...누르시면 18이라는 답이 나오게 되고, AOS Method로 Setting을 하신다면 12라는 답이 나오게 됩니다. 그러므로 일반적인 계산 방식에 따라 Chn Method로 Setting하시는 것이 좋습니다. 8. 여기까지 실행하신 후 Button을 누르십시오. 9. 화면에 0.000 이라는 표시가 나타납니다. 를 누르시면 화면에 P/Y = 12.000 이 나타납니다. 이것이 의미하는 바는 1년에 Payment가 12번 이뤄진다는 뜻입니다.그러나 일반적으로 1년에 한 번씩 Payment가 이뤄진다는 가정하에 문제가 출제되므로 를 누르시면 P/Y = 1.000으로 Setting이 됩니다. 이것으로 Finance용으로 사용할 수 있는 계산기 Setting이 끝나게 됩니다. 그럼 이제까지의 과정을 그림으로 표시해 보도록 하겠습니다. → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → Ⅱ. Time Value of Money 계산법 Ⅱ-1 Time Value of Money의 Work Sheet Time Value of Money를 계산할 때는 계산기의 셋째줄에 있는 Key와 Key 만을 사용하면 됩니다....
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...gain bargain power. They have to create their own value, like they have a dense network, or speaking about structure, it could be a reciprocal network. The ideia behind this concept is that the farmers (small and medium) could create a condominium, just like here in Brazil in sugar cane, making a synergistic relationship. They can cooperate buying a high volume of inputs for the creation, in other words, together they also possess greater bargaining with suppliers as well, obtaining economies of scale. Furthermore, to maintain the combined output at a level high enough to bargain as the major producers, the relation between them should be strong and long-term as well as the negotiated contract with Smithfield. Still, the producers, because of the laws on anticorporate in Iowa, they must monitor each other to keep production in line with them. In short, working together in a manner dependent on each other is somehow important in this case, since the condo (which is different from a cooperative) professional, who can negotiate on behalf of the products so that they can 'benefits "like the big producers in relation to the input and the Smithfield area, so there is a relationship dense (strong), with long-term contracts with Smithfield, which symbolize the evolution of a weak to a reciprocal relationship, while synergistic. 1) To draw the net chain NetChain Sources of value – SCA (Sequential interdependence) 1) Optimize...
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...Brealey−Myers−Allen: Principles of Corporate Finance, Eighth Edition Back Matter Appendix A: Present Value Tables © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2005 APPENDIX A PRESENT VALUE TABLES A P P E N D I X TA B L E 1 Discount factors: Present value of $1 to be received after t years 1/(1 r)t. Interest Rate per Year Number of Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1% .990 .980 .971 .961 .951 .942 .933 .923 .914 .905 .896 .887 .879 .870 .861 .853 .844 .836 .828 .820 2% .980 .961 .942 .924 .906 .888 .871 .853 .837 .820 .804 .788 .773 .758 .743 .728 .714 .700 .686 .673 3% .971 .943 .915 .888 .863 .837 .813 .789 .766 .744 .722 .701 .681 .661 .642 .623 .605 .587 .570 .554 4% .962 .925 .889 .855 .822 .790 .760 .731 .703 .676 .650 .625 .601 .577 .555 .534 .513 .494 .475 .456 5% .952 .907 .864 .823 .784 .746 .711 .677 .645 .614 .585 .557 .530 .505 .481 .458 .436 .416 .396 .377 6% .943 .890 .840 .792 .747 .705 .665 .627 .592 .558 .527 .497 .469 .442 .417 .394 .371 .350 .331 .312 7% .935 .873 .816 .763 .713 .666 .623 .582 .544 .508 .475 .444 .415 .388 .362 .339 .317 .296 .277 .258 8% .926 .857 .794 .735 .681 .630 .583 .540 .500 .463 .429 .397 .368 .340 .315 .292 .270 .250 .232 .215 9% .917 .842 .772 .708 .650 .596 .547 .502 .460 .422 .388 .356 .326 .299 .275 .252 .231 .212 .194 .178 10% .909 .826 .751 .683 .621 .564 .513 .467 .424 .386 .350 .319 .290 .263 .239 .218 .198 .180 .164 .149 11% .901 .812 .731 .659 .593 .535 .482 .434 .391 .352 .317 .286 .258 .232 .209 .188 .170 .153...
