...Economic contractions, troughs, expansions and peaks are unpredictable phases of economic activity referred to as economic business cycles. The gross domestic product, or GDP, is the total market value of goods and services the country produces. As the economy goes through business cycle changes, these positively or negatively affect the GDP. Economic Contraction During a contraction, economic output slows, usually due to decreased demand for products and services, an increase in the cost of raw materials or both. This means that companies are not making as many products or offering as many services. As a result, companies will begin to lay off employees and the unemployment rate begins to rise. Since GDP is a measure of the value of economic output and during a contraction output decreases, the GDP also decreases. Even though the GDP decreases during a contraction, it is still positive. Economic Trough An economic trough occurs after a contraction. A historically high national unemployment rate and low economic output usually mark this trough, which often signals that the economy is already in or heading toward a recession. Unlike a contractionary phase in which the GDP decreases but is still positive, during a trough the GDP is negative. A negative GDP means that economic output does not grow at all. Economic Expansion After the "rock bottom" of an economic trough, expansion is its recovery. If the economy grows for two or three consecutive calendar quarters, it...
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...Recent Work on Business Cycles in Historical Perspective: Review of Theories and Evidence ABSTRACT This survey outlines the evolution of thought leading to the recent developments in the study of business cycles. The subject is almost coextensive with short-term inacrodynamics and has a large interface with economics of growth, money, inflation, and expectations. The coverage is +-)y.Pry' kg4h v4r 4 ii4 c,1 ,i4 4 tT The paper first summarizes the "stylized facts" that ought to be explained by the theory. This part discusses the varying dimensions of business cycles; their timing, amplitude, and diffusion features; some international aspects; and recent changes. The next part is a review of the literature on "self-sustaining" cycles. It notes some of the older theories and proceeds to more recent models driven by changes in investment, credit, and price-cost-profit relations. These models are mainly endogenous and deterministic. Exogenous factors and stochastic elements gain importance in the part on the modern theories of cyclical response to monetary and real disturbances. The early monetarist interpretations of the cycle are followed by the newer equilibrium models with price misperceptions and intertemporal substitution of labor. Monetary shocks continue to be used but the emphasis shifts from nominal demand changes and lagged price adjustments to informational lags and supply reactions. Various problems arise, revealed by intensive testing and criticisms...
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...Long Day’s Journey into Night: The Perpetual Cycles within O’Neill’s Play O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night (1956, 2002) is a depiction of the Tyrone family and the ongoing cycle of events that occur within the span of one single day in their life. At first glance, patriarch James, his wife Mary, and adult sons Jamie and Edmund, appear to be the average family in the year 1912, until one looks further and finds that each appears to be in their own version of purgatory, stuck in a repetition of events and behaviors that are both non-productive, as well as destructive. Ultimately, these result in their being condemned to continually relive the worst events in their life with their most unflattering characteristics, time and time again. Yet, in doing so, they not only self-sabotage, but sabotage each other and prevent any member of the family from realizing any genuine relief or finding any true resolution amidst this perpetual cycle, which is essentially foreshadowed by the title, itself. Therefore, from the ongoing cycle of denial and blame, to anger and guilt, to drug use and abuse, Long Day’s Journey into Night is a cynical story that illustrates the seemingly infinite cycles that depict the perpetual struggles that occur within one family over the course of an average day as the light gives way to darkness. As such, the paragraphs that follow elaborate on some of the most prominent cycles within the story, beginning with a discussion of the Tyrone family’s...
