...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND As presented, this chapter discusses the problem and its background. This will help the reader to have an overview of the study specifically on the introduction, statement of the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation. I. INTRODUCTION Teenage pregnancy is formally defined as a pregnancy in a young woman who has not reached her 20th birthday when the pregnancy ends, regardless of whether the woman is married or is legally an adult (age 14 to 21, depending on the country). In everyday speech, the speaker is usually referring to unmarried minors who become pregnant unintentionally. The average age of menarche (first menstrual period) is 12 years old, though this figure varies by ethnicity, and ovulation occurs only irregularly before this. Whether fertility leads to early pregnancy depends on a number of factors, both societal and personal. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under fifteen and those living in developing countries. For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors. In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are associated with many social...
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...the Parenting Styles on the Behavior of Psychology Students in Centro Escolar University Year 2012-2013 An Undergraduate Research Presented to the Faculty of School of Science and Technology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course Communication Skills 14 (Technical Writing) by: Anne Kristine G. Francisco Kathlene Marie S. Tambo Michelle R. Aranda March 2013 CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction Parenting is a complex activity that includes many specific behaviors that work individually and together to influence child outcomes. Although specific parenting behaviors, such as spanking or reading aloud, may influence child development, looking at any specific behavior in isolation may be misleading. Many writers have noted that specific parenting practices are less important in predicting child well-being than is the broad pattern of parenting. Most researchers who attempt to describe this broad parental milieu rely on Diana Baumrind’s concept of parenting style. The construct of parenting style is used to capture normal variations in parents’ attempts to control and socialize their children (Baumrind, 1991). Two points are critical in understanding this definition. First, parenting style is meant to describe normal variations in parenting. In other words, the parenting style typology Baumrind developed should not be understood to include deviant parenting, such...
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...Chapter 2 Early Childhood Development Theories Abstract Developmental theories are useful towards understanding how children learn and grow, and by what means their trajectories can be supported. Most theorists agree that both biology and experience are key factors that shape developmental outcomes. Risk and protective factors are said to contribute to development and often can be modified through intervention efforts. The prevention model emphasizes a foundation of supports and services aimed to foster healthy development. Keywords Secure base behavior • Emotional regulation • Egocentric • Accommodation • Assimilation • Equilibrium • Zone of proximal development • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement • Punishment • Parenting styles • Modeling • Ecological theory • Risk and protective factors • Prevention model Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth, development, and learning. If you have ever wondered about what motivates human thought and behavior or how personalities form, understanding these theories can provide useful insight into both the individual and societal influences on early development. The next section will briefly review the major developmental theories that help to explain how development unfolds, sources of vulnerability and protection that influence child development, and how the course of development may be altered by prevention and intervention efforts. Understanding factors which may support...
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...WHERE/WHEN: At home at 3:46 pm on October 1, 2006. OBSERVATION: My daughter was playing in the living room when she saw something in her playpen that she wanted. She started to get really frustrated and throwing a little tantrum that she could not reach it. After a few minutes she realized that if she brought over her little chair that was across the room, she could stand on it and reach into the playpen to get her toy. PSYCHOLOGY-RELATED QUESTION: Would this be an example of insight learning? PERTINENT CHAPTER: Chapter 6 (Learning) ANSWER TO QUESTION: Based on the reading of Kohler’s Study of Insight, Kohler believed that there was a deeper process of learning than simple “trial and error”. It seemed from his experiments that we first study and think about the problem for a while and then “in a flash of insight” we understand the solution (Huffman, 2007, p. 228). EXPERIMENT: My experiment will test whether children ages 2-3 use insight, or sudden understanding of problems, to find the solution. I will first randomly assign four children into two groups, two children in each group. Group One: no instruction given in regards to the different materials provided (CONTROL). Group Two: will be instructed to retrieve the ball in a playpen using the materials supplied (EXPERIMENTAL). Both groups will be given the same materials (playpen with two balls inside and scattered chairs throughout the room) and the same amount of time to solve the problem (1 hour). After an...
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... PROPOSED TOPIC: THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLES ON ASSERTIVENESS NAME: ABDALLAH MUNIRA INDEX NUMBER: 10272035 SUPERVISOR: DR ADOTEY ANUM CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY As we grow up, we learn to adapt our behavior to accommodate the norms of our societies. We model ourselves upon those around us, example parents, teachers, peers and other influences such as television and magazines. In the early years of a child’s life, parents are the most influential people until his teen years where peers replace parents. Children therefore model themselves to conform to the norms of their parents. Example in a typical Ghanaian society, it is a norm for children to obey their elders without challenging their opinions and judgments regardless of the situation. Internalizing these norms reflect in aspects of the child’s personality such as his self-concept and assertive skills, a norm like not expressing your opinions, feelings and beliefs openly and honestly is likely to hinder assertiveness in an individual. This study investigated the effects of parenting styles on assertiveness. Assertiveness is the act of expressing genuine feelings, standing up for your legitimate rights and refusing unreasonable requests. It is the simple act...
