...Synopsis In this PowerPoint presentation I tried to provide a general idea of the period of childhood as a time of innocence and how it formed the view of a child in our modern time. Generally, a lot of parents perceive their children as innocent beings, and want to guard and protect them from the bad side of the world. On the whole, this idea of childhood innocence started in the 18th century, with the romantic discourse of childhood. About 250 years ago, childhood has been recognised as a distinct era of human life (Rousseau, 1762). In the 18th century, a French philosopher believed that children are in need of stimulation and education (Rousseau, 1762). However, in the past, according to Christian religion children were born evil and prone to sin. Similarly, children were portrayed as incomplete, miniature adults who did not look socially, psychically or sexually innocent (Higonnet, 1998). Yet, historians claimed that even though children were considered differently in the past, this does not indicate that they were not considered as children. Conversely, Rousseau (1762) acknowledged a romantic, also known as the innocent child, who is born pure and innocent, and is unaware of the term adulthood. During the romantic period the innocent figure of the child triggered poetry and a political discussion. At this point, it can be mentioned that during the 18th century Reynold’s painting namely; “The Age of Innocence” became the template for pictures of children from those...
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...Wordsworth’s Poetry William Wordsworth ← Analysis → Wordsworth’s monumental poetic legacy rests on a large number of important poems, varying in length and weight from the short, simple lyrics of the 1790s to the vast expanses of The Prelude, thirteen books long in its 1808 edition. But the themes that run through Wordsworth’s poetry, and the language and imagery he uses to embody those themes, remain remarkably consistent throughout the Wordsworth canon, adhering largely to the tenets Wordsworth set out for himself in the 1802 preface to Lyrical Ballads. Here, Wordsworth argues that poetry should be written in the natural language of common speech, rather than in the lofty and elaborate dictions that were then considered “poetic.” He argues that poetry should offer access to the emotions contained in memory. And he argues that the first principle of poetry should be pleasure, that the chief duty of poetry is to provide pleasure through a rhythmic and beautiful expression of feeling—for all human sympathy, he claims, is based on a subtle pleasure principle that is “the naked and native dignity of man.” Recovering “the naked and native dignity of man” makes up a significant part of Wordsworth’s poetic project, and he follows his own advice from the 1802 preface. Wordsworth’s style remains plain-spoken and easy to understand even today, though the rhythms and idioms of common English have changed from those of the early nineteenth century. Many of Wordsworth’s poems (including masterpieces...
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...juvenile delinquency was legislated into existence in the nineteenth century. After a few preliminary comments contextualising the claim, I will; 1. Explore the changes in Legislation and Law enforcement agencies in the early to mid-nineteenth century focusing on the ways in which they contributed to the development of the concept of ‘juvenile delinquency’. 2. Consider the arguments of nineteenth century social investigators and reformers and their influence both on the legislative process and on the construction of the concept of juvenile delinquency. 3. Finally and by way of a conclusion, briefly discuss the broader social economic and political context of nineteenth century reforms in order to suggest that whilst legislation is important, the claim in the question overstates its significance. The idea that there can be a juvenile delinquent is impossible without the concept of childhood as a distinct phase of individual growth and development. ‘Childhood’ has become a universal category; a status which affords particular rights, for example those outlined in agreements between states such as the universal declaration of the rights of the child. This recognition of the special status of ‘childhood’ is a social construct (Hendrick, 2002). We may take our understanding of what it is to be a child for granted as ‘natural’ but it is not until the late middle ages that a period and morality of childhood began to be distinguished from adulthood within the aristocracy...
