...minority and such lack of an opposite voice harms democracy. As a result of dominance of the political arena by the conservatives – deepening of polarization in terms of wealth, region; Other issues mentioned - that Korean democracy face: Media role more important, but media companies grew and under the market logic, tried to monopolize the market, and important issues fail to be addressed. Chapter 2- anti-communist cold war politics and premature democracy To trace the origins of the characteristics of Korean politics, he goes back to the period after liberation. Due to the cold war, the nation was divided forcefully by the soviets and the US. Especially in the South, under a strong anti-communist regime, the progressives were suppressed and concentration of resources resulted in the formation of elites in the political, social, economic sector. However, under the authoritative Lee administration, the interest of the public was poorly represented for the sake of national interest.. Even though democratic institutions were introduced after liberation, the constitution was hardly felt. In particular, ideological conflict and the anti-communist sentiment was abused as a weapon to suppress and exclude the opposition parties and politicians. Chapter 3 – Authoritarian development and democratization Park achieved a tremendous economic feat but what’s more...
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...in civil society and not be in power in the political world. He then goes on to say that in different times and in different conditions freedom has embodied itself to men. It is not connected entirely to one social state and one run into it elsewhere than in democracies. For this reason it cannot build the discrete characteristics of democratic centuries. Towards the middle of the chapter Tocqueville says the belongings that freedom brings display themselves only in the long term, and it is forever successful to fail to admit the cause that gives life to them. One sees a continuation from their birthplace each day. The convenience of equality make themselves acknowledgeable from now on. Lastly Tocqueville says that democratic people have a familiar attachment for freedom; left to themselves they chase it, they adore it, and they will see themselves subdivided from it only within affliction. Revised Summary 1 At the beginning or part, 2 chapter 1, Tocqueville says that the most vivid affection equality creates is passion for that equality. In a slight shift he points out that equality can be instituted in civil society and not be in power in the political world. Elaborating on this point he points out that in different times and in different conditions freedom has embodied itself to men. It is not connected entirely to one social state and one run into it elsewhere than in democracies. For this reason it cannot build the discrete characteristics of democratic centuries...
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...with different religious beliefs and ethnicity. Because the country is very diverse, no individual group can overpower another. On the other hand America today is also a democratic country where people have rights to vote. Before America was created, the land was nothing but un-civilized groups of natives and was colonized by the British, which was one of the reasons why the colored was discriminated by the higher class or white people. The interaction between the eastern and western hemisphere gave America its characteristic of religious freedom, democracy, and economic success. But it also created the unfair treatment of the colored people. During the colonial eras, the idea of democracy and religious freedom wasn’t exactly the same of how we viewed it...
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...Calvest (1972) defines the Cooperative as a form of organisation wherein persons voluntarily associates together as human beings on the basis of equality for the promotion of the economic and social interests of themselves." Cooperatives have unique characteristics which differentiate them from other forms of business organizations particularly partnerships and limited liability companies. The following are the characteristics of cooperatives. Voluntary association: Everybody having a common interest is free to join cooperative society. There is no restriction on the basis of caste, creed, religion, colour, etc. Anybody can also leave it at any time after giving due notice to the society. That is specialty of any cooperative society. There should be a minimum of 10 members to for cooperative society but there is no maximum limit for the membership. This characteristic is similar to other forms of public limited liability companies where membership is voluntary for both and is open to anybody who can meet the requirements for membership. The only difference can be seen in the case of private limited companies and partnership where membership is by invitation and thus restricted. Separate legal entity: A cooperative society after registration is recognized as separate legal entity...
