...Anatomy of the Nervous System 3 Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System 3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System 3.4 Spinal Cord 3.2 Cells of the Nervous System 3.5 Five Major Divisions of the Brain 3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 3.6 Major Structures of the Brain ISBN 0-558-78571-9 Biopsychology, Eighth Edition, by John P.J. Pinel. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. 3.1 ■ General Layout of the Nervous System I n order to understand what the brain does, it is first necessary to understand what it is—to know the names and locations of its major parts and how they are connected to one another. This chapter introduces you to these fundamentals of brain anatomy. Before you begin this chapter, I want to apologize for the lack of foresight displayed by early neuroanatomists in their choice of names for neuroanatomical structures— but, then, how could they have anticipated that Latin and Greek, universal languages of the educated in their day, would not be compulsory university fare in our time? To help you, I have provided the literal English meanings of many of the neuroanatomical terms, and I have kept this chapter as brief, clear, and to the point as possible, covering only the most important structures. The payoff for your effort will be a fundamental understanding of the structure of the human brain and a new vocabulary to discuss...
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...Chapter 11 question 9 Describe and give function of a neuron cell body, a dendrite and an axon. Neurons are organized to form complex networks that perform the functions of the nervous system. They are also called nerve cells. The function of neurons is to receive stimuli and transmit the action potential to other neurons or the effector organs. There are three parts to a neuron that include; a cell body and two processes known as axon and dendrites. The cell body is call neuron cell body. It contains a single, relatively large and centrally located nucleus that has a prominent nucleolus. The nucleus is surrounded by rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Cell body also contains other organelles and mitochondria.Cell body differs...
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...Chapter 5: The Skeletal System 1. List six functions of the skeleton. a. Support b. Movement c. Protection d. Storage of minerals e. Fat storage f. Blood cell production 2. Compare compact and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense bone with very few spaces and is covered by a nourishing membrane called the periosteum. Spongy bone is identified by its many spaces that are filled with red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells. 3. Describe the structure of a long bone. Where are the yellow and red marrow found in adults? A long bone in the human body contains both compact bone and spongy bone. The compact bone is found on the outer surface of the bone and compose the shaft. The spongy bone is found at the ends of the long bone. Yellow bone marrow it found in the central shaft of the long bone surrounded by the compact bone. Red bone marrow is found in spaces of the spongy bone. 4. Describe the structure of an osteon, and explain the function of osteocytes and the central canal. The osteon consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings of osteocytes (mature bone cells) in a rigid matrix. O steocytes are located within a lacuna in the matrix. Canals connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal. This allows for the transport of items between the cells and the blood vesels in the central canal. 5. Describe the formation of bone in a fetus. Explain how bone growth continues after birth. During fetal...
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...OUTLINE – Chapter 3 (Mod 7, 8, 9) NEUROSCIENCE & BEHAVIOR 1. Neurons and Neural communication a. Neurons/neural impulses b. Neural communication c. Neurotransmitters 2. Nervous system a. Structure and function b. Reflexes vs. Neural networks 3. The Brain a. Studying the brain b. Brain regions/function c. Plasticity d. Hemispheric differences • Gazzaniga article/video NEURONS: STRUCTURE • Dendrite - the ‘in-box’ • Cell body - basic cell functions • Axon - the ‘out-box’ (axon-away); Myelin Sheath • Terminal Vesicles • Synapse • Receptor Sites NEURONS: COMMUNICATION How do neurons communicate? 1. How does information travel within a neuron? 2. How is information passed from one neuron to the next? NEURONS: communication - WITHIN ACTION POTENTIAL 1) All neurons have a resting state 2) Dendrite is stimulated ▪ Positive ions flow into the cell until… 3) Threshold is reached ▪ Action potential is triggered (all-or-nothing) 4) Wave moves down the axon 5) Wave reaches the terminal vesicles NEURONS: communication - BETWEEN 5) Wave reaches the terminal vesicles 6) neurotransmitters are released into the synapse 7) NTs bind with receptors on dendrite of next neuron 8) Process starts in the next cell NTs can: * Excite the next neuron *...
