...The biological functions of the brain influence the psychological actions we express mentally, emotionally, and physically. There are many parts of the brain that affect us as human beings to make the right or wrong decisions. The brain plays an important and vital role in a human’s beings life from childhood to adulthood. The body is comprised of two systems. Central nervous system (CNS) composes of the brain and the spinal cord. The central nervous system contains about 90% of the neurons our brains needs to function. The central nervous system integrates sensory information and responds accordingly. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the brain and the spinal cord with the rest of the body. This serves as a communication relay...
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...The central nervous system can be compared to the air traffic control tower of a large international airport. Just as this main tower directs and controls all incoming and outgoing flights. The central nervous system is the control center of our body, it sends information out and interprets things our body senses. Regulating, controlling and coordinating incoming and outgoing impulses, thoughts, and feelings via nerves. Functionally, the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (controls in-bound and out-bound neural impulses), and peripheral nervous system (connects the CNS with the peripheral parts of the body). The PNS can be divided into subdivisions of the somatic nervous system (deals with the parts of the body we move voluntarily) and autonomic nervous system (works with the involuntary parts of the body). The CNS receives sensory input from the peripheral nervous system and produces motor responses via nerves. A nerve is a fiber composed of nerve cells and neurons. Most nerves of the peripheral nervous system contain both sensory neurons and motor neurons. The sensory neurons in the peripheral nerve carry sensory impulses to the CNS. The CNS processes this information and sends the appropriate motor signals back to the nerves via the motor neurons. (Terfera, D. & Jegtvig, S., 2015). The brain and spinal cord is what makes up the central nervous system. The brain being the command center controlling the body functions of sending and receiving...
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...The nervous system has two parts known as the central and peripheral nervous systems. While the CNS include the brain and the spinal cord the PNS are the sensory neurons and nerves that connect them together. The human central nervous system is made up of the spinal cord and brain. The nerve cells are working between the brain. The spinal cord acts as a signal between the brain and the rest of the body and it controls the musculoskeletal reflexes without help from the brain. The brains responsibility as it's connected to the CNS is to coordinate body functions, consciously and unconsciously. Thinking and feeling are parts of the complex function. The anatomical features shared with the brain and spinal cord of the CNS is encased in the bones. The brain located in the cranium and the spinal cord runs in the canal through the vertebrae. The CNS is like a computer and interprets information from our eyes(sight), ears(sound), nose(smell), tongue( taste), and skin(touch). Without our spinal cord our body and brain would have no communication. This could be caused by injury to the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the nervous system that contains the nervous system that contains the nerves that lie outside the. Enteral nervous system. It's primary role is to connect the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin, extending from the CNS to the outermost areas of the body. The PNS two parts consist of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems (SNS and ANS)...
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...Generation of pattern and diversity in Central Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) is composed of brain and the spinal cord. Neurons constitute a major part of the developing CNS. An axon is an extension of a neuron. The brain grows as a swelling at the front (rostal) end of the neural tube and later leads to become a spinal cord (1,2). Development of the CNS involves many complex mechanisms beginning at the onset of transformation of a single layer of ectodermal cells, the neuroectoderm until the end of the differentiation process resulting into highly complex structure involving variety of neural cell types (1,2). A large number of cell types need to be arranged spatially and temporally to form a complex structure during an embryo development. CNS being one such complex structure formed during embryonic development involves many interlinked molecular mechanisms giving rise to interlinked and diversified neuronal circuits. Although a few of the signaling pathways (like shh) have been identified causing cellular diversity in a vertebrate CNS more studies have to be done to identify the involvements of any more of such signals. (1) The nervous system (NS) develops from the ectoderm of a developing embryo. First to develop is the neural plate followed by formation of a neural groove in the neural plate very shortly. This is then followed by joining of the edges of the neural groove to form a neural tube, which later develops into the brain at the frontal part while...
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...The nervous system is made up of neurones and is basically the control centre of your body, it's job is to communicate by sending messages and receiving them. The nervous system receives specific messages from the brain to then send off to a specific part of the body to perform a movement or task (Hillendale, 2014). There are two parts to the nervous system. These are called the 'Central Nervous System' (CNS) and 'Peripheral Nervous System' (PNS). The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and the spinal cord and the Peripheral Nervous System consists of the nerves out side the brain and spinal cord (Rayner, 2014). The peripheral nervous system is divided in to two parts called the 'somatic nervous system' and the 'autonomic nervous...