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...discuss, or to deliberate on common concerns”.[1] Public sphere is made distinct from the private sphere through the existence of public opinion and the fact that is has developed the public use of reason. Through its constitutive elements such as the constitutional civil liberties the access at public information the existence of a free, plural, and independent media system not under the state control make the private sphere indeed peculiar. Also the existence of civil societies which organize and promote the citizen agenda makes the public sphere dissimilar. In order to make a clear distinction between what makes the public sphere distinct from the private sphere I will have a close look at how the principle developed from the feudal system until the democratic system nowadays. A close analysis at the philosophers’ theories and the principles which intervenes with public sphere is helpful. Also its characteristics will be outlined in order to draw a line between the public and the private sphere. One characteristic and a product of the public sphere is the public opinion which makes this sphere distinct from the private one. This concept is crucial and political decision making. According to The World Bank this involves issues that are open and accessible to everyone, affairs related to the state, the government or social institutions and the opinion formed as a result of discussing about certain issues is the dominant...
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...ITRODUCTION In an attempt to understand ‘new media’ and politics we need to define what ‘new media is and what politics is. First we start by defining politics. According to Mansoor Maitah, Politics, in the broadest sense, is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. Lasswell also defines politics as the process of who gets what, when, and how. He believes that politics is the process of allocating scarce values. He comes up with this equation; politics = allocation values (resources) wealth status power. By definition ‘new media’ according to Marshall McLuhan (1980) generally refers to the digital media which is interactive, incorporate two- way communication and involve some form of computing as opposed to ‘old media’ such as telephone, radio and TV. However there is a thin line between ‘old media’ and ‘new media’. This is because the ‘old media are getting digitized and some have consolidated with some ‘new media’ forms. Therefore we surround the term ‘new media’ with quotation marks to signify that they are digital interactive media. Without the quotation marks we generally are denoting media which is new to the context of discussion. To illustrate this, TV at is invent was new media and therefore cannot be said to be ‘new media’. Also parts of the world that have not received certain types of media will call them new media when introduced to them. GAGETRY DEFFERETIATION FROM THE PLAT FORMS.-TO BE DONE VIRTUAL...
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...What exactly this implies with regards toeconomic and social development is a question under debate. Amartya Sen, author of Development as Freedom (1999), argues that democracy and democratic values have asignificant role to play in development processes. He gives a number of arguments supportinghis thesis. Writing this essay I considered his arguments as well as my own thoughts andideas. To make clear how democratic values can have an impact on development on differentlevels, I will analyse the significance of democracy for development on three levels, or fromthree perspectives: at the local level it is beneficial with regards to utilising local knowledgeand including local communities, at the national level it is significant because it allows forcivil society to thrive, and viewed from a global perspective it is crucial and highly beneficialfor states to show efforts towards enhancing democracy.At the smallest level – the local or communal level – democratic values includingparticipation, inclusion and freedom of expression are essential to achieving sustainabledevelopment. Organisations and other institutions undertaking development projects in certainareas or communities need to ensure that the members of local communities are sufficientlyconsulted, and that they are the decisive part of all phases of the policy cycle. I am convincedthat this will lead to more effective and – on a long term – to more sustainable developmentbecause of two main reasons: Firstly...
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...the principal public offices which includes but not limited to: * Characteristics of Actors admitted to or excluded from such access. * Strategies that actors may use to gain access * The rules followed in the making of publicly binding decisions Note: To work properly, the ensemble must be institutionalized – that is to say, the various patterns must be habitually known, practiced, and accepted by most, if not, all actors. Furthermore, the preferred mechanism of institutionalization is a written body of laws undergirded by a written constitution or any other informal or traditional basis. * These forms, characteristics and rules are bundled together and given a generic label e.g. democratic, autocratic, despotic, dictatorial, tyrannical, totalitarian, monarchic, aristocratic, etc… 2. Rulers – persons who occupy specialized authority roles and can give legitimate commands to others. What distinguishes democratic rulers with others are the norms and conditions of how the former came to powerand the practices that hold them accountable for their actions. 3. Public Realm – encompasses the making of collective norms and choices that are binding on the society and backed by state coercion. * Note: The contect of public realm can vary a great deal across democracies, depending upon pre-existing distinctions between the public and private, state and society, legitimate coercion and voluntary exchange, collective needs and individual...