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...Chapter One: Introduction and Research Methods * Origins of Psychology: 1. PHILOSOPHY; concepts- 2. PHYSIOLOGY; brain and behavior- 3. WILHELM WUNDT; followed psych as a science- 4. EDWARD TICHENER; structuralism, take bare parts down and study each part-5. WILLIAM JAMES AND STUDENTS; functionalism, didn’t care why someone did something he wanted to know the reason for it—one student G. Stanley Hall was the first PHD in US- 6. SIGMUND FREUD; had theories and ideas of psych analysis- 7. JOHN WATSON; behavioralism...treating people for their illnesses instead of just researching about it- 8. CARL ROGERS; client therapy, unconditional positive regard and concern, connecting with your patients * Contemporary Psych: * Biological perspective- biological reason for why things happen and why you do the things you do. * Psychodynamic perspective- directed towards unconscious motivations. How do you see yourself * Behavioral perspective- human behavior * Humanistic perspective- Carl Rogers, look at everything positive * Cognitive perspective- memories of all kinds * Cross-cultural perspectives- studying the different ways of different cultures. Different rules for different cultures. * Evolutionary perspective- how are behaviors adaptable and functional. Changes as time goes on. * Positive psych- maximizing the patients’ strengths. * The Scientific Method: The Scientific Method • The steps of the scientific method – Formulate a...
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...Steven Harris Intro to Psych MWF 8-850 2/14/14 Chapter 2 the Brain Every human has the same amount of brain, which is three pounds solid. The brain is connected to the CNS (Central Nervous System) and the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System). The CNS is the processing center of the nervous system. Two main organs of the CNS are the brain and the spinal cord. The brain processes and interprets sensory information sent from the spinal cord. The CNS receives information from and sends information to the PNS. The peripheral is all of the nerves and others that go outward from the spinal cord. In these nervous systems, there are neurons. Neurons act as signals for the brain and transmit information. The brain makes up 2 percent of the total body weight. It has been found that the brain has 1 trillion neurons. With talking of the brain, there is controversy on the subject of the sides of the brain. The left side of the brain is said to be the side which has to do with spoken language, math, logic, etc. The right side of the brain is the side that has to do with the artistic matters. There are also different parts of the brain. The cerebrum, is the largest part of the brain. The cerebrum has two hemispheres, right controls left, and left controls right. The cerebellum, is the second largest part of the brain, which regulates correlation, balance, and movement. The cerebellum makes up 20 percent of the brains mass. There is also the thalamus, which just acts as a relay station for...
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...8/3/2015 Practice Quiz 5 (Ch 1922) Practice Quiz 5 (Ch 1922) Due: 11:59pm on Tuesday, August 4, 2015 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy Chapter 19 Question 18 Part A All of the following will normally be found in the filtrate EXCEPT ANSWER: glucose erythrocytes potassium urobilinogen Correct Chapter 19 Question 41 Part A When fluid flow through the distal tubule increases as a result of increased GFR, the macula densa cells send a chemical message to the neighboring afferent arteriole. The afferent arteriole constricts, increasing resistance and decreasing GFR. This type of autoregulation involving both the kidney tubule and the arteriole is known as ________ feedback. ANSWER: positive autonomic tubuloglomerular neuroendocrine Correct Chapter 19 Reading Quiz Question 10 https://session.masteringaandp.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=2751969 1/11 8/3/2015 Practice Quiz 5 (Ch 1922) Part A What causes the internal urethral sphincter to open? ANSWER: Signals from somatic motor neurons Signals from parasympathetic neurons Increasing urine pressure due to contraction of the full bladder Reflex stimulation initiated by stretch receptors in the bladder wall Correct Chapter 20 Question 5 Part A Kidneys respond relatively ________ to changes in blood volume. ANSWER: slowly quickly Correct Chapter 20 Question 17 ...
