...The 2009 Newsweek 50 Most Powerful People list has central bankers from the U.S. Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, and the Bank of Japan listed at 4th, 5th, and 6th respectively. * Explain why these three men are thought to be more powerful than most countries' leaders. * Illustrate the far-reaching effects of monetary policy by choosing one action the U.S. Federal Reserve (the Fed) has taken in the past 10 years and explaining its effects. * What action did the Fed take? When did this happen (month/year)? * How did this action affect interest rates and exchange rates? * How were banks and businesses affected? * What was the impact on international trade? * Do you believe U.S. monetary policy should follow Keynesianism or Monetarism? Explain your reasoning. Be sure to cite all references using APA style. The three central bankers named in the list of most powerful men are influential because they handle the monetary policy. Monetary policy is a powerful and immediate tool to affect the demand side economics of any country. Monetary policy operations have far reaching effects which are much more immediate then fiscal policy. This also renders monetary actions a bit dangerous as at least five of the eight post war recessions in US can be attributed to anti inflationary policies of FED. (Tobin, 2008, ret: www.econlib.org). So the power that resides in central bankers hands in enormous. Lets take the example of Global Depression...
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...Introduction In recent years, the People’s Bank of China (PBC) has carried out monetary policy by means of reserve requirement frequently in an effort to hedge the excess liquidity in the banking system. Since the Chinese banking system contributes the most to the financial system in China, and risks exhibited by commercial banks are the biggest threat to the nation’s financial stability. The impact of monetary policy on bank risk is thus an essential issue to which should be paid great attention when establishing its macro prudential management framework. Unlike other economies in which standard one-instrument operating procedure dominates the monetary policy tools, People’s Bank of China makes a frequent adjustment on the interest rate and the reserve requirement ratio simultaneously to achieve its goals. In China, interest rates and deposit reserve decisions are taken by The Peoples' Bank of China Monetary Policy Committee. The PBOC administers two different benchmark interest rates: one year lending and one-year deposit rate. At present, China has become one of the highest reserve requirement rate country in global countries, for its reserve rate has already reached to 18.5%. In addition, the high consecutive frequency and accumulative range of the raise has been rare in the history of world monetary policy. In this paper, I will focus three main changes during 2008 to 2015, which are 2008, 2012 and 2015. By giving a brief information about those three interest rates and...
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...Writer’s Name Instructor’s Name Course Date Economics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve System or FED is basically a central banking system of USA that created on December 1913, due to severe financial conditions. Now this is playing different functions for boosting the USA economy those are: * Working as a central bank for United States * Address about the financial severe problems * Regulates and instruct the other banking systems * Control monetary policy through manage the money supply in the economy * Provide the financial facilities to other financial institutions, US government to strengthen the economy of US * Provide the major facility of exchange of payments in the different regions. * It also play a role in maximizing employment, stability of price level as well as long term moderate interest rate in the economy. * Open market operations in which selling and purchasing of government securities occurs by the FED. These operations are in the control on the FOMC. So it basically plays a role in providing largest payment system in the world. Every day many transactions occur between the different sellers and purchasers of goods in term of US dollar. It also maintains millions of accounts as well as performing a role in settling and clearing different financial institution payments through intermediaries. FED play a vital role in providing the facility of financial services to depository institutions like distributing currency...
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...Monetary Policy Review - 18th Dec., 2012 Monetary and Liquidity Measures q The Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) of scheduled banks remains unchanged at 4.25% of their Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL). q Repo Rate under the Liquidity Adjustment The Facility (LAF) remains unchanged at 8%. qReverse Repo Rate under the LAF remains The unchanged at 7%. q The Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) and Bank Rate stands at 9%. Growth In Q2 of 2012-13, GDP growth at 5.3% was marginally lower than 5.5% recorded in Q1. On the domestic front, GDP growth is evolving along the baseline projection of 5.8% for 2012-13. Industrial activity rose sharply in October due to a low base and festive demand, propelling the growth of both consumer durables and non-durables into double digits. Significantly, capital goods production recorded a growth of 7.5% after 13 successive months of decline. Inflation Headline WPI inflation edged down to 7.2% in November due to softening of prices of vegetables, minerals and fuel. The new combined (rural and urban) CPI (Base : 2010 = 100) inflation increased in November, reflecting sustained food inflation pressures, particularly for vegetables, cereals, pulses, oils and fats. Monetary and Liquidity Conditions Money Supply (M3) growth remained below its indicative trajectory due to lower deposit growth; non-food credit growth rose above the indicative trajectory of 16% suggesting some pick-up in economic activity. Liquidity conditions have remained tight in Q3 due to large government...