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...CLC Yellow Team Health Issue Analysis: Childhood Obesity Yellow Group Grand Canyon University: NUR- 508 August 20, 2014 Cultural Beliefs and Influences Relative to Childhood Obesity According to Opalinski, (2013), childhood obesity is increasing in all racial groups. Cultural beliefs play a unique contribution in relation to this chronic condition. Evidence shows that place of origin is one of the factors contributing to having kids who are not as healthy as people were just a few decades ago. Based on the literature, minority populations specifically Hispanics (Hispanic) and African American children are at higher risk compared to other ethnicities. Pulgaron et al., (2013), explains the relationship of Hispanic children and cultural factors affecting the rate of obesity among this population. The literature shows that Hispanic children who have grandparents helping in their caretaking had a negative impact on food choices and feeding habits due to the fact that in the Hispanic culture bigger means being healthier. The perception applied to the African American culture generally believes that a larger body size is equal to being healthy. Opalinski (2013) also reported that further investigation must be performed to better understand the relationship of cultural beliefs and childhood obesity. Religious/ Spiritual Beliefs In the United States a few studies were performed to investigate the association of religion and obesity. Based on the literature, social...
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...information (including programme) p.11-18 Communication p.19 Advice and support p.19 1) Module team contact information: Module Leader: Sue Norman – Room 3S405 – Sue.Norman@uwe.ac.uk 0117 328 4251 Module tutor: Mandy Lee – Room 3S406 – Mandy.Lee@uwe.ac.uk – Tel 0117 328 4279 Module tutor: Sarah Whitehouse- Room 2S407- Sarah.Whitehouse@uwe.ac.uk Tel 0117 328 4178 2) Module specific information MODULE SPECIFICATION Part 1: Basic Data | Module Title | Children in society, past and present | Module Code | UTTGPT-30-1 | Level | 1 | Version | 1 | Owning Faculty | ACE | Field | Primary, Early Childhood and Education Studies | Contributes towards | BA Hons Early Childhood | UWE Credit Rating | 30 | ETCS Credit Rating | 15 | Module Type | Standard | Pre-requisites |...
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.........................................................................................................................................................................4 1.1 Family and childhood: a paradigmatic review ....................................................................................................................................4 1.2 Space and time in family life...................................................................................................................................................................4 1.3 Pennies and pounds: the socioeconomic relations of families and children in the present.......................................................4 1.4 Theoretical framework.............................................................................................................................................................................5 1.5 Defining consumption ..............................................................................................................................................................................5 1.6 Methodology and sources of data ...........................................................................................................................................................5 2 Family and childhood: a paradigmatic review ......................................................................................................................6 2.1 Figuring families and...
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...program. This time of treatment was called the moral treatment because patients were treated with human care that would help them return to their normal life. In the United States, physicians who were treating the insane were called alienists because it was believed that this disorder was the cause of becoming alienated. By 19th century there were many more patients and less resources. This was an era of therapeutic nihilism or the absence of belief in the possibility of developing an effective treatment. Therapeutic nihilism created an opening for psychological explanation of mental disorders. Freud had a theory and treatment, which he called it psychoanalysis. In order for us to understand this we have to trace the work of Mesmer in the late 18th century. Mesmer believed that there are some tides in the human body that are affected by stars and planets. He called those tides “animal magnetism” He explored how animal magnetism could treat an illness. He believed that if a patient touches an iron bar that was magnetised or any other objects that were magnetised, the patient will get cured. Mesmer was investigated and exiled. One of the clinicals of the 19th century was Jean Martin Charcot was a director of the Salpetriere. He was very interested in the “anatomic-clinic” method where the patient’s body was examined in autopsy to determine the cause of death and they were compared to the signals and symptoms that were recorded. Most of the patients at the Salpetriere were there until they...
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...Developmental Theory Analysis DEP2004 16 September 2014 Developmental Theory Analysis Moral development is an aspect of a person’s overall development that occurs over the course of a lifetime. There have been a number of theories that describe how and when moral development occurs in individuals; however, a theory that has become well known and widely accepted in the field of student affairs as well as psychology is Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development. Lawrence Kohlberg was a developmental theorist of the mid-twentieth century who is best known for his specific and detailed theory of children's moral development. His work continues to be influential today and contemporary research has generally supported his theory. He believed his stages of moral development to be universal. This paper explores the strengths, weaknesses, and research of what others had to say about this theory. The many strengths of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development include when a person reaches adulthood, they should have a good idea about the personal and social behavior. It also examines the ability to test and individual where they are in their moral development along with offering a structure for creating “just communities,” both within and outside of student affairs. It also focuses on educating young adults and their sense of intellectual and moral development. There are also several weaknesses to Kohlberg’s theory. One...