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...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION A parent is neither a mother nor father, who nurtures, raises and take care of a child in every single way. Usually a parental figure provide physical needs for the child, protect them from harm and impart in them the cultural values and skills until they reach the legal adulthood and can provide for themselves. Technically defining, Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the activity of raising a child rather than the biological relationship. (www.wikipedia.org) Parenting usually comes in couple, a mother and a father since a child is produced by means of a male and a female who had sexual intercourse. But at this point of time there is a significant increase in number of single parents, raising a child on their own, without their respective partner. There are a lot of factors with these increase, possibly it is either personal, economic, social, etc. or combination of these aspects. Personal choice to be a single parent is one factor, some reason under this could be need to finish studying first, the child was not in the plan, it was just an accident that became a parent, not yet the proper time to get married, and a lot more. The second factor was economic; it is a lot more about financial, the expenses when they get married, they’re respective partner doesn’t have a good job, or thinking...
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...University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Open Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences 11-16-2012 Education and Human Sciences, College of (CEHS) Family Environment and School Environment as Predictors for Physical Aggression in Low-Income Children Xiaoyu Li University of Nebraska-Lincoln, whulucy@gmail.com Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss Part of the Pre-Elementary, Early Childhood, Kindergarten Teacher Education Commons Li, Xiaoyu, "Family Environment and School Environment as Predictors for Physical Aggression in Low-Income Children" (2012). Open Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences. Paper 164. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cehsdiss/164 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Education and Human Sciences, College of (CEHS) at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses and Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT AS PREDICTORS FOR PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN LOW-INCOME CHILDREN by Xiaoyu Li A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major:...
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...enough. In economics, we would argue, this is not the case.While you need to understand the meaning of basic terms and concepts, you also need to be able to apply economic concepts in specific situations. In other words, you need to develop the ability to think like an economist.The authors of Freakonomics certainly show the reader how to do just that.The material presented here is intended to make the job a little easier. Organization of the Student’s Guide We organized the material in this guide to help you identify the key points in each chapter and check to ensure that you have a firm grasp of the key concepts presented in the book.The first section of each chapter in this guide consists of an overview that highlights the major topics and points presented in the book.The overview is designed to alert you to the major topics and is not intended to serve, in any way, as a substitute for the material in the text. The second section of each chapter...
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...LGBT Adoption New Jersey’s statewide parenting legislation espouses a progressive stance on the matters of same-sex parenting and child care in the processes of adoption and foster parenting. The Garden State allows for same-sex adoption; allows single homosexuals to adopt; and allows second parent same-sex adoption (Lifelong Adoptions, 2013). New Jersey has passed progressive laws and policies that prohibit discrimination charged against LGBT individuals in the adoption process (Lifelong Adoptions, 2013). New Jersey state law also bans discrimination against LGBT individuals in the foster parent process (Lifelong Adoptions, 2013). New Jersey Statutes Annotated 9:3-43 enables for any person to adopt permitted the said person(s) pass a background investigation and meet adoption criteria for eligibility (Onelce, 2012). Unmarried joint adoptive parents petitioning to adopt a child can do so because of N.J.S.A. 9:3-43 (Onelce, 2012). In “Re-adoption of Two Children” by H.N.R., 666 A.2d 535 (Onelce, 2012) addresses second parent adoption; this statute exercises the possibility for an individual to petition for shared rights of custody with a parent who already possesses legal parental custody of a child. Several states prohibit joint adoption due to unmarried status. This statute is favorable for unmarried parents seeking to adopt in New Jersey. This New Jersey statute provides for an overall tolerant atmosphere for LGBT individuals and couples looking to adopt or become foster...
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...Running Head: The Effects of Parental Involvement The Effects of Parental Involvement on Academic Achievement An Individual Research Project by Diane Higgins To Dr. Belinda Hartnett Research Methods – RES 531 Section 013 In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education Strayer University Washington, D.C. June 19, 2011 Chapter One: Introduction I. Topic Selected: As a teacher, one of my passions is to make sure that all of my students are able to learn and understand what is being taught to them. Sometimes this process is hindered when the only learning for some students goes on at school. I am a strong believer that students need assistance when they get home from school, so I decided to research on how parental involvement can affect student achievement. II. Description of Topic: Parental involvement plays an important part in a child’s life, not only during the early years, but throughout the school years as well. Parents who play an active role in the education of their child will have greater opportunities to motivate their children to behave more and strive for greatness. Self- esteem may rise as a result of positive reinforcement. An involved parent will also know when his child is misbehaving and be able to correct the problem before it gets out of hand and becomes a regular habit. With proper parental involvement, a child is less likely to feel the need to lash out and misbehave for much needed attention; they'll...
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...Chapter One: Introduction 1.0 Background of Study Most of us grew up believing in dream big about the future ahead. We believed we could do anything or become anything we wanted with dedication and hard work, but for many in this country the big dream about the future is fading as the gap between rich and poor continues to grow. Children were told that if they studied hard they could “make something of themselves.” While this is still true, the rules have changed and the stakes are higher. Governments have decreased aid for public education and set spending caps. Students today are being faced with “high stakes” testing. We used to worry about scoring high enough on examinations to get into college, but now students take examinations to get out of high school. Some policy makers, during sometime, have suggested a school’s funding will be determined by how well their students perform on the tests. In theory it is wonderful, the schools that do well will be rewarded for their excellence. In practice it will most likely become another opportunity for the rich school districts to succeed and the poor school districts to fail. Revenue caps and high stakes testing appear to be an inevitable part of our future so we must find affordable, effective means for inspiring students and their families to improve student outcome. One way may be parental involvement. Another way might be to teach effective parenting skills which could in turn increase parental involvement in education particularly...
