...Essay 16 Local Area Networks Marshall D. Abrams and Harold J. Podell Local area network (LAN) communications security is addressed in this essay. LANs are introduced as providing: (1) a private communications facility, (2) services over a relatively limited geographic area, (3) a high data rate for computer communications, and (4) common access to a wide range of devices and services. Security issues pertinent to LANs are discussed. For example, LANs share many security problems and approaches for their solutions with point-to-point conventional communications systems. In addition, LANs have some unique problems of their own: (1) universal data availability, (2) passive and active wiretap threats, (3) end-to-end access control, and (4) security group control. Countermeasures include physical protection, and separation by physical, logical, and encryption methods. Trusted Network Interface Units, encryption, and key distribution are also discussed. Examples are discussed to illustrate the different approaches to LAN security. The examples in this essay are a composite of several existing product features, selected to demonstrate the use of encryption for confidentiality, and trusted system technology for a local area network. Local area network technology/topology overview This essay addresses LAN security from the viewpoint of open systems interconnection (OSI). That is, we focus on the seven-layer OSI protocols (illustrated in Figure 1); in fact, we concentrate on...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Background of the Study: International organizations, policymakers, and scholars acknowledge the importance of universal education. Both public and private gains to investment in education are high: economic growth, individual earning potential, and health indicators are all positively correlated with education. Multiple forums, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, have recognized primary education as a human right. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) Education for All movement set a goal of universal primary and secondary education by 2015, a target simultaneously established in the Millennium Development Goals. Public financing of education has been a priority for governments in developing countries for several decades. This is because education is perceived in modern societies as an important pillar of socioeconomic development. However, in recent years, the education sector has faced stronger competition from other sectors also seeking financial government support. In the budget for fiscal year 2011-2012 the government has proposed Tk 19,873 crore for education sector with Tk 10,850 crore for the Education ministry The proposed volume is Tk 1725 crore more than that of the allocation of Tk 18,148 crore in the fiscal year 2010-2011. In 2010-2011 fiscal year the allocation for the technical and vocational education was 233.64 crore which was 14.98% of total education development program...
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...the years through the advancement of technology, the maximum data rates were increased to 100Mbps to todays peak performing a whopping 1Terabit per second(Tbps), but only active in area of research. As workplaces slowly become a more computerised and network based, with the rise of emails and the internet, Ethernet has become more prevalent. Every computer that requires a connection to another or link to systems uses the Ethernet. The computers you use at home, in your office at work, in school that accesses the internet through the use of the Ethernet. Ethernet LANs consist of network nodes and interconnecting media. The network nodes fall into two major classes: Data terminal equipment (DTE) - Devices that are either the source or the destination of data frames. DTEs are typically devices such as PCs, workstations, file servers, or print servers that, as a group, are all often referred to as end stations. Data communication equipment (DCE) - intermediate network devices that receive and forward frames across the network. DCEs may be either standalone devices such as repeaters, network switches, and routers, or communications interface units such as interface cards and modems. LANs take on many topological configurations, but regardless of their size or complexity, all will be a combination of only three basic interconnection structures or network building blocks....
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...interface in a standard way, regardless of the software superstructure or of underlying hardware b. The device-driver accepts these generic high-level commands and breaks them into a series of low-level device-specific commands as required by the device being driven. c. Drivers can provide a level of security as they can run in kernel-mode thereby protecting the operating system from applications running in user-mode. SECTION - B ( 5 MARKS ) Q1. Describe the problem that occur when you attempt when you attempt to connect together two RS-232-C devices that are both configured as DTE. Draw a diagram which shows how this problem can be solved. Ans. The wiring of RS232 has always been a problem. Originally the standard s defined for DTE, Data terminal equipment to DTE, data communication equipment connection, b soon people started...
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... Which of the following are true about a router? (Choose three) A. Routers enable different IP networks or IP subnets to communicate with each other. C. Path selection is one of the main functions of a router E. Routers have a central processing unit and memory. Which of the following are main components of a router? (Choose three) A. ROM B. Flash memory E. RAM Which of the following statements describe the function of RAM in a router? (Choose two) C. RAM stores the current configuration information. E. RAM stores routing tables for the router. Which of the following statements are true about DTE? (Choose two) C. DTE usually resides on the customer’s premises D. DTE is an acronym for data terminal equipment. Which of the following statements are true about DCE? (Choose two) B. DCE provides clocking to the DTE. C. DCE is an acronym for data circuit-terminating equipment. The term WAN refers to which layers of the OSI model? (Choose two) B. Data link D. Physical Which of the following physical ports and/or cables on a router require clocking to be configured in a back-to-back connection? (Choose one) E. Serial port with DCE cable Which of the following statements are true about router interfaces? (Choose two) C. Ethernet interfaces usually use rJ-45...