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...There are many ways to relate Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar’s female literary criticism “Infection in the Sentence” to the fiction novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. However, from all their criticisms in “Infection in the Sentence” what interested me the most was the one criticism that they had made on Victorian women writers depicting female characters as either the angel or as the monster of the story. This was widely evident in Jane Eyre where both Jane in her childhood and Bertha after marriage are depicted as madwomen. According to Gilbert and Gubar’s perception, nineteenth-century women writers did this to maintain womanhood for themselves and their heroines. This was something exceptionally different from the traditional male writers’ use of dichotomy (Hart 77). On the contrary to this dichotomy, in Jane Eyre I found that Jane was not just limited to being this monstrous image since she also had a more angelic and dispassionate side after Lowood. As a result, similar to what Gilbert and Gubar had discovered, Bronte did not blend in with the male literature dichotomy (what is the male literature dichotomy?), but rather decided to merge the two traits in her protagonist Jane Eyre and showed that Bertha was her dark double (Hart 77). Therefore, by providing personal perspectives from Jane Eyre and relating them to Gilbert and Gubar’s theory, this paper will try to prove that indeed Bertha Mason was the ultimate madwoman figure that Bronte had illustrated in a methodical...
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...What is meant by the term Family? (2) Family is a group of people related by kinship ties such as blood, marriage/civil partnership or adoption. Explain how sociologists may understand childhood as a socially constructed concept (4) The social construction of childhood means that it is not natural as it is a concept with various meanings in different societies. An interactionist known as Aries (1962) suggested that childhood today is a new social invention as during industrialisation children were seen as ‘miniature adults’ as they performed the same work as their parents. Whereas since the 20th century an emergence of a child-centred society is now present. Parents view children as sentimental as they now occupy a central place in the emotional life of home. The state has also contributed to the child-centred society by introducing safe guarding policies as Wells (2009) notes the government of childhood is organised around saving children from internal and external threats. However, not all societies in the world have a concept of childhood which does show that childhood is socially constructed. Suggest three ways in which the form of the typical family has been affected by demographic factors (6) Due to changes in fertility rate the average age of woman giving birth over 30 years old has increased – The use of reliable birth control has enabled woman to have power over reproduction, as well as this the educational opportunities has increased for females which woman...
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...A prolific, controversial and innovative writer, Margaret Atwood (born 1939) has emerged as one of the most eminent contemporary figures in Canadian literature. As a feminist, Atwood deals with portrayal of women, women’s perspectives and values, analysis, and myths and versions of what it means to be a woman. Atwood was born in Ottawa, Canada, the second of three children. She spent her early childhood in northern Quebec where her father was a forest entomologist. Her years in the wilderness influenced her writing which makes considerable metaphorical use of the place, its flora and its fauna. Later, Atwood’s childhood experiences of the bush provided material for her focus on rediscovering identity in the wild in Surfacing (1972). She has...
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...around for over a century and now accounts for a $60 Billion market with the average American consuming about 53 gallons a year. Coca-Cola was invented in 1886 by John Pemberton as a “potion for mental and physical disorders.” Asa Candler acquired the formula and began marketing it as Coca-Cola. The first bottling franchise was accorded in 1899 for a sum of one dollar. Pepsi-Cola was invented in 1893 by Caleb Bradham a pharmacist from North Carolina. Pepsi also franchised its bottling operations. Pepsi struggled over the years going bankrupt twice within a decade, first in 1923 and again in 1931. Pepsi competed aggressively against coke offering almost twice the amount of Pepsi for the same price in the 1930s. Coca –Cola or Coke on the other hand was the market leader through the early 20th century with numerous imitators popping up trying to clone Coke. Coke fought back in the courts to aggressively deter imitators and counterfeiters. During the 1920s and 1930s, Coke was marketed to multiple market segments making it available to anyone desiring the brand. Eventually Coke sued Pepsi for trademark infringement in 1938 and lost. Pepsi gained market share and became a titan competitor in the market for CSDs beating out all other brands except Coke. Thus began the “Cola Wars” in 1950 with Pepsi’s aggressive “beat Coke” strategy. For the last quarter of the 20th century both Coke and Pepsi mustered annual growth of 10%. By the turn of the 21st century US consumption...