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...Chapter 4 Time Value of Money Solutions to Problems P4-1. LG 1: Using a Time Line Basic (a), (b), and (c) Compounding Future Value –$25,000 $3,000 $6,000 $6,000 $10,000 $8,000 $7,000 |—————|—————|——————|——————|—————|——————|—> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 End of Year Present Value Discounting (d) Financial managers rely more on present than future value because they typically make decisions before the start of a project, at time zero, as does the present value calculation. 74 P4-2. Part 2 Important Financial Concepts LG 2: Future Value Calculation: FVn = PV × (1 + i)n Basic Case A B C D P4-3. FVIF12%,2 periods FVIF6%,3 periods FVIF9%,2 periods FVIF3%,4 periods = (1 + 0.12)2 = 1.254 = (1 + 0.06)3 = 1.191 = (1 + 0.09)2 = 1.188 = (1 + 0.03)4 = 1.126 LG 2: Future Value Tables: FVn = PV × (1 + i)n Basic Case A (a) 2 = 1 × (1 + 0.07)n 2/1 = (1.07)n 2 = FVIF7%,n 10 years< n < 11 years Nearest to 10 years Case B (a) 2 = 1 × (1 + 0.40)n 2 = FVIF40%,n 2 years < n < 3 years Nearest to 2 years Case C (a) 2 = 1 × (1 + 0.20)n 2 = FVIF20%,n 3 years < n < 4 years Nearest to 4 years Case D (a) 2 = 1 × (1 + 0.10)n 2 = FVIF10%,n 7 years < n < 8 years Nearest to 7 years P4-4. (b) 4 = 1 × (1 + 0.07)n 4/1 = (1.07)n 4 = FVIF7%,n 20 years < n < 21 years Nearest to 20 years (b) 4 = (1 + 0.40)n 4 = FVIF40%,n 4 years < n < 5 years Nearest to 4 years (b) 4 = (1 + 0.20)n 4 = FVIF20%,n 7 years < n < 8...
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...Net Present Value of Mercury Athletic Enterprise The results of my financial analysis based on the Free Cash Flow Method considering the base case of financial projections and assumptions for Mercury Athletic Footwear collated and developed by John Liedtke indicate that that the project to acquire Mercury Althletic has a positive net present value at $243,025 (in thousands) [ given by PV(FCF)=86,681+ PV (Terminal Value) =156,343] which is also greater than the recommended acquisition price of $186,216 (in thousands),therefore Active Gear Inc. should proceed with the acquisition of Mercury’s operation. Free Cash Flow The free cash flow from Mercury’s business operations was determined using the base case for the consolidated operating income, expenses, tax rate and depreciation to determine the net operating profits after tax (NOPAT) for the years 2007-2011. Free cash flow was then calculated using the formula (FCF= NOPAT + Depreciation-∆ Net Working Capital -∆Fixed Assets) which was evaluated at $21,240, $26,727, $ 22,097, $25,473 and $29,545 for the years 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 respectively. The Cost of Debt and the Cost of Equity The next step was to determine the coast of debt, using the assumptions made by Mr. Liedtke which outlines a tax rate of 40%, the cost of debt of 6% for a leverage of 20% debt. The after-tax cost of debt (RD) was determined to be 3.6% [using RD =(R*(1-Tax Rate), where RD =after rate cost of debt, R= cost of debt] The cost equity estimated...
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...of milk, that would et 350lbs/cow/year or slightly more than 1 lb/cow/day in milk. Furthermore, annual costs allows comparison or joint consideration of items having differing lengths of life. CALCULATION CONCEPT The annual cost includes charges for depreciation (purchase price minus salvage value), interest on the money invested, repairs for normal use, property taxes, and insurance. Repairs, property taxes, and insurance are usually rough estimates by percentage of price, with increases in repairs assumed to offset decreases in the other two. Interest is often loosely accounted for multiplying an average value of the item by an interest rate (discount, opportunity, MARR). This is crude and can be improved by using time value of money to convert price and salvage to an annual cost, which includes automatically both depreciation and interest. INFORMATION TO BE I NCLUDED 1. Purchase Price – to be annualized 2. Salvage Value – also to be annualized. Can be figured several ways, guessed, or ignored entirely if years of life are extended long enough. This does not require that one plans to actually sell the item in the end. Fortunately, salvage, when converted from future value to annual value, becomes quite small and often insignificant. 3. Repairs – estimated as a percentage of purchase price, therefore already annualized. This in reality a variable cost,...