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...Trend-Following Behavior is the tendency for the market to follow a trend. In other words an increase in the exchange rate is more likely to be followed by another increase. Investor Sentiment is based on the consensus of the market. For example if the market is bullish on the dollar, then the dollar is likely to strengthen versus other currencies. The FX market is quite different from the world equity markets in one important aspect: transparency. In equity markets, rules ensure that volume and price data are readily available to all parties… this is NOT the case in FX markets. In fact large FX dealers are able to observe factors such as: shifts in risk appetite, liquidity needs, hedging demands, and institutional rebalancing.[3] Order Flow - there is evidence of a positive correlation between spot exchange rate movements and order flows in the inter-dealer market[4] and with movements in customer order flows.[5] Three explanations for the cause of these correlations have been put forth: 1) Private information - related to the payoff from holding the currency may be contained in the order flow data. For example, future interest rates or the discount rate may be known to traders. 2) Liquidity effects – dealers charge a temporary risk premium to absorb unwanted inventory. 3) Feedback trading – the positive correlation could be...
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...Team #5: Fernando Puiggari, Afiya Williams, and Yu Tang MBAA 505: Economic Environment Of Business Prof. Victor Petenkemani Case 3: Due 10/30/2014 Quantitative Easing in the Great Recession. 1. You will consider the various impacts of QE1, QE2, and QE3. What accounts for the differences in the market reactions to these three policy actions? What the Fed did * On Sept. 8, 2008, the U.S. Treasury seized control of mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and pledged a $200 billion cash injection to help the companies cope with mortgage default losses. * About a week later the government bailed out American International Group Inc with $85 billion. * The Fed refused to save Lehman Brothers and the company was forced to file for bankruptcy. Some of the largest financial institutions were on the verge of collapse as the mortgage market melted down. As the crisis hit the global market, the credit freeze spread. * The Treasury and the Federal Reserve began working on a $700 billion bailout plan. * President George W. Bush signed the bailout plan into law Oct. 3. * Weeks later, on Oct. 29, the Fed cut the key interest rate to 1 percent. What was expected? The government claimed the bailout was necessary to provide stability in the economy and prevent disruption in the financial system. The interest rate cut aimed to revive the economy, help free up credit and make loans cheaper to consumers and businesses. What happened The financial...
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...acts like a “shock absorber” in the face of external economic shocks. Explain what this means and why it is (or might be) true. Flexible exchange rates act as a “shock absorber” - Canada’s experience following the Asian Crisis - commodity prices and the Canadian dollar world price of raw materials fell by 30 percent, world is prepared to pay less for our raw materials. This led to dramatic depreciation of CAD. - compare BC and Ontario situations. BC produced a lot of raw materials whose demand fell. The core of manufacturing in Canada is in Ontario (and Quebec) and the resource sectors are largely in the West and very East. When Asian economies go under the tank and reduce their demand for raw materials – the BC economy goes down, they can’t sell stuff to Asia anymore. But the Canadian dollar depreciates by 10 or 15 percent. A depreciating currency helps everybody who is exporting given whatever the price you’re exporting at. Depreciation is a net plus to Ontario, because its machines, etc. gets a bump up in exports. The boost to Ontario offsets the negative to BC somewhat. What happened in 2002-2006 when world demand increased (China and India phenomenon and U.S economic boom) drove up prices, the Canadian dollar appreciated. Ontario was damaged while the East and West of Canada boomed. 2. Describe and explain the connection(s) between the “financial sector” and the “real economy”. Why is this connection relevant to the appropriate policy response (in Canada, say) to...
