...TOPIC General topic Cervical Cancer Narrowed Topic Cervical cancer vaccine should be mandatory among teenagers RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What is cervical cancer? 2. What causes cervical cancer? 3. What are the signs and symptoms of such disease? 4. What age group is primarily affected with cervical cancer? 5. Are there any other predisposing factors that increase risk of cervical cancer? 6. What is the mortality rate of cervical cancer among women? 7. How important is having women vaccinated with cervical cancer? 8. Is the vaccine used to treat cervical cancer feasible? 9. Is the vaccine affordable that it can be made free for the public? ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention. (2004). Preventing cervical cancer worldwide. Washington,DC: Jarboe Printing. This booklet is solely dedicated to cervical cancer. It takes about the disease itself and other important information about it and the cervical cancer cases as of 2002 , estimated mortality rate of cervical annually and cost-effectiveness of prevention methods undertaken by the company itself. This booklet equipped with a lot of information about screening approaches and prevention techniques which make it suitable for readers interested in such matter. Esguerra, C.V. (2008, February 6). Breakthrough drug: cervical cancer vaccine okd. Philippine Daily Inquirer, p.3. This newspaper article is about the newly developed vaccine against cervical cancer. It talks about...
Words: 502 - Pages: 3
... Rath Cervical cancer is considered to be a slow-growing reproductive disease that affects thousands of women in the United States annually. This particular type of cancer forms within and/or on the tissue of the cervix. The cervix is part of the female reproductive tract, which connects the uterus to the vagina. Cervical cancer begins when surface level cells on the cervix divide uncontrollably causing cervical lesions, which if left untreated can progress into cancer. If not found in the early stages, cervical cancer can spread from the surface of the cervix, deep into the tissue of the cervix as well as the surrounding tissues within the vagina and uterus (Slaz, 2010). It is estimated that there is an incidence rate, or rate of new cases, of approximately twelve thousand women per year, with roughly four thousand of those women dying in the year 2010 alone (Fisher, 2009; Lindau, 2001). Research shows that while although all women are at risk for developing cervical cancer, the majority of women that actually die from the disease are low-income women and/or women of minority groups, such as African Americans and Hispanics. Due to various social, political, and cultural factors, as well as disparities in the healthcare system, such as access to resources and socioeconomic status, thousands of lowincome and primarily minority women die unnecessarily from cervical cancer. Several risk factors are involved when looking at various causes for cervical cancer. Some...
Words: 2176 - Pages: 9
...Cervical Cancer Kayley Lewis SCI/163 February 17, 2014 Seyra Hughes Cervical Cancer What is cervical Cancer? Cervical cancer is abnormal growth of cervical cells. It is a form of cancer that forms in the tissues of the cervix. It is usually a slowing growing cancer. Normal cervical cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When normal cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take the place of the old cells. The process goes wrong sometimes. New cells form when he body does not need them and old damaged cells do not die when they should. The buildup of the extra cells form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. These growths on the cervix can begin not cancer or cancer. Doctor’s usually cannot explain why one woman develops cervical cancer and another woman does not. Doctor’s do know that a woman with certain risk factors may be more likely than other women to develop cervical cancer. Studies have shown that cervical cancer is usually caused by a virus called Human papilloma virus (HPV). You can get HPV by having sexual contact with someone who has it or having multiple sexual partners. An HPV infection that doesn’t go away can cause cervical cancer. Other risk factors such as smoking, taking birth control and engaging in early sexual activity can act to increase the risk of cervical cancer among women infected with HPV. Also having an impaired immune system is a risk factor. Women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have higher rates...
Words: 489 - Pages: 2
...What Is Cervical Cancer? What Causes Cervical Cancer? Cervical cancer, or cancer of the cervix, is cancer of the entrance to the uterus (womb). The cervix is the narrow part of the lower uterus, often referred to as the neck of the womb. Cervical cancer occurs most commonly in women over the age of 30. The American Cancer Society estimates that 11,270 diagnoses of cervical cancer will be made by the end of 2009 in the USA. Over 4,000 women in the USA die from cervical cancer each year. The National Health Service (NHS), UK, says that over 3,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year in the UK. Cervical cancer caused 941 deaths in the UK in 2007. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) at least 200,000 women worldwide die of cervical cancer each year. WHO adds that if the HPV vaccine is administered globally, hundreds of thousands of lives each year could eventually be saved. Cancer research UK reported that the rate of women diagnosed with the cervical cancer in the UK has halved from 16 per 100,000 in 1988 to 8 per 100,000 according to the latest figures - the NHS (National Health Service) Cervical Screening Programme began in 1988. What is the cervix? The cervix, or the neck of the womb, and the womb are both parts of a female reproductive system. The female reproductive system consists of: Vagina Womb (uterus), which includes the cervix Ovaries Women have two ovaries, one on either side of the lower abdomen (pelvis). Each month...