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...Prospects for Democratic Consolidation in Africa Prof Tom Lodge 16th of March 2015 Introduction In this review essay I will focus on arguments imposed by Staffan I. Lindberg, in his article Forms of States, Governance, and Regimes: Reconceptualizing the Prospects for Democratic Consolidation in Africa. For the purpose of this essay I have selected two African countries (Ghana and the Republic of South Africa) that belong to most developed ones, in terms of their ability to accomplish the process of democratization. If we try to apply Lindberg’s three structural layers system to the chosen states we have to follow the structure of his method. In this regard, firstly we need to identify processes which will inevitably lead to democratization. In such a state we should expect a gradual change in the state form, from capstonian to more penetrative form of state, as Lindberg suggests. To do so we need to identify in which ways and areas is state penetrating society. 1. Forms of States According to Lindberg, there are two most common approaches to the study of African transformation processes. First theory is based on structural determinants of democratization, the second is underlying the importance of actor- oriented analyses. Lindberg distinguishes three structural layers of the state, on the basis of which we can identify the democratization trends in African States. First layer is form of state, which is characterised by the way states penetrates into the society and various...
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...KKKKKK Criticism for Max Weber’s Bureaucracy Written by Dr. Wasim Al-Habil College of Commerce The Islamic University of Gaza Beginning with Max Weber, bureaucracies have been regarded as mechanisms that rationalize authority and decision-making in society. Yet subsequent theorists have questioned the rationality of bureaucracies. Which features of modern-day public bureaucracies are rational? Which are not? Buttress your argument with citations from organization and/or public administration theories. Introduction: Max Weber’s work about bureaucracy, translated into English in 1946, was one of the major contributions that has influenced the literature of public administration. However, Van Riper (1997) argues that the work of Weber on bureaucracy has no influence on American PA until the 1950’s. The word bureaucracy is derived from two words; “bureau” and “Kratos.” While the word “bureau” refers to the office the Greek suffix “kratia or kratos” means power or rule. Thus we use the word “bureaucracy” to refer to the power of the office (Hummel, 1998, 307). “Bureaucracy” is rule conducted from a desk or office, i.e. by the preparation and dispatch of written documents and electronic ones. Bureaucracy is borrowed by the field of public administration (PA) from the field of sociology. It was borrowed by PA in much a similar way that practices of business were borrowed from the field of business administration and economics. Weber (1946) presents...
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...Criticism for Max Weber’s Bureaucracy Written by Dr. Wasim Al-Habil College of Commerce The Islamic University of Gaza Beginning with Max Weber, bureaucracies have been regarded as mechanisms that rationalize authority and decision-making in society. Yet subsequent theorists have questioned the rationality of bureaucracies. Which features of modern-day public bureaucracies are rational? Which are not? Buttress your argument with citations from organization and/or public administration theories. Introduction: Max Weber’s work about bureaucracy, translated into English in 1946, was one of the major contributions that has influenced the literature of public administration. However, Van Riper (1997) argues that the work of Weber on bureaucracy has no influence on American PA until the 1950’s. The word bureaucracy is derived from two words; “bureau” and “Kratos.” While the word “bureau” refers to the office the Greek suffix “kratia or kratos” means power or rule. Thus we use the word “bureaucracy” to refer to the power of the office (Hummel, 1998, 307). “Bureaucracy” is rule conducted from a desk or office, i.e. by the preparation and dispatch of written documents and electronic ones. Bureaucracy is borrowed by the field of public administration (PA) from the field of sociology. It was borrowed by PA in much a similar way that practices of business were borrowed from the field of business administration and economics. Weber (1946) presents bureaucracy...