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...Some forms of energy are renewable and constantly recharge or reproduce themselves. Others are non-renewable and once used are gone forever. Non-renewable energy is something that new construction is trying to minimize or even avoid to build greener houses and buildings. I currently use electricity from DTE Energy to power lights, oven, cook-top, microwave, dishwasher, refrigerator, televisions, game consoles, stereos, computers, hot water tank, central air conditioning, washing machine and dryer. This is a non-renewable source of energy. I also use natural gas from DTE Energy for the heat source for my furnace, clothes dryer and cook-top. The natural gas is also not a renewable source of energy. I utilize propane gas for my grill, turkey fryer, and portable propane heater. All of my vehicles operate on unleaded gasoline. My energy consumption is high during the summer months running the air conditioner. During the winter, the furnace is running most of the time to keep the house warm. Electricity is used around the clock to power most of the items in our house. Currently, our energy consumption is all from non-renewable sources. The goal for the future is to change over to forms of renewable energy that will decrease overall energy consumption. There are several renewable forms of energy that are being used in multiple countries world-wide. Biofuels are becoming more popular. The most common biofuel is...
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...3/4/2016 DTE MBA HALL TICKET FOR ONLINE EXAMINATION MAHMBA/MMSCET 2016 VENUE CODE : 13023 ROLL NO. :1709000107 REGISTRATION NO. : 220022308 CATEGORY : OPEN NAME AND ADDRESS : D SHRI ANVESHA HNO2520 PLOT NO44 VENKATRAMA ENCLAVE GOLLAGUDA SUBHASHNAGAR SECUNDERABAD RANGAREDDY TELANGANA 500015 Login ID :1709000107 Password : 61394014 DATE OF EXAMINATION : 13/03/16 TIME* : 09:15 AM Sunday VENUE OF EXAMINATION : ION DIGITAL ZONE (IDZ) SJM INFOTECH PVT LTD #198 & 199 MATHRUSHREE COMPLEX 6TH MAIN ANNAPOORNESWARI LAYOUT ULLAL MAIN ROAD BENGALURU560056 PLEASE AFFIX YOUR RECENT PASSPORT SIZE COLOUR PHOTOGRAPH& SIGN ACROSS Madam / Sir, With reference to your Application for the above CET, you are hereby admitted provisionally to the online examination on the date and time at the venue mentioned above. Please bring this Hall Ticket with your photograph affixed thereon and currently valid photo identity proof in original THIS IS ESSENTIAL. Currently valid photo identity proof may be PAN Card/Passport/Driving Licence/Voter's Card/Bank Passbook with photograph/Photo Identity proof issued by a Gazetted Officer on official letterhead /Photo Identity proof issued by a People's Representative on official letterhead/Valid recent Identity Card issued by a recognised College/University/Aadhar Card with a photograph/Employee ID/Bar Council Identity card with photograph. Please Note Ration Card and Eadhar Card will not be accepted as valid ID proof for this CET...
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...CCNA Exploration 2: Chapter 2 toets antwoorden / CCNA Routing Protocols and Concepts exam 2 answers CCNA Exploration 2: Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 2 Exam Answers 1. What happens to a static route entry in a routing table when the outgoing interface is not available? The route is removed from the table. The router polls neighbors for a replacement route. The route remains in the table because it was defined as static. The router redirects the static route to compensate for the loss of the next hop device. 2. The routers in the diagram use the subnet assignments shown. What is the most efficient route summary that can be configured on Router3 to advertise the internal networks to the cloud? 192.1.1.0/26 and 192.1.1.64/27 192.1.1.128/25 192.1.1.0/23 and 192.1.1.64/23 192.1.1.0/24 192.1.1.0/25 192.1.1.0/24 and 192.1.1.64/24 [pic] 3. Hosts on two separate subnets cannot communicate. The network administrator suspects a missing route in one of the routing tables. Which three commands can be used to help troubleshoot Layer 3 connectivity issues? (Choose three.) ping show arp traceroute show ip route show interface show cdp neighbor detail 4. Refer to the exhibit. How will packets destined to the 172.16.0.0 network be forwarded? Router1 will perform recursive lookup and packet will exit S0/0. Router1 will perform recursive lookup and packet will exit S0/1. There is no matching interface associated with network 172.16.0.0 so packets will...
