...(for those who use imperial measurements) Conclusion Using the above data, I can successfully determine that the owner of the skull is mainly Caucasoid (the round/square eye orbits, the nasal spine being prominent and the Prognathism being straight) with some traits of Negroid descant (the length of the Nasal Index and the Prominent nasal spine). I also use the characteristics of the skull to determine that the skull is female with evidence of the surface of the skull being smooth, the frontal bone being low and sloping, and the nuchal crest being smooth. Using the above equation, I determined that the victim is 167.69 centimeters tall or 66 inches which is equivalent to the victim being 5 feet and 5 inches tall( an average height for a...
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...Fetal Skull Fetal skull made of bones which are compressible to some extent in vault anchored to base of the skull LANDMARK * Occiput - is the occipital bone/external occipital protuberance. * Sinciput - is the forehead region of fetal head. * Parietal eminences - are the eminences of parietal bone on either side. * Mentum - is the chin. * Vertical point - is the center of sagittal suture. * Frontal point - is the root of nose. * Sub occiput - is the junction fetal neck and Occiput. * Sub mentum - is the junction between neck and chin. * Bi parietal - is the transverse distance between two parietal eminences. * Bi temporal - is the distance between two lower end of coronal suture SUTURES * Sagittal suture - This lies in between two parietal bone. * Coronal suture - This lies in between the frontal and parietal bone on either side. * Frontal suture - This lies in between two frontal bone. * Lambdoid suture - It lies in between the parietal and occipital bone on either side. * Clinical importance of suture:- * These suture permit gliding movement of one bone over other during moulding of the head in the vertex presentation , as a result the diameter of the head get smaller so passage of head through the birth canal become easier. * Position of fontanelle and sagittal suture can identify attitude and position of vertex. * From the digital palpation of the sagittal suture during labour,...
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...extensive radiation today's tetrapod's fully terrestrial vertebrates many amphibious, aquatic, and flying groups. 34. Describe labyrinthodonts? sckulls of juveniles carried the lateral line system, but absent in adults of the same species. And metamorphosis living terrestrial amphibians also lose the lateral line system of their aquatic larvae. Thus many ancient tetrapod's, like modern amphibians were probably aquatic as juveniles and terrestrial as adults. Ichthyostega, late Devonian, is a member of the ichtostedid amphibian group. The animal was about 1 cm long. Skelton of seymouria a later terrestrial anthracosaur from the early perimain was about 50 cm long. 35. What are the Lissamphibis including what animals they include common characteristics and where they stand in the vertebrate story? They arose from labyrinthodont radiation. Although many features such as enfolded labyrinthine teeth, have been lost. Three groups of living amphibians arise from within Lissamphibis and date back over 2 million...
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...modern human, it is concluded that the subject is very primitive, because it shows few developed traits. The Lucy skeleton is female and it is approximately 3 or 4 feet tall, while other A. afarensis male fossils have been found that are about 5 feet tall. While male chimpanzees average height is 4 feet tall and female average height is 3 feet tall, the male human height average is 5 feet 9 inches and the female average is 5 feet 3 inches. Therefore, like chimpanzees, Australopithecus afarensis has smaller body size than the modern human. Also, A. afarensis is sexually dimorphic, which is a trait that is common for attraction and reproduction among apes, while humans are not very different in body size among sexes. One of the most characteristic derived traits of modern humans is brain size. Modern humans have between 1150 to 1750 cm3, chimpanzees have 285 to 500 cm3, and A. afarensis have a 438 cm3 of cranial capacity. When these quantities are considered in comparison to body size, it is inferred that A. afarensis’ cranial capacity is bigger than chimpanzees’ cranial capacity since they are similar in height. However, even though a human is taller than an A. afarensis the ratio of brain and body size is not the same. Therefore, the brain of an A. afarensis is slightly...
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...Evolution Of Man We all live in a weird and wonderful place and many of us all have our own opinions as to how we became to be. There are many different living species on Earth but a lot of confusion to how they began. Some are of the belief that it is all down to religious thinking and others a more scientific thinking. Learning about Evolution can transform us in a deep way, It can give us the true account of our origins, replacing myths that satisfied us for thousands of years. How did we get here? Where did we come from? Who made us what we are today? These are questions that are still asked today and conflict over what is the truth. We shall be looking at the characteristics that have shaped who we are today and how these have changed in our genetic DNA. Is it all down to science or are the religious believers right? For many years there has been a lot of dispute as to how we are here. Some believe the ‘Great Creator’ is the reason, others believe the scientific theory. There is a lot more evidence to support the scientific theory. The start of this evidence is from when the first Australopithecus afarensis bones were discovered in 1974 by Archaeologists Don Johnson and Tom Gray. They looked at the structure of the bones and could see they were of a female sex from how wide the pelvic area was. They named her ‘Lucy’. They looked at the layer of silt and sands these bones were found in to determine the age of these bones and discovered there were around Three and...
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...Rebekah Wells HBS 1st Period Case Report 1.2.3 Bone Detectives Introduction: While a couple was out for their morning run, they happened to stumble upon what looked like a skull. They called the police and the police discovered two skeletons lying side by side. The bones included the skull, pelvis, humorous, and tibia. With these, the forensic anthropologists have determined the person to be a healthy white woman from 5 feet 6 inches to 6 feet tall using measurements and calculations of the bones. Summary of Findings: The bones found were labeled as female for many reasons. A lot of the evidence we acquired pointed in this direction. The pelvis was a huge indicator because the sub-pubic angle measured 95⁰, and in the identification...
