by antimicrobial agents. On the other hand, E.coli is a Gram- negative bacteria and it is unable to infiltrate the double -layered cell wall. It is also lives inside the body which antimicrobial agents can’t attack the bacteria. For example, if someone have diarrhea and used antimicrobial agent like F12 or F15 which it is not working. It is because these specific antimicrobial agents can act better on the skin like people who have skin infections like furuncles or cellulitis. I can think of another control that could also have been implemented and would prove helpful in evaluating the effectiveness of F12 and F15 which it is penicillin. It is group of drugs that helps treat infections that caused by bacteria. I believe penicillin antibiotics are beneficial for skin infections including S. aureus, listeria, spirochaetes, and meningococci. It will be interesting to compare old antibiotics to new antibiotics. I honestly wanted to try all of the antibiotics like dicloxacillin, erythromycin, macrolide, tetracycline, and many more. I would love to do an experiment to see which one is working in quickly way. I rejected my hypothesis because it didn’t show any peptide that can prevent the growth of bacterial colonies...
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...Taurean Bullard March 4, 2012 What is the infections agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite? Staphylococcus Aureus is the infectious pathogen that can cause a variety of illnesses from minor skin infections like boils, carbunkles, cellulitis, impetigo, abcesses and of course staph infection. This pathogen can also lead to life-threatening diseases such as pnuemonia, menengitis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? This infectious agent can be transmitted by skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, endovascular to wound infections. It is also carried in the respiratory tract, nasal passages. It can also be transferred onto clothes, bedding and on the skin of carriers. If someone that is a carrier doesn't wash their hands properly then the staph can easily get into any food or drinks they handle and thus be transferred to someone else. Infections may spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person by producing hyaluronidase that destroys tissues, and contact with objects such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment used by an infected person. What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? There was an outbreak of Staphylococcus Aureus at the World's Fair Park event site July 30, 2005. This event took place in Knoxville...
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...Wound Care Specialists has a current ownership structure of a LLC. This company is majority owned by Cressey Company, with founders being other majority owners. They are located within fourteen states. Those states are AR, LA, MS, FL, GA, IL, KS, MO, MS, NE, NM, OH, OK, and TX. Within these fourteen states there are a total of ninety-five clinics. These clinics are filled with hospital services such as critical access, acute care, LTAC, and HBO. They also have a series of products that are typically involved with wound care. There website being http://www.woundcarespecialists.com/ take a look and see how professional and how deliberate they are for employers as they are for customers. ” Wound Care Specialists is one of America’s largest operators...
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...Infectious Diseases Conditions Plague Cause: Yersina pestis ------------------------------------------------- Treatment: Streptomycin (aminoglycoside) and Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone) ------------------------------------------------- CNS INFECTIONS Meningitis New born cause: Group B streptococcus, Gram-negative enterics, Listeria monocytogenes 2-24 months’ cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria Meningitidis, Haemophilus Influenzae 2-50 years causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis 50+ causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Gram-negative enterics Meningococcal Meningitis Cause: Neisseria meningitidis – gram-negative Treatment: * Penicillin/Ampicillin (beta-lactam) * (Chloramphenicol can be substituted in history of penicillin hypersensitivity) * Close contacts – Rifampicin 2 days * Vaccines for prophylaxis – not for serogroup B, sialic acid is identical to the human form Pneumococcal Meningitis Cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae – gram-positive Treatment: * Cefotaxime (3rd generation cephalosporin/beta lactam) – 10-14 days * (If resistance to Cefotaxime – Vancomycin (tricyclic glycopeptide) and Rifampicin) * Adjunctive treatment with Dexamethasone Haemophilus Influenzae Meningitis Cause: Haemophilus influenzae – gram-negative Treatment: * H. influenzae vaccine is available * Cefotaxime (3rd gen cephalosporin/beta lactam) * Adjunctive treatment...
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...surface has ridges. Capillary refill of 2 seconds, nails slightly rounded. Little black circle on left pinky above proximal nail fold. Toe nails long, thickened, yellowish color. End of toe nails are chipped, capillary refill of 1.5 seconds. Skin/Extremities: Warm to touch, dry, color is normal for patient’s ethnicity. Skin turgor elastic, and rapidly returns to original shape. Patient has scattered bruising on top of both thighs and up and down arms bilaterally. Fluid filled blisters and open sores scattered on both lower legs and feet bilaterally. Scabs scattered on lower legs and feet bilaterally, 70% yellowish drainage from open sores bilateral on lower legs. Both legs have evidence of varicose veins. Left lower leg has evidence of cellulitis. Capillary refill of 2 seconds, upper extremities no edema present. Lower extremities have evidence of edema, left ankle 2+ edema, right ankle 1+ edema. Both lower legs covered with telfa to open areas and blisters, legs wrapped with kerlix and secured with surgilast, iodine...
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...toxins found in gastrointestinal tract of animals and is responsible for respiratory failure. Clostridium can be treated with penicillin. Corynebacterium diphtheria is a gram-positive rod shaped bacteria which produces toxins. Corynebacterium diphtheria is known to cause diphtheria in humans, which causes a thick covering in the back of the throat that can lead to difficult breathing, heart failure and paralysis. Antibiotics like penicillin and erythromycin can treat the disease by destroying the toxins. Hemophilus influenza is a gram –negative cocci shaped bacteria that forms no spores and is facultative anaerobic. Hempophilus influenza cause many different disease like pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, cellulitis, otitis media, and purulent pericarditis. Haemophilus influenza can treated with antibiotics like amoxillin-clavulante amoxicillin-clavulanate, azithromycin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and clarithromycin. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a gram-positive rod shaped bacteria that have single arrangement. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an air borne disease that spread when someone coughs, sneezes, spits, which affects the lungs. Tuberculosis can be treated with anti-TB agents like isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Neisseria gonorrhea is a gram-negative diplococci bacteria that causes a sexually transmitted disease called gonorrhea. Gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics like quinolones, penicillin, tetracycline and...
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