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...Explanation: | See Chapter 1, p. 4 | | | | Points Received: | 2 of 2 | | Comments: | | | | 2. | Question : | (TCO 1) A student placed in a gifted program based on their IQ score would be an example of which goal of psychology? | | | Student Answer: | | describing behavior | | | | explaining behavior | | | | predicting behavior | | | | changing behavior | | Instructor Explanation: | See Chapter 1, p. 5 | | | | Points Received: | 0 of 2 | | Comments: | See Chapter 1, p. 5 | | | 3. | Question : | (TCO 1) Most psychologists earn degrees in the area of ____________. | | | Student Answer: | | educational psychology | | | | school psychology | | | | clinical psychology | | | | cognitive psychology | | Instructor Explanation: | See Chapter 1, p. 6 | | | | Points Received: | 2 of 2 | | Comments: | | | | 4. | Question : | (TCO 1) Structuralism made an important contribution to the science of psychology because it ________________. | | | Student Answer: | | established a model for the scientific study of mental processes. | | | | showed how separate thoughts combined to form an idea. | | | | explained why individuals experience stimuli differently. | | | | highlighted why different scientific methods are needed to study children and animals versus studying adult humans. | | Instructor Explanation: | See Chapter 1, p. 7 | | | ...
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...8ikPsychology Final Exam Review Chapter 1 * Correlation * Measurable of the relationship between two variables * Causation * Is something causing something else * Gestalt Theory * Good figure psychology * How we experience the world * Sensation + Perception = More than the sum of its parts * Psychoanalysis * Sigmund Freud * Most of your feelings come from a hidden place in the mind (unconscious) * Behaviorism * Focus on observable behavior only * John B. Watson (Little Albert) * Variables * Dependent Variable * Variable in experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment * Independent Variable * Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter * Psychiatrist * Medical Doctor * Can prescribe medication * Psychologist * Professional with an academic degree & specialized training in one or more areas of psychology * Cannot prescribe medications (except in 2 states) * Psychiatrist Social Worker * A social worker with training in therapy methods who focuses on environmental conditions that have an impact on mental disorders * Cannot prescribe medication * Placebo Effect * Phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study influence behavior * Think they are given a...
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...CHAPTER 1: The Science of Psychology 1. Who founded the first Psychology laboratory and when was it (HINT: it was in Germany)? What else was he known for? a. First Lab 1879- Leipzig, Germany. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of psychology as discipline. Conscious experience and building blocks, trained many early psychologists 2. Identify the following, and the one or two main names (if applicable): Structuralists, Functionalists, Gestalt Psychology, Behaviorism Psychoanalysis, Humanistic Psychology, Cognitive Psychology b. Structuralists: Titchener- Wundt’s student. Wanted to examine the structure of mind and organization of basic elements of sensations, feelings, and images. “Structure of the mind” Example: I see a square as composed of four separate lines. Introspection: observing ones own conscious reactions. c. Functionalism- William James- first American psychologist. “Mental associations allow us to benefit from previous experience.” Deals with function, what does consciousness does to us, what is the purpose etc. d. Gestalt psychology- Max Wertheimer. Objects are well-organized structures, whole objects instead of parts. Ex. A square is a Square e. Behaviorism psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud. Founded psychoanalysis in early 1900s, focused on unconscious thoughts in determining behavior. Psychoanalysis- feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called unconscious. f. Behaviorism- John Watson, B.F. Skinner. We can predict behaviors...