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...Solutions to Chapter 4 The Time Value of Money 1. a. b. c. d. $100/(1.08)10 = $46.32 $100/(1.08)20 = $21.45 $100/(1.04)10 = $67.56 $100/(1.04)20 = $45.64 $100 × (1.08)10 = $215.89 $100 × (1.08)20 = $466.10 $100 × (1.04)10 = $148.02 $100 × (1.04)20 = $219.11 2. a. b. c. d. 3. $100 × (1.04)113 = $8,409.45 $100 × (1.08)113 = $598,252.29 4. With simple interest, you earn 4% of $1,000 or $40 each year. There is no interest on interest. After 10 years, you earn total interest of $400, and your account accumulates to $1,400. With compound interest, your account grows to: $1,000 × (1.04)10 = $1480.24 Therefore $80.24 is interest on interest. PV = $700/(1.05)5 = $548.47 5. 4-1 6. Present Value a. $400 Years 11 Future Value $684 Interest Rate ⎡ 684 ⎤ ⎢ 400 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎡ 249 ⎤ ⎢ 183 ⎥ ⎦ ⎣ (1 / 11) − 1 = 5.00% (1 / 4 ) b. $183 4 $249 − 1 = 8.00% (1 / 7 ) c. $300 7 $300 ⎡ 300 ⎤ ⎢ 300 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ − 1 = 0% To find the interest rate, we rearrange the basic future value equation as follows: ⎡ FV ⎤ FV = PV × (1 + r) ⇒ r = ⎢ ⎣ PV ⎥ ⎦ t (1 / t ) −1 7. You should compare the present values of the two annuities. a. ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 − PV = $1,000 × ⎢ = $7,721.73 10 ⎥ ⎣ 0.05 0.05 × (1.05) ⎦ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 − PV = $800 × ⎢ = $8,303.73 15 ⎥ ⎣ 0.05 0.05 × (1.05) ⎦ b. ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 − = $4,192.47 PV = $1,000 × ⎢ 10 ⎥ ⎣ 0.20 0.20 × (1.20) ⎦ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 − PV = $800 × ⎢ = $3,740.38 15 ⎥ ⎣ 0.20 0.20 × (1.20) ⎦ c. When the interest rate is low, as...
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...BUSINESS 111 FALL 2011 NON-BBA FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE Final Exam Date: FRIDAY, DECEMBER 9TH, 2011 Exam Time for WLU Students: 7:00 p.m. – 9:30 p.m. Exam Time for UW Students: 7:30 p.m. – 10:00 p.m. Writing Locations posted at https://www.wlu.ca/~mibrahim/exams/FALL2011/BUSINESS.html Important Notice: If a student cannot write a business or economics final exam as scheduled, they must submit a "Petition for Exception to Academic Regulations" form to Ms Lee Leeman, Student and Petitions Coordinator, SBE1256. Supporting documentation will be required and verified. This permits equitable treatment for all students taking SBE courses. If appropriate circumstances are presented with appeals, students will be accommodated on either the SBE slip day or the next exam session. Exam Format: 20 Multiple Choice questions = 1 mark each 6 Short Answer questions, 2 to 6 marks each, choice in 1 question = 25 marks 7 Quantitative problems, 3 to 6.5 marks each, choice in 1 question = 35 marks 80 marks total TOPICS TO BE COVERED: (Items listed in red indicate quantitative problems) Economic Factors - four pillars of Canadian financial system – description, roles - Bank of Canada - description, tools for affecting money supply - bonds – characteristics (return, term, priority over stockholders), types, features, factors affecting price, calculating approximate yield to maturity, relationship between prevailing interest rates and bond prices, reading bond...
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...Instructor’s Manual Fundamentals of Financial Management twelfth edition James C. Van Horne John M. Wachowicz JR. ISBN 0 273 68514 7 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to photocopy the book as required. © Pearson Education Limited 2005 Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Previous editions published under the Prentice-Hall imprint Twelfth edition published under the Financial Times Prentice Hall imprint 2005 © 2001, 1998 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. © Pearson Education Limited 2005 The rights of James C. Van Horne and John M. Wachowicz JR. to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. ISBN: 0 273 68514 7 All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road...