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...Global Financial Crisis: Likely Impact on Bangladesh [Abstract: The current financial crisis that originated in the United States and quickly spread to Europe and Asia could be a global crisis soon. Reckless lending by banks and financial institutions and slack regulatory system were at the root of the crisis, which is perhaps the gravest since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Amid a severe credit crunch, the rich economies have entered into a deep recession. IMF economists predict the global economic growth to fall from 5.6% in 2007 to 3.9% in 2008, and to 3.0% next year. Billions of dollars pumped by the rich and the emerging economies to bail out the distressed banks or to boost their economies have failed to stop the rot. Bangladesh is apparently immune from the crisis, its economy not being very tightly linked with the rest of the world. It has been enjoying a relatively healthy growth of exports, industrial activity and remittances. Yet, a prolonged recession in the rich countries may cause a slowdown in exports, inflows of remittances, foreign aid and FDI, thereby hurting GDP growth. IMF has said that GDP growth in Bangladesh this year will be lower – 5.5% instead of the officially projected 6.5%, if the global recession lingers. Bangladesh policy makers will need to stay alert to the possibility of the economy being hit by the global slump and adopt appropriate mitigating measures.] Introduction The United States economy is now experiencing a severe credit...
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...The Global Roots of the Current Financial Crisis and its Implications for Regulation Anil Kashyap (University of Chicago) Raghuram Rajan (University of Chicago) Jeremy Stein (Harvard University) Where did the current financial crisis come from? Who or what is to blame? How will it be resolved? How do we undertake reforms for the future? These are the questions this paper will seek to answer. The analysis will have three parts. The first is a rough and ready sketch of the global roots of this crisis. Second, we will focus in a more detailed way on why it hit the financial sector, especially banks. Finally, we will end with some suggestions for future regulation, especially capital regulation. I. A Rough Sketch. It is always useful to start with the macroeconomic environment. In a sense, this is a crisis borne out of previous crises. An important difference between the recent period of sustained growth and previous periods is the low level of long term real interest rates over the last 5 years, certainly relative to the last two decades. Long rates fell following the collapse in investment in both emerging markets and developed countries after the crises in 1998 and the ICT bubble in 2001. Emerging market governments became more circumspect and increased budgetary surpluses, even while cutting back on public investment. For instance, in Philippines, investment fell from 24% of GDP in 1996 to 17% in 2006, while its savings rose from 14% to 20%. From borrowing 10% of its...
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...crisis in 2008, Bank of England (BoE) and other central banks seek to stabilize and stimulate the economy by conventional and non-conventional policies. It seems that one of the non-conventional policies, called quantitative easing (QE), has become the most popular and controversial topic. In March 2009, the bank’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) announced that the central banking would purchase the financial asset. They would use the central banking reserves created electronically to achieve this. More specifically, the BoE announced a 50 billion pounds increase in the program of purchasing the asset, to 375 billion pounds totally. However, it was not the first time that central banking used such monetary policy. From 2001 to 2006, the Bank of Japan purchased a great number of public loan and long-term bond to infect the liquidity to the market when the domestic economy was depressed continually and a sharp drop on investment. It seems that QE is an effective way to stimulate the economy and promote the recovery from the financial crisis. However, it may cause the hyperinflation and destroy the whole financial system if it was out of management and supervision. Firstly, this essay will provide a definition of quantitative easing. Further, it will discuss how QE affects the economy and the aims that governments seek to achieve. At last, it will evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of QE as a monetary policy. First of all, in average time, if the central banks seek to adjust...
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...STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM Agenda Recent developments in international financial markets The components of the international financial market The eurocurrency market The international equity market The international debt market The foreign exchange (currency) market Globalisation of financial markets The global economy has undergone through a number of structural changes in the past few decades: Real changes liberalization of product and factor markets, allied with technological developments increased output in many countries and particularly in the previously centrally planned economies Monetary changes a global commitment to maintain low rates of inflation after the boost in inflation in the ’70s Financial changes growing completeness and integration of world financial markets, fueled by deregulation and technology 3 Globalisation of financial markets Realities of global financial markets: Short-term nature of capital flows High turnover in financial markets Multiplicity of agents High number and complexity of instruments High speed with which market participants react to new information Global reach of financial institutions Implications: Growing integration of financial markets, including emerging markets Better financing of current account deficits Financial contagion risks 4 How developed are the world’s financial markets? The world’s financial...