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...... I dream of a city ... a city full of people ... a crowded city ... a city with lots of bad people, and a little number of good people ... a city full of mosque ... people call it "The City of Mosque" ... in the dawn of winter if you wake up, You will hear the sound of Azan, from all the mosques from the city. ... Sorry, what did you say? you know a city like this one, the one exactly like I just said ... he he :) no my dear, you may not know this city, because in this city there are "cycles" ... lots and lots of cycles ... I want to call it "The City of Cycles", because in here everyone uses cycle for transport. You want to go in long distance or short distance, the city people use cycle. You wondering why cycle, because this city people prefer it, ... why, I don’t know :( ... when I ask one of them, "why do you ride cycle?" he first look at me, examine me if I am a stupid reporter from TV want tomake a news on him, then he said, "are you new in this city? Cycle is the Trademark of this city. Didn't you notice it?" I say, "Yeah! I noticed ... That's why I was asking ... is there any reason?" The man sighed and paddled on his way. Then I found a girl, she stopped and asked if I wanted a ride? I nodded. She was on the way to her office, she told me an amazing story, a story of sorrow, cough, dust and worst of'em all, a GHOST. YES, believe it or not, there was a ghost in the city. People called it "The Deadly One". Because it is a crowded city, when people came out from...
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...taking place later in the years and spring is starting earlier. Satellites were used over a 25 years period to identify changing patterns in vegetation. They were looking for changes in leaf cover, color and growth. The study was led by Professor of geography Peter Atkinson who says that there is much speculation about whether climate change is related to the seasonal changes. He believes this study is a significant piece of the puzzle. They believe that the climate change does have an effect of the change in vegetation growth cycles types of vegetation. The studies looked at several types of vegetation such as mosaic vegetation, broad-leaved deciduous forests, and mixed leaved forests. They analyzed groups of vegetation in which the size has not been affected by human intervention. The biggest change was shown in the broad-leaved deciduous forest and the needle-leaved deciduous forest. This showed that autumn is happening significantly later in the year. The evidence was more pronounced for a later autumn than the evidence for the earlier spring. Professor Atkinson also says that there have been similar studies done in the past but that have not been as rigorous or accurate as this one. The research shows that even when they are controlling for land coverage changes across the globe, the climate change is significantly changing the vegetation growth...
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...Lessons What would you give for another chance at life? What do we consider changes? Well for some will give up what they have worked so hard for; their entire life, while others would give up the bare minimum for it. If anyone wants to improve their life, then they must learn how to change and adapt to their new surroundings. When we think about changes, we usually think about taking something negative and turning it into something positive. With every lesson learned there must be a price to pay in order for that improvement to happen. In the novel Life’s Golden Ticket by Brendon Burchard, the protagonist learns how to change his life, to put him on the right path. Dwelling on the past negative events of the past only made it hard to move on, but prevent him from moving on presently. This is an important lesson that the protagonist learns, but he also needs to learn about going forward with a positive attitude, and I will teach him this lesson through my attraction of the rollercoaster. When someone is being a negative person, they are opposed to changes. In the beginning of the novel, the protagonist starts out closed minded with a negative attitude. The protagonist already decided that the world is a dark and dangerous place, other people are unfair and hurtful, and you yourself are inadequate. He was living his life in a dark and as a puppet to society. He would come home from work in misery, sensor out his fiancé, and added a disclosure sign to his life. In chapter 10...
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...status: 1. Current Family and Significant Relationships (Include strengths, stressors, problems, recent changes, changes desired, and comments on family and relationship circumstances.) 2. Childhood/Adolescent History (Include developmental milestones, past behavioral concerns, environment, abuse, school, social, and mental health) 3. Social Relationships (Include strengths, stressors, problems, recent changes, changes desired, and comments on current circumstances.) 4. Cultural/Ethnic (Include strengths, stressors, problems, recent changes, changes desired, and comments on current circumstances.) 5. Spiritual/Religious (Include strengths, stressors, problems, recent changes, changes desired, and beliefs/practices to incorporate into therapy.) 6. Legal (Include current and previous legal concerns and their impact on behavior, affect, and relationship.) 7. Education (Include strengths, stressors, problems, recent changes, changes desired, and comments on current circumstances.) 8. Employment/Vocational (Include strengths, stressors, problems, recent changes, changes desired, and comments on current circumstances.) 9. Military (Include current...