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...Chapter 7 Review 1) A 2) A, B 3) B, D 4) B 5) D 6) B, D 7) A 8) C 9) C 10) B 11) D 12) D 13) A, C 14) C 15) C 16) B, D 17) C 18) D 19) C, D 20) A, B Key Terms Switched circuit-A circuit by the phone company in reaction to signaling (the user tapping telephone keys or a modem sending in the same digits), with the telco tearing down the circuit when the user is finished. Dedicated circuit- An electric circuit created by a telco on behalf of a customer, with the circuit staying up all the time, dedicated for use by the one customer that ordered the circuit. Also known as a line, leased circuit, and point-to-point line. Circuit switching-The overall process by which a series of telco devices called circuit switches connect a circuit from one customer to the other, with the device’s logic taking incoming bits on one segment in the link and forwarding those bits out the matching outgoing segment, without storing bits. Packet switching-Process of forwarding customer data in a WAN by looking at the header of the messages sent into the WAN by the customer and making a per-messages decision as to where to forward each message. Leased line-A physical link between two locations, provided by a telco, that allows two-way communication between sites. Time-division multiplexing-A type of logic used by some networking devices, including circuit switches in the telco, in which the switch divides a faster line into...
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...------------------------------------------------- AT Commands ------------------------------------------------- What you should know Different phones support different sets of AT commands. This means that a specific phone might not support all AT commands listed below. Currently there is no authoritative list available of supported AT commands by all phones. Note: Windows Phone supports a very limited set of AT Commands (and these are not documented here.) ------------------------------------------------- Overview AT commands are also known as Hayes AT commands. There are different views to understand the meanings of "AT". Some call it "Attention Telephone", whereas others interpret it as "Attention Terminal" commands. A Hayes Microcomputer Products, where it was invented, AT was merely short for "ATtention" AT commands allow giving instructions to both mobile devices and ordinary landline telephones. The commands are sent to the phone's modem, which can be a GSM modem or PC modem. This article focuses on AT commands on Nokia's GSM and WCDMA products only. Different manufacturers may have different sets of AT commands. Fortunately, many AT commands are the same. Mobile device manufacturers may also give attention to operators to allow or not to allow some commands on phones. AT commands can be used for operations that are usually done from the keypad, for instance calling a number, sending, reading, or deleting an SMS, setting the SMSC number, looking for a GPRS access...
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...4/4/2015 | Company basically deals with the secured database system which provides data with security systems. These Secured systems were implemented from network security and the main motivation of this project was to focus on the designing of the secured systems. These systems helps in communication in all kinds of business such as the small scale business industries to the large scale business industries. | Table of Contents Abstract 3 Company Framework: 4 Business Problems in Communication/Networking: 5 High Focus Clarification: 5 Advantages of Solving Problems: 6 Business/Technical Access: 7 Network Computing Infrastructure Impact 7 Communication Infrastructure Impact: 9 Database Impact to the Organization 9 Change in Process 11 Technology or Business Practices Used to Augment the Solution 11 Conclusions 12 Implementation Plan 12 Summary 12 Abstract Network securest helps the business industries to provide the secured data such as the transactions done in the CRM(customer relationship management) where the customers provide their personal details to the companies and the companies use their details with our secured transaction systems. Company’s main motivation on this project is to provide the security to the user database systems so that the third party is not involved when the process is done. Generally, when we go for shopping or to the restaurants, we use our credit/debit card to complete the transaction or to pay the bills. But...
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...Personal Financial Plan Part 1 Laura Grundowski Abstract This paper will discuss the beginning of my personal financial plan. It will also outline said plan into a budget that will be put to use throughout the next few months. Budgeting is a vital part of managing one’s personal finances. When beginning to budget one must pinpoint the sources of cash inflows and cash outflows. Having knowledge of your personal financial situation is also necessary in managing personal finances. If done right, personal financial statements provide information on current financial positions and help pave the way for financial success. Goal setting is most successful for me when I begin with short term goals. For short term, one of my goals is to establish a short vacation fund with which I can go on a birthday weekend vacation somewhere up north. I estimate that I will need roughly $400 by January 1st, and that I will need to save $34 per week for the next few months to achieve this goal. A second short term goal is to save pay off my $400 credit card balance on my Capital One. I estimate that I can make payments of about $80 per month for the next 5-6 months to pay the balance in full with additional interest that will accumulate. My intermediate goal is to begin saving for a wedding. Once my credit card bill is paid off, I can switch the $80 payment from the credit card to this goal. At the time of purchase, I expect to have saved $4,800. Although I will have some help from my parents...