Words: 3976 - Pages: 16
...Cervical cancer is the second most common form of cancer; there are two types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors for the development of cervical cancer include: contraction of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), smoking, lower SES, among others. HPV is the primary cause for cervical cancer, particularly subtypes 16 and 18. HPV infections are asymptomatic, with approximately 90% of the infections clearing within the first two years. HPV infections develop into cervical cancer if the infection persists long enough to cause abnormalities in the cervix. Methods have been developed to decrease the incidence of the disease including: cervical screening and vaccines. Radical Trachelectomy, Vaginal and Abdominal Hysterectomies are treatments of choice for women with cervical cancer. Despite the morbidity of this...
Words: 2792 - Pages: 12
...Cervical Cancer What is cervical cancer? First let’s discuss what cancer is. Cancer is when a group of diseases that have a common uncontrolled growth in cells. When these cells collect together they form a tumor, which can develop the potential to spread throughout the entire body. We do not know what exactly causes cancer, but we can determine which people are more likely to develop specific cancers and how to prevent them. Cervical cancer begins in the cells lining the cervix. The cells do not suddenly change into cancer over night, they gradually develop and change into cancer over time. Every person’s body is different, so the timing is different. There are two main types of cervical cancers: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Almost all cases of cervical cancer are squamous cell types, which means the cancer begins where the exocervix joins the endocervix. Cervical adenocarcinomas has become more common in the past 20 years, it develops from the mucus gland cells of the endocervix. So to put it in easier terms, cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells on the cervix grow out of control. Most cervical cancer is caused by a virus called human papillomavirus, also known as HPV. You can get HPV by sexual intercourse or contact with someone who has it. Not all types of HPV cause cancer, a pap test can help prevent the cancer from developing and spreading. HPV is the most common and important risk factor when it comes to cervical cancer. It can infect cells...
Words: 648 - Pages: 3
...Cervical Cancer is easily preventable, but one of the world's most deadliest forms of cancer and causes over 270,000 deaths every year (WHO, 2015). If I was diagnosed with Cervical Cancer I would be devastated and would at that moment feel my life is over. There are many cultural biases associated with Cervical Cancer such as having a hysterectomy, losing sexual pleasure and immediate thoughts of death. A primary prevention method of Cervical Cancer is vaccination against HPV(Human Papillomavirus). HPV is the leading cause for most cases of Cervical Cancer and teenage girls should begin the vaccine around the age of 9. A secondary prevention method is casual screenings for early diagnosis or genetic testing to identify persons who carry genes associated with the condition (Coreil, 93). I would chose the primary prevention method which takes the necessary step to prevent the leading cause of Cancer which is HPV. Two tertiary methods when dealing with Cervical Cancer are treatment such as surgery or chemotherapy and Palliative Care which is care given to people with serious medical illnesses; they provide relief and comfort to the patient and family to improve quality of life (WHO, 2015). The social ecology of health model can be used to address cervical cancer starting at the intrapersonal level. Many people have the psychological mind frame that if they don't feel sick they shouldn't go to the doctor. This causes late detection within illnesses and allows the disease to spread...
Words: 287 - Pages: 2
...Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of almost 100 diseases. Its two main characteristics are uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to migrate from the original site and spread to distant sites. If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death. Cervical cancer in which I will be discussing in this essay…is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix. Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer. When exposed to HPV, a woman's immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. Early-stage cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms. Some symptoms may include: vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause. Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor and Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells acquire a genetic change also known as mutation that causes them to turn into abnormal cells. Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a set time. Cancer cells grow and multiply out of control, and they don't die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass. Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can break off from a tumor to spread elsewhere in the body. It isn't clear what causes cervical cancer, but it's certain that HPV plays a role. HPV is very common, and most women with the virus never...
Words: 1031 - Pages: 5
...RUNNING HEAD: CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN PRIMARY CARE Protocol Paper Cervical Cancer Screening in Primary Care Fall, 2008 ABSTRACT In the 1970s cervical cancer was the leading cause of cancer death for women in the United States. However, in the past 40 years, the number of cases of cervical cancer and the number of deaths from cervical cancer have declined radically. This decrease is largely the result of many women getting regular Pap tests (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004). Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can lead to cervical cancer. Since HPV and precancerous lesions of the cervix are usually asymptomatic, prevention and regular screening remains imperative for early detection and treatment of cervical cancer. Here we examine strategies for prevention, assessment, and management for cervical cancer and contemplate briefly potential implications if left undiagnosed or untreated. Cervical Cancer Screening in Primary Care Introduction Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major health concern in the United States. Genital HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in America. There are more than 100 different types of HPV infections. Of these, 40 affect mucosal surfaces and more specifically anogenital epithelium including: Cervix, vagina, vulva, rectum, urethra, penis, and anus. The different strands of the HPV infections are divided into “high-risk” and “low-risk...
