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Chapter 9: Writing Negative Messages

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Learning Objectives:
• Apply the three-step writing process to negative messages
• Compare and contrast the direct and indirect approaches to negative messages, including when it is appropriate to use each one
• Identify the risks of using the indirect approach and explain how to avoid problems
• Explain the importance of maintaining high standards of ethics and etiquette when delivering negative messages
• Explain the role of communication in crisis management
• List and discuss three guidelines for delivering negative news to job applicants

Goals of Negative Messages
• Convey the message
• Gain acceptance of the bad news
• Maintain as much goodwill as possible
• Maintain a good corporate image
• Minimize future correspondence

The Three-Step Process
• Planning o Analyze situation → Gather information → Select Medium → Get Organized
• Writing o Adapt to the audience → Compose the message
• Completing o Revise → Produce message → Proofread message → Distribute Message

Negative Messages
• Consider alternate approaches
• Acknowledge cultural variations
• Consider audience characteristics
• Maintain ethical standards

Choosing the Approach
• Predicting the audience’s reaction
• Knowing the audience’s preferences
• Judging the importance of the news
• Preserving working relationships
• Getting the reader’s attention
• Following organizational guidelines

The Direct Approach
• State the bad news
• Give reasons
• End with a positive close

The Indirect Approach
• Begin with a buffer
• Provide reasons and information
• State the bad news
• Close with confidence
Open with a Buffer
• Respectful
• Relevant
• Neutral
• Transitional

Reasons & Information
• Explanation section
– Guide readers’ responses
– Provide sufficient details for support
– Explain company policy

Deliver the Bad News
• De-emphasize the bad news
• Use a conditional statement
• Focus on the positive

Close on a Positive Note
• Avoid a negative, uncertain conclusion
• Limit future correspondence
• Be optimistic about the future
• Be sincere

Adapt to Your Audience
• Cultural differences
• Internal versus external audiences

Cultural Differences
• Proper tone
• Organization
• Cultural conventions

The Type of Audience
• Internal
– Timeliness
– Completeness
• External
– Diversity
– Confidentiality

Maintain High Standards
• Ethics and etiquette
– Laws and regulations
– Human impact
– Emotional reactions

Challenges of Negative Business Messages
• Distorting the message
• Whistleblowing
• Self-control

Negative Messages
• Routine business matters
• Employment messages
• Organizational news

Routine Business Requests
• Select the approach
• Manage your time
• Be polite but firm
• Consider alternatives
• Do not imply compliance

Status of Transactions
• Customer expectations
– Have been set
– Have not been set
• Communication goals
– Modify expectations
– Resolve the situation
– Repair the relationship

Claims & Adjustments
• Things to employ
– Courtesy and tact
– Indirect approach
– Understanding
– Positive attitude
• Things to avoid
– Accepting blame
– Making accusations
– Being negative
– Defaming others

Organizational News
• Normal circumstances
• Crisis communication

Normal Circumstances
• Match the approach to the situation
• Consider unique needs of each group
• Give each audience time to react
• Allow time to plan/manage response
• Stay positive but avoid false optimism
• Minimize the element of surprise
• Seek expert advice when needed
• Offer leadership and encouragement

Crisis Communication
• Crisis management plan
– Operational procedures
– Tasks and responsibilities

Employment Messages
• Answering recommendation requests
• Reviewing job applications
• Reviewing performance
• Terminations

Recommendation Letters
• Requested by businesses
– Conciseness
– Directness
• Requested by individuals
– Diplomacy
– Preparation

Employment Applications
• Choose an approach carefully
• State why applicant was not selected
• Close by suggesting alternatives

Performance Reviews
• Improve performance
– Clarify job requirements
– Give employees feedback
– Develop a plan of action

Negative Reviews
• Confront the problem
• Plan the message
• Respect privacy
• Focus on the problem
• Obtain commitment

Terminating Employment
• Present the reasons
• Choose your words carefully
• Minimize negative feelings

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