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...As The World Changes As The World Changes There are countless reasons that people may give when they are asked why they have changed. Some people reshape who they are to try to fit in with society. Others may transform because they are trying to cope or to hide some form of personal hurt or pain. While others believe that reinventing who they are could give them all the things they feel their life is missing. Marriage, career development, pregnancy, and maturity in age can also provoke a shift in individuals, who they are and how they live their everyday life. Those who are motivated to change due to pain have reached a breaking point. They choose to alter themselves hoping that the pain they feel will go away. People experience pain in many different ways, and each individual’s breaking point, can redefine who they are. Emotional hurt can have an enormous impact on a person’s drive to modify their life. When loved ones are lost, it can create a chain reaction of reconstruction in those family members that are closest to the deceased. Whatever, the cause of the pain there has to be an adjustment which constitutes change. Society can cause an abundance of insecurity in people, if a woman, who is overly insecure about her weight, watches a commercial with a petite woman advertising a fancy gown or swimwear she may switch what she eats and drinks just so she can become the size that society believes is...
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...will change your life for the better. And we all need it! Stress and bad news abounds. Our beautiful world seems on the edge of disastrous global warming, ceaseless wars and economic peril. Don't look to newscasters for loving or charitable words. Sensationalism and hatemongering seem to be the new norm. We know that love, social cooperation and all the positive emotions do make us feel good, so why aren't we all living in blissful happiness? As Fredrickson points out, positivity is more fleeting and transient than negativity. Negative emotions have their root in the fight and flight syndrome, necessary when we face danger but producing chronic stress when continuously activated by the problems of modern life. The skill we must learn is to actively let go of our negative reactions as soon as possible and reach out to positive emotions. That may mean putting aside, as soon as possible, our frustration, anger, blame, bitterness and depression and actively focusing on the positive side of life. The HeartMath skill of breathing peace and love into the heart, is extremely helpful in making this transition. Fredrickson describes the "positively ratio" as the "amount of your heartfelt positivity relative to the amount of your heart-wrenching negativity." ATTITUDE Changes in attitudes across time are considered to be the result of three general processes: generation (or cohort) replacement, life-cycle (or age), and period effects. Generation replacement represents changes in the...
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...“Changes We Face” Shaneika Andrews 04/28/2015 BSHS/345 Seanee Alexander “Changes We Face” There a number of factors that contributes to the constant change in our communities today. In this paper I will discuss the factors involved to overcome generational poverty, the challenges the aged faced due to lack of employment, changes women face through different stages in life, and my perspective and approach towards different populations. The Effects of Poverty Poverty involves a complex array of risk factors that affect the population in a multitude of ways. The four primary risk factors afflicting families living in poverty are emotional and social challenges, stressors, cognitive lags and health and safety issues. Graber...
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...after intervention completion january 2013. Intermediate 18 months after intervention completion july 2014 Long term 3 years after intervention completion january 2016.) The intervention will incorporate each of Kotter's (2007: 99) eight steps to leading change. The first step is to establish a sense of urgency. We will examine the market and discuss with the client the reality of their competition in order to get them to reprioritize. There are many major opportunities and potential crises that HDMC needs to be aware of but without motivation and commitment of the organizational managers the effort will go nowhere. The next step is to form a powerful guiding coalation team. Our cunsulting team will find the right number of people with good energy, level of trust, and strong authority to lead the change effort. This group will be trained to understand and not underestimate the difficulties of producing change and to also work together as a team. The following step is to create a clear vision and express it simply. This step will need to be acomplished by creating a vision that motivates people in the right direction. The vision needs to be easy to communicte and also inspire not only the people participating in the actual changes but also the stakeholders. Communicating the vision is our next step. This is where the team pulls together and communicates what needs to be done simply and honest. The fifth step is to empower others to act on the vision. HDMC...