Words: 4718 - Pages: 19
...with atypical Atypical pneumonianeoplastic cells, marked by a proliferation of glandular tissues. Adenocarcinomas are carcinomas that develop from glandular cells which produce mucus in the endocervix. This type of cancer is found in the cells deeper into the tissues rather than just the lining of the cervix. 2. Papanicolaou test (Pap Smear) was introduced in the 1940’s as a screening test for cervical cancers. Pap Smear is a simple test in which a sample of cervical cells is examined under a microscope to detect cellular abnormalities 3. A karyotype is an organized profile of a person's chromosomes. 4. Two chromosomes specify gender — XX for female and XY for male. The rest are arranged in pairs, numbered 1 through 22, from largest to smallest. This arrangement helps scientists quickly identify chromosomal alterations that may result in a genetic disorder. 5. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). There are many different types of HPV. Some types can cause health problems including genital warts and cancers. But there are vaccines that can stop these health problems from happening. Certain HPV types are classified as "high-risk" because they lead to abnormal cell changes and can cause genital cancers: cervical cancers, well as...
Words: 651 - Pages: 3
...Cervical Cancer Description of the disease Cancer is a group of diseases that have in common the uncontrolled growth of cells. Any collection of abnormal cells is known as a tumor. The cells of a benign tumor do not spread beyond their initial location; a tumor becomes malignant when the cells spread (or metastasize) to other areas of the body. Cancer is diagnosed when a tumor is found to be malignant and thus has the potential to spread. Cervical cancer is caused by certain types of HPV. When a female is infected with these types of HPV, and the virus doesn’t go away on its own, abnormal cells can develop in the lining of the cervix. If these abnormal cells are not found early through routine cervical cancer screening and treated, pre-cancers and then cervical cancer can develop. Avoid developing cancer in the first place, especially since the treatments are often only partially effective and frequently almost as unpleasant as the disease itself. Risk factors for the disease Even after many years of research, we still don't know exactly what causes cancer. But we do know how to identify people who are at higher risk of developing specific cancers. Some factors that increase cervical cancer are: * Having multiple sexual partners increases the chance of getting HPV. * Infection by the human papilloma virus (HPV). * Early sexual activity. * Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis or HIV. * Cigarette smoking...
Words: 615 - Pages: 3
...Cervical Cancer Chronic Disease Risk Assessment Valerie Allen | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer cells located in the tissues of the cervix. The cervix connects to the vagina at the bottom of the uterus. These abnormal cells can spread throughout the cervix and to other parts of the body. Evidence proves the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major cause of cervical cancer. However certain strains of HPV can cause cervical cells to become malignant. Fortunately only a small amount of people with HPV develops cervical cancer. In United States alone cervical cancer reports shows 12,360 new cervical cancer cases and 4,020 deaths in the year 2014.The risk factors of cervical cancer are, losing your virginity at a very young age, having too many sex partners, and contracting of sexual transmitted infections like herpes and HPV, which causes genital warts. Also smoking cigarettes can raise your risk of several cancers including cervical cancer. As a preventive of cervical cancer, screenings need to be done 3 years after sexual activity starts, but no later than 21 years old. At the age of 30 women should have a screening every year or every 2 years along...
Words: 595 - Pages: 3
...Health Promotion in Cervical Cancer A literature review Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide (WHO, 2010a). The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that about 12,200 new cases of cervical cancer will be diagnosed in the United States this year, and 4,120 women will die of the disease (ACS, 2010). Cervical cancer is caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), but has an almost 100% survival rate if caught early enough. Although national incidence rates have declined, there are still a disproportionate number of cases amongst African-American and Hispanic women. In the United States, various health organizations are attempting to deal with the cultural barriers to the prevention, early detection, and treatment of cervical cancer. Three journal articles were reviewed to examine current nursing strategies for health promotion as related to cervical cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health promotion as “the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health” (Ottawa charter for health promotion, as cited in WHO, 2010b). Health promotion strategies focus on eliciting lifestyle changes and promoting positive personal choices among individuals, families, and communities. Health promotion is a key element of primary prevention of disease (Leavell & Clark, as cited in Edelman & Mandel, 2010). Guardasil (Merck & Co., Inc.), the HPV vaccination, is the primary preventative tool that...
Words: 1225 - Pages: 5
...What is Cervical Cancer? Cervical cancer is a form of cancer caused by the growth of malignant cells developing in the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.1 It is possible for women of all ages to develop cervical cancer, although most cases affect women under 50.2 What causes cervical cancer? The major risk factor for cervical cancer is infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection is common and is transmitted via skin-to-skin contact and body fluids. HPVs are a group of more than 100 related viruses. About 40 types are sexually transmitted through genital contact.3 What are the symptoms of cervical cancer? At early stages, cervical cancer may not cause any signs or symptoms. At advanced stages, cervical cancer may cause abnormal bleeding (during sex or after menopause), unusual discharges and discomfort or pain...
Words: 426 - Pages: 2
...Cervical Cancer- women with early cervical cancer and pre-cancer have no signs or symptoms. Symptoms sometimes do not become present until pre-cancerous becomes a true invasive cancer and grows. (Cervical Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, 2016) The most common symptoms are: abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after sex (vaginal intercourse), bleeding after menopause, bleeding and spotting between periods, and having longer menstrual periods than usual. (Cervical Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, 2016) The signs and symptoms could also be caused by other issues besides cervical cancer like an infection. The best detection is to get screen by your Gynecologist right away and getting regular Pap testing. The diagnosis for cervical...
Words: 341 - Pages: 2