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...Reflective Journal: Stages of Life Bill Williams Liberty University Reflective Journal: Stages of Life This Reflective essay will cover the life stages that have been covered from 0 to 44. Using Erikson’s life stage theory, this assignment will chart important life crisis points which have helped to define me. Erickson’s life span theory postulated about life being comprised of eight stages, where human beings have the task to master each stage. Each stage is presented with a confrontation which produces two possible outcomes (Rice, 2001). The first incremental time frame will cover four stages of the Erickson’s model. Stage One Stage one covers birth to 10 years of age. According to Erickson’s model, humans experience several moments of the crisis where one master and then moves into the next stage of life's. The first ten years of life were full of turmoil, being physically abused by my biological parents and ultimately abandoned. After been traumatized by these events I was removed and placed for adoption. There were residual issues such as nightmares, frequent altercations with peers, and bedwetting. Baker confirmed that high stress is a contributing factor to the increased disruptive behaviors and delays normal developmental milestones (Baker et al., 2003). The prominent stage that was easily identified was the competency versus inferiority. I remember always feeling as if I were not good enough and inadequate, never able to please my mom and dad. Stage Two ...
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...Advanced Management and Marketing Summary of the management part Book: Exploring corporate strategy Authors: Johnson, Scholes and Whittington Table of contents Chapter 1 Introducing strategy 2 Chapter 2 The environment 3 Chapter 3 Strategic capability 4 Chapter 4 Strategic purpose 7 Chapter 5 Culture and strategy 9 Chapter 6 Business-level strategy 12 Chapter 7 Strategic directions and corporate-level strategy 14 Chapter 8 International strategy 18 Chapter 10 Strategy methods and evaluation 21 Chapter 11 Strategy development processes 23 Chapter 1 Introducing strategy Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectations. Strategic decisions are about… * The long-term direction of an organization * The scope of an organization’s activities * Gaining advantage over competitors * Addressing changes in the business environment * Building on resources and competences capabilities * Values and expectations of stakeholders which affect operational decisions Therefore strategic decisions are likely to be complex in nature, are made in uncertain situations, affect operational decisions, require an integrated approach and do involve considerable change. Levels of strategy 1. Corporate level strategy is concerned with the overall purpose...
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...Chapter 5 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS What is the relevance of the resource-based view of the firm to strategic management in a global environment? it permits the organization to be seen as a whole In doing so, the strengths and weaknesses within the firm can be examined. This is done because as stated in the Hunger & Wheelen (2006, 106) text, "scanning and analyzing the external environment for opportunities and threats is not enough to provide an organization a competitive advantage." five-step, resource-based approach to strategy analysis: 1) Identify and classify the firm's resources in terms of strengths and weaknesses. 2) Combine the firm's strengths into specific capabilities and core competencies. 3) Appraise the profit potential of these capabilities and competencies in terms of their potential for sustainable competitive advantage and the ability to harvest the profits resulting from their use. 4) Select the strategy that best exploits the firm's capabilities and competencies relative to external opportunities. 5) Identify resource gaps and invest in upgrading weaknesses. How can value-chain analysis help identify a company’s strengths and weaknesses? You can use value chain analysis to ensure that each business activity you are involved in creates value for your customers and to help identify your company’s strengths and weaknesses. The value chain analysis process begins with examining each of the activities you and your employees do to create a positive...
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...Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Background of the Study In any given classroom and school activity of relatively extended duration and complexity, students’ engagement is never homogeneously high and productive, but rather it fluctuates depending on a number of factors (Mcwayne et al., 2012; Mattingly et al., 2013) such as parental involvement (Ho & Williams, 2008; McNeal, 2009; Jose et al., 2010;). Students engage better in school when parents play a positive role in their learning process (Jackson, 2010; 2011; Green et al., 2012). Students are more likely to make a personal commitment to engage in rigorous learning when they know parents care about how well they do (Kilgore, Snyder & Lentz, 2008; Keyes, 2010). However, despite the crucial role of parents, studies in relation to their involvement remain scarce. Students’ low engagement with academic activities is considered the main reason for dissatisfaction (Kuh, 2009), negative experience, and dropping out of school (Linnenbrink&Pintrich, 2009; Jimmerson, Campos & Greif, 2010). One of the contributory factors is the level of parents’ positive interference to the academic journey of the school (Brookmeyer, Fanti&Henrich, 2008). More significantly, most findings show positive relationship between parental involvement and students’ engagement in school and in the classroom (Dauber & Epstein, 2008; Gorard, Rees &Fevre, 2009;Cotton, 2011;Fantuzzo et al., 2012). Nevertheless, the understanding...
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