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...Q7-1) The YTM is the interest rate the market requires for a bond. The coupon rate is the annual coupon divided by the face value of the bond. The coupon rate will remain the same. If the bond is issued with a 8% coupon rate but the YTM is 10% the bond will still have an 8% coupon rate it would just be sold at a discount because the price of the $1,000 bond has now decreased to match the 10% YTM. Q7-4) Original Bond: Present Value: $1,000/1.09(9)=$460.43 Annuity Present Value: $90 x (1-1/1.09(9))/.09 =$90 x (1-1/2.171893279)/.09 =$90x5.995246893 =$539.57 =$460.43 + $539.57 = $1,000 Bond currently sells for $934 so we will try using a 10% YTM. $1,000/1.10(9) = $424.10 = $90 x (1-1/1.10(9)/.10 =$90 x (1-1/2.357947691)/.10 =$90 x 5.759023816 =$518.31 = $424.10 + $518.31 = $942.41 – so it is not 10% Trying 11% $1,000/1.11(9) = $390.92 =$90 x (1-1/1.11(9)/.11 =$90 x (1-1/2.558036924)/.11 =$90 x 5.537047532 =$498.33 =$390.92 + $498.33 =$889.25 so it is not 11%. Trying 10.5% $1,000/1.105(9) = $407.14 =$90 x (1-1/1.105(9)/.105 =$90 x 5.646323879 =$508.17 =$407.14 + $508.17 =$915.31 Trying 10.25% $1,000/1.1025(9) = $415.52 =$90 x (1-1/1.1025(9)/.1025 =$90 x 5.702237514 =$513.20 =415.52 + $513.20 = $928.72 Trying 10.2% $1,000/1.102(9) = $417.22 =$90 x (1-1/1.102(9)/.102 =$90 X 5.713524415 =$514.22 =$417.22 + $514.22...
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...Instructor’s Manual Fundamentals of Financial Management twelfth edition James C. Van Horne John M. Wachowicz JR. ISBN 0 273 68514 7 Pearson Education Limited 2005 Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to photocopy the book as required. © Pearson Education Limited 2005 Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Previous editions published under the Prentice-Hall imprint Twelfth edition published under the Financial Times Prentice Hall imprint 2005 © 2001, 1998 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. © Pearson Education Limited 2005 The rights of James C. Van Horne and John M. Wachowicz JR. to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. ISBN: 0 273 68514 7 All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road...
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...Chapter 4 Time Value of Money Solutions to Problems P4-1. LG 1: Using a Time Line Basic (a), (b), and (c) Compounding Future Value –$25,000 $3,000 $6,000 $6,000 $10,000 $8,000 $7,000 |—————|—————|——————|——————|—————|——————|—> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 End of Year Present Value Discounting (d) Financial managers rely more on present than future value because they typically make decisions before the start of a project, at time zero, as does the present value calculation. 74 Part 2 Important Financial Concepts P4-2. LG 2: Future Value Calculation: FVn = PV × (1 + i)n Basic Case A B C D FVIF12%,2 periods FVIF6%,3 periods FVIF9%,2 periods FVIF3%,4 periods = (1 + 0.12)2 = 1.254 = (1 + 0.06)3 = 1.191 = (1 + 0.09)2 = 1.188 = (1 + 0.03)4 = 1.126 P4-3. LG 2: Future Value Tables: FVn = PV × (1 + i)n Basic Case A (a) 2 = 1 × (1 + 0.07)n 2/1 = (1.07)n 2 = FVIF7%,n 10 years< n < 11 years Nearest to 10 years Case B (a) 2 = 1 × (1 + 0.40)n 2 = FVIF40%,n 2 years < n < 3 years Nearest to 2 years Case C (a) 2 = 1 × (1 + 0.20)n 2 = FVIF20%,n 3 years < n < 4 years Nearest to 4 years Case D (a) 2 = 1 × (1 + 0.10)n 2 = FVIF10%,n 7 years < n < 8 years Nearest to 7 years (b) 4 = 1 × (1 + 0.07)n 4/1 = (1.07)n 4 = FVIF7%,n 20 years < n < 21 years Nearest to 20 years (b) 4 = (1 + 0.40)n 4 = FVIF40%,n 4 years < n < 5 years Nearest to 4 years (b) 4 = (1 + 0.20)n 4 = FVIF20%,n 7 years < n < 8 years Nearest to 8 years (b) 4 = (1 + 0.10)n 4 = FVIF40%,n 14 years < n 0 1 2 3 4 9...
