CHAPTER 2
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, TAXES, AND CASH FLOWS

Learning Objectives

LO1 The difference between accounting value (or “book” value) and market value.
LO2 The difference between accounting income and cash flow.
LO3 How to determine a firm’s cash flow from its financial statements.
LO4 The difference between average and marginal tax rates.
LO5 The basics of Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) and Undepreciated Capital Cost (UCC).

Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions 1. (LO1) Liquidity measures how quickly and easily an asset can be converted to cash without significant loss in value. It’s desirable for firms to have high liquidity so that they have a large factor of safety in meeting short-term creditor demands. However, since liquidity also has an opportunity cost associated with it—namely that higher returns can generally be found by investing the cash into productive assets—low liquidity levels are also desirable to the firm. It’s up to the firm’s financial management staff to find a reasonable compromise between these opposing needs. 2. (LO2) The recognition and matching principles in financial accounting call for revenues, and the costs associated with producing those revenues, to be “booked” when the revenue process is essentially complete, not necessarily when the cash is collected or bills are paid. Note that this way is not necessarily correct; it’s the way accountants have chosen to do it. 3. (LO1) Historical costs can be objectively and precisely measured whereas market values can be difficult to estimate, and different analysts would come up with different numbers. Thus, there is a tradeoff between relevance (market values) and objectivity (book values). 4. (LO3) Depreciation is a noncash deduction that reflects adjustments made in asset book values in accordance with the matching principle in financial