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...Final Exam will include chapters covered in Topics 6, 7, and 8. There will be 40 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions. Here is an outline of the materials you will be tested on: Topic 6 Review Topic 6 quiz- study guide. Chapter 5 * Define pasteurization and explain the different methods with examples Chapter 20 * Explain any 2 mechanisms of acquiring resistance to antimicrobial drugs with one example for each. Topic 7 Chapter 21: streptococcal infections, Diphtheria, Common cold, Mycoplasmal pneumonia, Pertussis, TB, Influenza * Causative agent of strep throat * Toxin production in C. diphtheria * Vaccine for the common cold * Diseases of the lower respiratory tract * The characteristic virulence factor of S. pneumoniae * Mycoplasma * Mucociliary escalator * Treatment for diphtheria * Antigenic DRIFT vs. antigenic SHIFT * Explain why common cold is not treated with antibiotics. Chapter 22: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Lyme, Varicella, Rubeola, Rubella, Mumps, warts, mycoses * The antimicrobial aspect(s) of the skin * Staphylococcal skin infection * MRSA * S. pyogenes- M protein * Lyme disease * Varicella * Shingles * MMR vaccine * Mycoses * Skin bacteria: humans living in the tropics vs in the desert * List and describe 3 microorganisms that are found in the normal microbiota of human skin. Chapter 23: Staphylococcal, Streptococcal...
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...Chapter Overview 5.1 Overview: Consciousness, Brain Activity, Levels of Awareness CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.2 Stages of Sleep CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.1 Consciousness and Psychology 5.3 Dreams Theories of Dreams Dreams as a Reflection of Unconscious Wishes 5.2 Sleep Biological Rhythms and Stages of Sleep Sleep Theories Effects of Sleep Deprivation Sleep Disorders Insomnia Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Parasomnias CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity Dream Contents CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.3 Theories of Dreams 5 Learning Objectives States of Consciousness 5.1 5.2 Define consciousness. Describe how consciousness relates to psychology. Describe the changes in brain wave activity that occur during the different stages of sleep. Understand why sleep deprivation is harmful. Understand why deep sleep is important. Understand why REM sleep is important. Describe some common sleep disorders. 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Describe the two main theories of dreams. Explain the two theories of hypnosis. Discuss the effects and benefits of meditation. List and describe the four categories of psychoactive drugs. Describe the effects of psychoactive drugs on the nervous system. 5.4 Hypnosis Critical Thinking About Hypnosis Theories of Hypnosis Altered State of Consciousness Role Playing Divided Consciousness 5.6 Drug Use Mechanism of Action of Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Alcohol Narcotics/Opiates Summary of...
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...Chapter 13 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) & Reflex Activity Objectives 1. Define peripheral nervous system and list its components. 2. Define sensation and perception 3. Classify general sensory receptors by structure, stimulus detected, and body location. 4. Distinguish between receptor and generator potentials and sensory adaptation. 5. Compare and contrast the three main levels of neural integration. 6. Describe the four properties of a stimulus. 7. Distinguish between tonic and phasic receptors and the idea of adaptation. 8. Discuss pain (types, neurotransmitters, fast vs. slow pain, phantom & referred pain). 9. Define ganglion and indicate the general body location of ganglia. 10. Describe the general structure of a nerve. 11. Name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves; indicate the body region and structures innervated by each. 12. Describe the formation of a spinal nerve and the general distribution of its rami. 13. Define plexus. Name the major plexuses and describe the distribution and function of the peripheral nerves arising from each plexus. 14. Outline the three levels of the motor hierarchy. 16. Name the components of a reflex arc and distinguish between visceral and somatic reflexes. Chapter 12 (CNS) 19. Describe the gross and microscopic structure of the spinal cord. 20. List the major spinal cord tracts, and classify each as a motor or sensory tract. I Overview (Fig. 13.1) A...
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...sprints, subject 1 had a faster time than subject 2, and had a lower heart rate for all sprints. Sprint 1 was both subjects’ fastest and when their heart rates were lowest. Subject 1 had a 28% time decrease from sprint 1 to sprint 8, and subject 2 had a 29% decrease. Subject 1 reached a steady state heart rate, while subject 2’s heart rate continued to increase. Subject 1’s slowest sprint was at sprint 6, and highest heart rate at sprint 7. Subject 2’s slowest sprint was at sprint 8 and highest heart rate at sprint 8. After sprint 1, subject 1 performed at 86% of their maximum heart rate. Subject 2 performed at 95-97.5% of their maximum heart rate for all sprints. 2. Discussion a. Sources of Error Possible sources of error in this practical would include: •...
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...and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students. Human anatomy and physiology is more than just interesting, it is...
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