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...Communication Networks Sharam Hekmat PragSoft Corporation www.pragsoft.com Contents Contents Preface 1. Introduction 1.1. Network Components 1.2. Network Types 1.3. The OSI Model 1.3.1. The Physical Layer 1.3.2. The Data Link Layer 1.3.3. The Network Layer 1.3.4. The Transport Layer 1.3.5. The Session Layer 1.3.6. The Presentation Layer 1.3.7. The Application Layer 1.4. Protocol Notations 1.4.1. Service Primitives 1.4.2. Sequence Diagrams 1.4.3. State Transition Diagrams 1.5. Standards 1.6. Further Reading 1.7. Summary 1.8. Exercises 2. The Physical Layer 2.1. Equipment 2.1.1. Equipment Types 2.1.2. Connection Types 2.2. Transmission 2.2.1. Signal Types 2.2.2. Modulation 2.2.3. Digitization 2.2.4. Synchronization 2.2.5. Transmission Media 2.3. Multiplexing 2.3.1. Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) vi Communication Networks 6 10 1 2 2 4 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 Copyright © 2005 PragSoft 2.3.2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 2.3.3. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 2.3.4. Concentration 2.4. Physical Layer Standards 2.4.1. RS-232 2.4.2. CCITT X.21 2.5. Further Reading 2.6. Summary 2.7. Exercises 3. The Data Link Layer 3.1 Link Protocol Types 3.1.1. Synchronous Protocols 3.1.2. Asynchronous Protocols 3.1.3. Master-Slave Protocols 3.1.4. Peer-to-Peer Protocols 3.2. Link Protocol Functions 3.2.1. Acknowledgments 3.2.2. Timers 3.2.3. Error Checking 3.2.4. Retransmission 3.2.5. Flow Control 3.3. Sliding Window...
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...Task Summary Actions you were required to perform Change the switch hostname to Branch1 Add a description to FastEthernet 0/1 Add a description to FastEthernet 0/2 Add a description to FastEthernet 0/3 Add a description to FastEthernet 0/24 Save the switch changes Hide Details Save the hostname Save the FastEthernet 0/1 description Save the FastEthernet 0/2 description Save the FastEthernet 0/3 description Save the FastEthernet 0/24 description Change the router hostname to SFO Add a description to FastEthernet0/0 Add a description to Serial 0/1/0 Add a description to Serial 0/1/1 Save the router changes Hide Details Save the hostname Save the FastEthernet 0/0 description Save the Serial 0/1/0 description Save the Serial 0/1/1 description Explanation Use the following commands to complete these tasks: Press Enter Switch>enable Switch#configure terminal Switch(config)#hostname Branch1 Branch1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/1 Branch1(config-if)#description Wrk1 Branch1(config-if)#interface FastEthernet0/2 Branch1(config-if)#description Wrk2 Branch1(config-if)#interface FastEthernet0/3 Branch1(config-if)#description Wrk3 Branch1(config-if)#interface FastEthernet0/24 Branch1(config-if)#description Default gateway Branch1(config-if)#exit Branch1(config)#exit Branch1#copy running-config startup-config Use similar commands on the router to modify the hostname and the interface descriptions...
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...Lab 5.1 Connect the Internetwork Lab Review Questions 1. For what purpose is a transceiver used? A transceiver can be used for converting one type of Ethernet connector to another or by converting one type of I/O port to an Ethernet port. 2. This lab connects routers directly to each other via serial cables. Is this a typical configuration? No, By default, Cisco routers are DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)/ DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment) If not, to what equipment does the DCE end of the serial cable usually connect? If Router A is connected to the DTE end of the cable, Router B must be connected to the DCE end 3. What does a rollover (console) cable look like? Rollover cable is often used to connect a computer terminal to a router's console port. This cable is typically flat (and has a light blue color) with a DB-9 Female end to RJ-45 Male end. 4. What kind of port does the console cable attach to on the computer? Serial Port (dial-up modem) 5. What kind of port does the UTP patch cable attach to on the router? The console port Lab 5.2 Configure HyperTerminal to Access a Cisco Router Review Questions 1. What program on a Windows computer is typically used for configuring a Cisco router? HyperTerminal 2. What are the important settings to configure in HyperTerminal to access a Cisco router? You must then configure how you will connect to the router and the system configuration 3. Where is the HyperTerminal program in most Windows computers? All Programs/Accessories/Communications...
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