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...The New England Journal of Medicine: Incidence of Childhood Obesity in the United States General Summary: Childhood Obesity is a growing epidemic in the United States. Prevalence data has been documented; however, gaps in the incidence study still exist. Thus, a study was conducted on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in order to track the incidence of obesity. The National Center for Educational Statistics selected a nationally representative cohort using probability sampling. Children who were starting kindergarten in the fall semester of 1998 were followed up until they reached the eight grade for data collection; cumulative incidence shows the 9-year risk of obesity. Variables were selected such as height, weight, parent-reported age, sex, race, ethnic group, socioeconomic status, and birth weight. Study showed that although the prevalence of obesity increased with age, incident obesity was highest at the youngest ages and declined through eighth grade. The lowest cumulative incidence according to socioeconomic factors was among children from wealthy families and the highest was among children from the middle socioeconomic quintile. Importance of Article: Childhood Obesity is an important concern for the community and this article does a great job detailing why. Childhood Obesity affects more than 30 percent of children, making it the most common chronic disorder for children. Today, more and more children are being diagnosed with diabetes...
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...What is the Psychodynamic approach?The Psychodynamic approach was originally developed by Sigmund Freud who was one of the most influential people of the twentieth century and his enduring legacy has influenced not one Psychology, but art, literature and even the way people bring up their children. The Psychodynamic approach is concerned with the influence of the unconscious mind – that is the mental process of which we are not consciously aware – on the feelings, thinking and behavior of the individual. It is one of the older approaches to Psychology having been developed as far back as the 1890s. Sigmund Freud developed a collection of ideas mainly on how the unconscious mind works. It holds that our early experiences of relationships with significant people such as our parents during the first five years of child development remain in the unconscious. Thus affecting the way we perceive situations in later life. Freud believed that the unconscious determines our behaviors and that we are motivated by unconscious emotional drives which are shaped by unresolved conflicts from our childhood experiences. For example, a child exposed to abuse during 1- 5 years of development will have an unstable personality compared to a child who wasn't exposed to abuse. Freud (1923) later developed a more structural model of the mind, the psychic apparatus, comprising the entities id, ego and superego which are rather hypothetical conceptualizations of important mental functions. In saying this...
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...Image of memory and nostalgia: An Analysis of D. H. Lawrence’s poem “Piano” D. H. Lawrence’s melancholic poem Piano shows a man who is experiencing nostalgia as he listens to a woman singing which reminds him of his childhood. Striking as the poem is, the crucial elements of poetry are well woven into the text as the speaker narrates about the present moment and his past memory. How did the poet achieve such a natural combination within the text? This paper would discuss about the elements of poetry embedded in the poem as the narrative unfolds. From the opening line of “Piano” we see from the perspective of the speaker, who waxes nostalgic as he listens to a woman singing to him in the evening. The first-person point of view gives us the indication that the speaker is undergoing strong emotional feelings over the song. The “boom of the tingling strings,”(3) an aural image, echoes the suddenness with which the memory hits the speaker, and, as readers, we are left in the same place as the speaker. The speaker takes a bittersweet tone, which is also strongly nostalgic through out the poem. The man in the poem has traveled the road of life and has reached his adulthood, a phase of life, which is associated with freedom of, will and power. But he still contemplates giving all that up; his heart “weeps to belong” and his “manhood is cast down a flood of remembrance” as the “glamor of childish days” overcomes him emotionally.(9-11) He breaks the unspoken rule that men aren’t supposed...
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