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...Outlining the major objectives of your essay • Analyse the major factors causing global financial crisis • Analyse the role of OTC derivatives in triggering the global financial crisis • Recommend the ways to control the OTC market in the future The origins of the global financial crisis There are several factors causing global financial crisis: 1. Growth of housing bubble & Subprime lending o particular advantage of low long-term interest rates was the US mortgage market. American households traditionally took out fixed-rate mortgages, often guaranteed by the government-sponsored enterprises, the GSEs. As rates fell, households refinanced in large numbers, but this extra origination business dried up once rates started to rise again. Rather than shrink their business, US mortgage lenders pursued riskier segments of the market that the GSEs did not insure, as Graph 4 shows. This included the sub-prime segment, but also so-called ‘Alt-A’ and other non-standard loans involving easier lending terms. At the time, this was considered a positive development, because it was thought that it allowed more people to become home owners. Products requiring low or no deposit, or with a low introductory interest rate were known as ‘affordability products’. They allowed households to pay the very high housing prices that their own stronger demand was generating. o http://www.rba.gov.au/Speeches/2009/_Images/150409_so_graph4.gif o As the US housing...
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...monetary policy | 4 | B. MONETARY POLICY IN VIETNAM (2008-2012) | 5 | 1. Monetary in 2008-2009 | 5 | 2. Monetary in 20010 -2011 | 11 | 3. Monetary in 2012 | 12 | A. GERNERAL OF MONEYTARY POLICY 1. Concept Monetary policy is one of economic policy that is proposed and implemented by the central bank with aims to stabilize prices, promote economic growth and create jobs in the society. Essence of monetary policy is specified measures to impact on the money supply in the economy. 2. The purpose of monetary policy Purpose of monetary policy is price stability, promote economic growth and create jobs in the society. These targets are close relationships; support each other, not separated. However, to achieve these goals in a harmonized manner, the central bank should coordinate monetary policy with other policies, such as fiscal policy, income policy, etc... a. Price stability Price stability is the primary objective of monetary policy and long-term goals, the empirical process showed stable to stable prices, the value for money, stable currency value is stable the purchasing power of the currency, in order to achieve that the central bank has set a target of monetary policy is price stability. Price stability has important implications for economic and price stability helps to determine the state of economic development towards a more effective way for eliminating the change of price. Price stability helps to stabilize the investment environment...
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...on future investments. Their effect on the economy is that they reduce its volatility. How does the US financial market impact business? One of the most significant impacts of financial markets on businesses is access to credit (Garbade, 2014). When the financial markets are not doing well, the general access to credit for businesses is also affected. Banks and financial institutions reduce their lending rates as a precautionary measure to avoid defaulters. As a result, businesses cannot get access to loans hence impeding their ability to continue running and expanding. How does the US financial market impact individual? When the financial markets are failing, the borrowing rates increases while the number of investors reduces (Garbade, 2014). Due to the raised borrowing rates, the prices of commodities go up reducing individuals’ purchasing power. As the prices go up, people are left with less money to use on other expenses. This prompts them reduce their expenses especially on luxury products hence compromising on their standards of living. Roles of the US Federal Reserve The US Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States and it was created by the congress (Garbade, 2014). The main purpose of the Federal Reserve is to give the nation a safer and more...
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... Today, we live in a world of scarcity where resources are limited and the choices one make has become so vital the economy. In the US, the government, the Federal Reserve, have control on the effect of supply and demand and money growth. As both supply and demand for money each depend on the interest rate, we specifically look at how inflation effects supply and demand on money. There are differences of money supply and demand for money; where it comes from and how it’s demanded. Given there are many variables that can effect money supply and the demand for money, we will focus on where it comes from and how inflation effects it. In the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money by John Maynard Keynes, he explains liquidity factors in economic interest rates that balance supply and demand for money. There are two different types of interest rate that help explain, in monetary terms, how much borrowers pay for borrowed funds. Generally, during a period of inflation where prices increase, nominal interest can be misunderstood. As the nominal interest rate rises or falls, it can be misleading as to how much the borrower is truly borrowing and how much the lender is receiving. When the borrower repays the principle loan, they lender may not be able to purchase as much goods and services, then when originally loaned. This is because when the loan was initially issued the money was worth more than when the borrower repaid the loan. Once the borrower receives...
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