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...a particular, practical human science that deals with the study of social relationships involving power or man in society in the context of a state. Politics usually describes the processes by which people and institutions exercise and resist power. Political processes are used to formulate policies, influence individuals and institutions, and organize societies. Man is a social being, a rational creature, without man there is no politics. He has spiritual faculties of intellect and will, and characteristics of spirituality, freedom, individuality, equality and sociability. These characteristics brought man his dignity; therefore, he needs to be respected. In order for him to be respected he must have rights but man must also have a duty to the rights of others. Having other men implies a society. Power is the condition of controlling objects. In politics these objects are men and are equal to the one who is exerting power or the one who is authorized to. Authority demands the right to rule with a corresponding obedience; thus, implies a state. Furthermore it implies a government as an agent of power and exercise political law or sovereignty. Science in its simplest sense means the orderly and systematic study of things through their causes by using a methodology. Man, identified as the most intelligent mammal, with him alone there is no society. Society brings up a government in order for the people to be organized by using law. An organized community under one government...
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...State” or “Second German Dictatorship”? Between 1949 and 1990, the German Democratic Republic existed as an independent socialist state behind the Iron Curtain. Defining itself in its constitution as “a socialist state of farmers and workers”, it aimed to become a “socialist utopia”, without class boundaries or social restrictions. However, the controversial means of controlling the population employed by the government and the dominance of the Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED) in East German Politics has led many scholars and experts to claim that the GDR was a “Second German Dictatorship”. Fulbrook (2009: 159) says “A combination of methods was employed to ensure the compliance of the East German populace, including terror as well as attempted ideological indoctrination, as the SED sought both to control the state means of administration, policing and justice, and to exert its influence in education, the media and all avenues of opinion formation.” Characteristics of the GDR resemble those of a twentieth century dictatorship, where oppression and fear were parts of daily life. This essay will examine the GDR, determining ultimately whether it was, as its government suggested, a “workers and farmers state” or, as suggested by many theorists, a “second German dictatorship.” Jarausch (1999: 341) says that the SED “glorified the GDR as an egalitarian and open society on the path towards a communist utopia.” The SED used various techniques to...
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...Democracy is a form of government or accord by society characterized by formal equality of rights and privileges. Canada exhibits a democratic government that protects the interests and demands of minority groups, who are free from discrimination and their rights and privileges are valued equally to those of the majority. Through political, human and cilvil rights, social well-fare systems, and international relations, Canada has formed a strong governmental institution that fosters an inclusive democracy. Between 1945-2014, the Canadian identity transitioned to an inclusive democratic society defined by domestic social reforms and international commitments to the global community In the last seventy years, Canada developed lawful political, human and civil rights within the nation and in the global community. In May of 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organizations, to draw up the United Nations Charter. Canada participated in the San Francisco conferences as a founding member of the Unite Nations. The Charter strived for collective security to avoid war, to develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international co-operation in solving international problems and promoting and encouraging respect for human and civil rights. Canada’s participation in the United Nations was instrumental in a global reputation of humanitarian contributions. Canada’s dedication to fundamental human rights internationally...
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...nations are democracies. Other nations have rulers assigned by heredity or have used the military to take leadership by force or rule by wealth or charisma. There are however, fundamental benefits of a democracy. The main benefit of democracy is that every adult person regardless of race, religious belief or gender has the same political rights as each other. People living in a democratic society are protected from oppression by laws and limits on governmental power. Democratic governments put laws into place to protect their citizens and to ensure a safe and fair society. The people who lead a democratic country have to obey the same laws as everyone else. Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens participate equally—either directly or indirectly through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws. It encompasses social, religious, cultural, ethnic and racial equality, justice, liberty and fraternity. The quest for democracy in Bangladesh is moving in circles. The country gained its independence through both the democratic process and through war. During the four decades of its existence as a nation-state it has endured spells of military and non-military rules. Of the latter all were not elected. The elected governments seemed to betray superficial practices of democracy. In Bangladesh today, we have a situation where 153 members of the parliament out of a total of 300 have been elected uncontested...
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