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...The nervous system is made up of two systems that work together to help the body function. One of the systems is the Central Nervous System (CNS) which consists of the spinal cord and the brain. The other system is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) which is made up the nerves that connect to the rest of the body. Working together they both contribute to the wonder known as the nervous system, but how? (Better Health Channel, 2014). As said before, the Nervous system is made up of two systems, CNS and PNS. However, Neurons are microscopic cells that play a massive part in the workings of the Nervous system. What sets apart Neurons form other cells is that they can transmit electrochemical signals when stimulated. Neurons naturally have a small negative charge but when stimulated they produce enough electrical energy to create a reaction in these systems (Better Health Channel, 2014). If you have ever hurt a part of your body, say your leg, you would know that sometimes it feels like the pain is shooting up the entire leg. This is due to the Neurons being stimulated when the leg is hurt which causes a reaction in the nerves. I bet your wondering how the pain travels all the way up you leg. This is due to synapses (Better Health Channel, 2014)....
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...Central nervous system (CNS): part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): second part of the nervous system that contains the sensory nerves, afferent and efferent nerves. Sensory nerves: relays information (what’s happening on the inside and outside of the cell) to the CNS. Motor nerves: the CNS relays the information received from the sensory nerves to other cells, organs, and systems in the body Neuron: can be called excitable tissue and is the basic structural unit of the nervous system. (Kenny, Axon hillock: possesses the role of impulse conduction. End branches: the end of the axon, which splits into branches. Axon terminals: the tips of the end branches that are widened into bulbs, they are also called axon knobs....
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...COMMENTS ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY Radiological Anatomy Radiological anatomy is a medical specialty that employs the use of imaging to both diagnose and treat disease visualised within the human body. It explores various tissue densities to be able to determine structures. It could either be invasive or non-invasive. Radiologists use an array of imaging techniques which include: • Conventional radiography (X-ray) • Ultrasound • Computerized Tomography • Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Interventional Radiology • Radiation Therapy The acquisition of medical imaging is usually carried out by the radiographer or radiologic technologist. The radiologist then interprets or "reads" the images and produces a report of their findings and impression or diagnosis. Central Nervous System The nervous system is organized into two parts: the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body. In the central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord are the main centres where communication of nervous information occur. Both the brain and spinal cord are covered with a system of membranes, called meninges and are suspended in the cerebrospinal fluid; they are further protected by the bones of the skull and the vertebral column. The central nervous system is composed of large numbers of excitable...
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...What is the job of the central nervous system (CNS)? The central nervous system consists of the brain, the spinal cord, and a complex network of neurons. They are protected by the meninges which are three layers of connective tissue and the central nervous system is also encased in bone while being surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid which also adds an additional protection from injury. The brain is our central control center that processes many body functions and sensory information whereas the spinal cord is a conduit for communication between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord is also responsible for controlling certain simple musculoskeletal reflexes that do not need input from the brain. The brain processes both conscious and unconscious body functions. Neurons are the basic unit of nervous tissue that is responsible for transmitting signals. So the neurons receive information from the body which then it travels up the spinal cord into the brain where it can be processed. (a.u., www.mcb.berkeley.edu) What is the job of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? The peripheral nervous system works with the central nervous system where it is the rest of the nervous system throughout the body which includes the senses of vision, hearing, taste and smell as well. It also includes the automatic nervous system that controls such actions as digestion and temperature control, the involuntary control of muscles whereas the voluntary control of skeletal muscles...
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...The nervous system is made up of the cerebrum and spinal cord, which is the cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers, and associated tissue that is enclosed in the spine, and also the sensory organ, all of these organs are having control over the whole body The nervous system is comprised of the cerebrum, the spinal cord, which is the cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers, and associated tissue that is enclosed in the spine, and also the sensory organ, all of these organs are having control over the body and correspondence among its parts The (PNS) the peripheral nervous system . it carries this information to the CNS. The (CNS) central nervous system takes information coming from the PNS, processes this information to generate behavior, and then communicates...
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...Chapter 8 The Central Nervous System Learning Objectives 1. Describe the embryonic origin of the CNS 2. Identify the 5 brain regions & the major structures they contain, including the ventricles 3. Describe the organization of the sensory & motor areas of the cerebral cortex, & the nature of the basal ganglia 4. Distinguish between the functions of the right & left cerebral hemispheres, and describe the significance of the limbic system 5. Identify the areas of cerebral cortex involved in speech & language 6. Describe the brain regions involved in memory and events associated with learning & language Learning Objectives 7. Describe the locations & functions of the thalamus & hypothalamus 8. Identify the structures & functions of the midbrain & hindbrain 9. Describe the structure & function of the RAS 10. Describe the sensory & motor pathways 11. Describe the structure & function of the pyramidal & extrapyramidal motor tracts 12. Identify the structures of a spinal nerve and describe the neural pathways of a reflex arc. I. Structural Organization of the Brain A. Central Nervous System 1. Composed of the brain and spinal cord a. Receives input from sensory neurons and directs activity of motor neurons that innervate muscles and glands b. Association neurons integrate sensory information and help direct the appropriate response to maintain homeostasis and respond to the environment. Central Nervous System Gyrus Sulcus ...