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...Introduc)on to financial management WEEK 1 Chapter 1 & 2 1 Expectations • A#end all classes with copies of slides. • Read the text book. • A#end all tutorials and par)cipate. • Complete the weekly quizzes and assignments. • If you are struggling • A#end consulta@on • A#end PAL. • Don’t leave it to the last week. 2 The objective of managers • Should be to maximise the wealth of the shareholders • A company also has other stakeholders that rely on it, for example: • Managers: salaries, bonuses • Employees: wages • Creditors: interest & principle • Suppliers: pay for goods/services • Government: tax The role of the =inancial manager • A firm generates cash flows by selling goods and services produced by its produc)ve assets and human capital • When the cash flows generated from the produc@ve asset exceed the cash ouQlows (such as opera@ng cash flows) the remaining cash is called residual cash flows • The company can choose to pay any profit to the owners as a cash dividend, or reinvest the cash in the business Cash =low diagram 5 The role of the =inancial manager It is all about cash flows: • A company is unprofitable when it fails to generate sufficient cash inflows to pay opera@ng expenses, creditors and taxes. • Firms that are unprofitable over @me will be forced into bankruptcy by their creditors. • In bankruptcy, the company will either be reorganised, or the company’s assets will be liquidated. ...
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... $2=$1 (1+I)10 In calculation: $2/$1 = (1+I)10 FV= PV (1+r)n (1+I)10 =2 or, 2 = 1 (1+r)10 (1+I)=2 (1/10) or, 2/1 = (1+r) 10 1+I = or, (1+r)10 = 2 I= or, (1 + r) = 2(1/10) or, (1 + r) = 2(0.1) or, (1 + r) = 1.0718 Time Value of Money Assignment 1a PV RATE #PER PMT FV TYPE 50,000 0 10 0 0 ($50,000.00) b 50,000 0.05 10 0 0 ($81,444.73) c 50,000 0.1 10 0 0 ($129,687.12) 2a -25,000 0 5 0 25,000 0 b -19,588 0.05 5 0 25,000 0 c -15,523 0.1 5 0 25,000 0 3 PV RATE #PER PMT FV TYPE 10,000 0.1 5 0 ($16,105.10) 0 4 0 0.08 4 250 ($1,126.53) 1 5 ($500.00) 0.07 3 0 612.52 0 PV RATE #PER PMT FV TYPE 6 ($1,784.31) 0.09 20 0 10,000 0 7 ($1,292.10) 0.07 5 0 5,000 0 8 1000 0.065 11.00673904 0 2,000 0 9 ($8,003.49) 0.06 5 1900 0 0 Total Cost of the car was $8,003.49 + $2,000=$10,003.49 10 What Is the present value of $50 received every year forever, assuming an interst rate of 5%? PV of a perpetuity = PMT/I $50/.05 =...
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...total cost of owning and operating a facility over period of time. It takes into account all costs of acquiring, owning, and disposing of a building or building system. LCCA is especially useful when project alternatives that fulfill the same performance requirements, but differ with respect to initial costs and operating costs, have to be compared in order to select the one that maximizes net savings. LCCA Methodology 1. Develop design alternatives that deliver the same structural and performance objectives. 2. Determine Timing of initial and future activities of the asset or project design and each of the alternatives. 3. Estimate the costs involved for each alternative. 4. Find the present value of each alternative through “discounting." 5. Analyze the results. Develop Design Alternatives Identify and develop a minimum of two mutually exclusive options that serve the same purpose, with the assumption the only economic difference between alternatives is total cost. For each alternative, detail the components that make up the option, and define: • Activities required to procure, construct, or refurbish the asset • Periodic maintenance and estimated repair or rehabilitation tasks required throughout the life cycle Determine Activity Timing Use the information from the define stage to develop for each alternative, a maintenance and rehabilitation plan that details the times...
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