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...controlling things or people’; the very nature of management is such that transition and change overtime are innate to it. It is a science which has been practiced as far as history can be dated, from the time of great empires, to the very era we live in now. Management is in a state of flux, constantly influenced by the changing environment around us, therefore I do believe the art of management will change in the next half a decade. We live in a era were we have seen the rapid development of globalisation, especially with the help of the boom in communication, this has changed the way markets operate and have been some of the key factors in moulding the way management works. Enabling employees and employers to interact in a complete different way with the introduction of high speed internet, alternative ways to communicate such as Skype calls, allowing the markets to gradually manoeuvre towards further efficiency. As our environment evolves so will our markets, inevitably evolving ‘management’. I believe the change in the art of management in 5 years will be a steady one, however not an enormous one. In, ‘Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow’ by Larry E. Greiner, Greiner has stressed the phases firms will undergo while desiring growth however with staggering moments of crisis, as he called ‘revolutions’, that would then be followed by growth which he referred to as ‘evolutions’, this cycle would repeat, however the size of the organisation would develop in a vertical raising...
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...Learning Organization Paper MGT/426 Learning Organization Paper Enormous amount of change has been observed to all different kinds of business organization due to the constantly changing business world. This can circumstances can be associated with globalization and the continuous cycle of progress and development in terms of technological advances. There no option but to come up with plans that can accommodate and address these changes. Change is never easy, it is imperative that every organization can come up with strategies of how to implement change accordingly. This requires the management to establish various ways to implement change that is utterly distinguishable from that has been formulated in the past. The management should consider the fact that there is no unique and universal method that can help them implement change accordingly. The employees on the other side should also be aware with the roles they need to play in times of change implementation. Both the management and the employees are key players of adapting and overcoming hindrances and applying change techniques. Learning environment for both the managers and the employees is necessary in order to pin point the errors and hampers that can appear during change implementation. What is Learning Organization? There are different meanings of learning organization. According to Senge, 2006, a learning organization is a kind of organization that enables the individuals...
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...world a better place” (Argenti, Page 19). Peter Senge’s first discipline, Shared Vision can be used to understand the changing environment at Google during the timeframe of the article. The majority of Google employees are doers, not decision makers, so they have to go along with any changes in the company’s direction or move to another company. The executives made the decision that it would be better to do business in China since the service would be better than anything currently available even if it was not as open as the US version. I’m not sure how many employees knew that “Do no evil” was followed by “Do nothing illegal” but the executives and corporate attorneys understood this and made the decision. At this point it is up to employees to determine for themselves if this supports their values and beliefs or if it’s time for them to look elsewhere for work. Team Learning and Systems Thinking can be used to assess the major events influencing the changes. Teams can be formed at and below the executive level to analyze internal and external events and predict what effects these will have on the corporate culture, business model and profits. Teams can use the “Action Learning Cycle” and share individual experiences, skill, knowledge, and insight to determine the best course of action. (Cropper, Page 2) They can weigh the pros and cons of entering this new market with the constraints imposed by the Chinese government and determine if what is in the best interest of Google...
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...A Need For Change Within A Project Ronny L. Wade Walden University Abstract In this paper, I will show the type of change approach I took to make a major change within the organization technologically and culturally. As stated by (Schein, E, 2006), “Change and stability are two sides of the same coin”. I believe that communication within and among an organization is driven with the successes and failures of employee management and the employees that will increase the effectiveness of the growth of change within the organization. To perform change more effectively a clear and precise plan of action must be present, to due to the success or failure of the proposed change. A Need For Change Within A Project “THE PRIMARY TASK OF MANAGEMENT is to get people to work together in a systematic way, like an orchestra conductors, managers direct the talents and actions of various payers to produce a desired result” (Christensen, C. M., Marx, M., & Stevenson, H. H., 2006, p. 73). The Situation In this ever changing world of technology, I once conveyed to my company a vision that would bring change in the way we process our product with the development teams and the client. In the vision I expressed that we needed to have a more organized approach to developing our code for the client’s and that we needed a centralized hub where all code is checked in and checked out for the developers. Our company utilized SVN at that time, which did not give the security as GIT would...
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