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...Epilepsy is a disorder that affects the central nervous system, which is caused when nerve cell activity in the brain is interrupted. This interruption in activity is called a seizure, which is an excessive and abnormal release of neurons. There are about 30 million people all over the world that suffer from Epilepsy, the onset of epilepsy begins at any age (Breedlove & Watson, 2013). To completely understand this disorder, we must learn what happens to the brain when a seizure takes place, and how it effects the rest of the body. The brain When seizures occur, neurons are active at the same time when they are not supposed to be. Active neurons are electrical signals relaying messages from neuron to neuron. Each electrical signal the passes...
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...http://stemcells.nih.gov/index.asp. Before we determine how stem cells can treat various diseases including spinal cord injuries, let us first understand the root of a spinal cord injury. The spinal cord is an extension of the central nervous system that establishes a structural connection between the brain and the other structures of the body (e.g., arms and legs, bowel, bladder) through nerve fibers. A clear fluid called Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) that acts as a cushion to protect the delicate nerve tissues against damage from banging against the inside of the vertebrae surrounds the spinal cord. The vertebrae is made up of thirty-three bones, each with a circular opening similar to the hole in a donut. (“Spinal Cord Injury: Hope Through Research" NINDS. Publication date August 2003) The central nervous system is organized in a way that allows certain parts of the spinal cord to control and affect certain parts of the body. Messages transmitting pain, movement, temperature, touch, and vibration regarding the skin, joints, muscles, and internal organs are all relayed through the spinal cord. You would think that with a job this important the central nervous system would be protected, and it is. The central nervous system is one of the best-protected systems in the...
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...Major Drug Interaction: Applies to: venlafaxine, mirtazapine MONITOR CLOSELY: Concomitant use of agents with serotonergic may potentiate the risk of serotonin syndrome, which is a rare but serious and potentially fatal condition thought to result from hyperstimulation of brainstem 5-HT1A and 2A receptors. Symptoms of the serotonin syndrome may include mental status changes such as irritability, altered consciousness, confusion, hallucinations, and coma; autonomic dysfunction such as tachycardia, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, shivering, blood pressure lability, and mydriasis; neuromuscular abnormalities such as hyperreflexia, myoclonus, tremor, rigidity, and ataxia; and gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. MANAGEMENT: In general, the concomitant use of multiple serotonergic agents should be avoided if possible, or otherwise approached with caution if potential benefit is deemed to outweigh the risk. Patients should be closely monitored for symptoms of the serotonin syndrome during treatment. Particular caution is advised when increasing the dosages of these agents. The potential risk for serotonin syndrome should be considered even when administering serotonergic agents sequentially, as some agents may demonstrate a prolonged elimination half-life. For example, a 5-week washout period is recommended following use of fluoxetine before administering another serotonergic agent. If serotonin syndrome develops or is suspected during...
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...development. The term embryonic development refers to the changes that take place as an embryo matures. In the book Before we are Born by author Moore Persaud suggests that because the neural plate, primordium of the central nervous system, appears during the third week and it gives rise to the neural folds and the beginning of the neural tube, disturbance of neurulation may result in sever abnormalities of the brain like what we see in anencephalic babies. Anencephaly is the partial absence of the brain, and it’s considered the most sever birth defect. This birth defect is also one of the most common birth defect that affects the central nervous system. Parts that are missing in the brain with an anencephaly baby are the forebrain, midbrain, and the rudimentary development of the hindbrain (Persaud, 1998). Evidence suggests that the primary disturbance affects the neuroectoderm, resulting in failure of the neural folds to fuse and form the neural tube in the brain region. Neural tube closure occurs between 20 and 28 days of a pregnancy. Neuroectoderm is that central region of the early embryonic ectoderm that on further development forms the brain and spinal cord, and the neural crest cells that become the nerve cells and neurilemma or Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system (Pearson, 2014). Not only part of the brain is missing in anencephaly babies, but also parts of the meninges, skull, and skin. Both genetic and environmental factors seem to be implicated at cause, but there’s...
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