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...1998) When a female commits a violent and brutal crime, it come’s as a shock to society because women are not expected to be criminals, and therefore they are labeled ‘mad not bad’ according to Lee Bryant, author of ‘Feminism and Crime’. Lee Bryant argues, “The perception that women may be ‘mad’ because they ‘dared to go against their natural biological givens such as ‘passivity’ and a ‘weakness of compliance’ ‘appears to originate from the view that women who conform as pure, obedient daughters, wives and mothers benefit society and men”. (Bryant, 2000) Lombroso’s theory looks at that characteristics of the offender and determines that the female offender often is masculine and her skull is more like a man’s size rather than normal women’s skull size. This essay looks at three key features that distinguish the facts that women are more law-aiding then men by looking at the key characteristic of female offenders, specifically from the earliest theorist of female criminality Cesare Lombroso, statistics in regards to the overall population of...
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...quiz on his/her own; group work and collaboration are not acceptable. Part A. (30 points) You will find the diagrams in the other attachment posted to Quiz #2 under Course Content. Use the diagrams labeled A to F to determine ancestry , sex and/or age, as required . Underline your decision (e.g. MALE ) followed by a brief list of the factors and short explanation of the rationale that led to your decision. Each of the answers to (1) through (6) should be about a paragraph in length. (Please insert the paragraphs with your answers for each of the 6 exercises). (1) DIAGRAM A : Determine Ancestry and Sex 5 points For diagram A, I determine this person to be a white female. As we all know anthroposcopic characteristics that can be used to assess ancestry are found in the cranial skeleton and in this particular cranium it seems that the root of the nose is high and narrow and the spine was pronounced. Also, from the face of this diagram it shows that the profile of the face was straight and the its shape was narrow which lead me to believe that this person was in fact white. To determine the sex I found that the size of the cranium was small and smooth, the...
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...murdered or was a homicide.They need to find the biological profile of that person.They have many ways to find a biological profile.A biological profile is a series of characteristics that an individual possessed during life but which critically can also be determined from skeletonized remains after death.To find a biological profile they’ll need to find the age, sex, gender, geographic ancestry, and trauma.They use fragments of bones from skulls and long bones to not only find the sex, age, and gender but sometimes they can find how they died.They also use those bones to find lots of information about that individual.For example, they use the skull to find their race and long bone for height.Two steps that forensic anthropologist will take to find this person’s...
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...Human Fossil Report your name here Part I. Comparison Chart (roman numeral) = Name 1 = Genus and species 2 = Time frame and Location 3 = Brain Size 4 = Physical characteristics 5 = Height and weight 6 = Cultural -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I. Homo neanderthalensis 1. Homo, H neanderthalsensis 2. 400,000 - 40,000 years ago, Europe and southwestern to central asia 3. brains that were just as large as a human and often larger 4. features included their skulls having a large middle part of the face, angled cheek bones, and a huge nose for humidifying and warming cold, dry air. Their oval shaped skulls had a low, receding forehead and distinct browridges, with thick, strong bones. Their bodies were shorter and stockier than ours, another adaptation to living in cold environments. Their large skulls indicated brains that were just as large as ours and often larger. 5. Males average 5 ft 5 in (164 cm). Females average 5 ft 1 in (155 cm). Males average 143 lbs (65 kg). Females average 119 lbs (54 kg). 6. They created and used sophisticated tools, controlled fire, lived in shelters, made and wore clothing, as well as were skilled hunters of large animals. They also ate plants as food and occasionally made symbolic or ornamental objects. There is evidence that they deliberately buried their dead and occasionally even marked their graves with offerings such as flowers...
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...Early one day on May 15th, the remains of an individual were found by a young woman who was walking her dog, Sparky on a mountain in Overland Park, Kansas. The skeleton of this individual was found off the trail of the mountain walk. The bones found included the skull, humerus, pelvis, and radius. With these bones the forensic anthropologist were able to make out the height, ethnicity, sex and age. Summary of Findings Sex The sex of the skeleton was analyzed by looking at the skull and the pelvis since both can show a significant difference between males and females. The evidence we acquired lead us in the direction of finding out the bones were from a male. The pelvis helped us acquire most of this information. The pelvis was heart-shaped, suggesting that it belonged to a male. In a male the pelvis is heart-shaped and shows the sacrum and the coccyx, while in a female the pelvis is typically...
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...The identification of pit bulls states that bully breed dogs makes it difficult for even experts to visually identify them as distinct. Mixed breed dogs are often often labeled as pit bulls, if they have certain physical characteristics such as a square shaped head or bulky body type. Visual identification of mixed breed dogs is not recommended by the scholarly community, some of the breeds which often get mistaken for pit bulls which are not genetically a pit bull. Breed specific legislation of pit bulls states that pit bull attacks in popular media have resulted in the enactment of breed-specific legislation. Some cases breed specific bans have been reserved or prohibited by state legislation. Courts in the US and Canada have ruled that expert identification, when using published breed standards, is sufficient for the enforcement of breed-specific legislation. Pit bulls are famous for their roles. They are famous as soldiers, police dogs, search and rescue dogs, actors...
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...OSTEOGENSIS Intramembranous ossification * Mesenchymal cells differentiate to form osteoblasts * Osteoblasts begin secreting a matrix * Osteoblasts become trapped in the lacunae * Osteoblasts differentiate and form osteocytes * More osteoblasts are produced, thus move outward * Eventually, osteon, compact bone is formed *Mention endosteum around spongy bone Ex: dermal bones, flat bones in skull, sesamoid Endochondral ossification * First Hyaline cartilage model is formed - Mesenchymal cells differentiate to form -Chondroblasts - Chondroblasts begin secreting a matrix - Chondroblast become Chondrocytes trapped in lacunae - Cartilage model is formed surrounded by perichondrium * Endochondral Bone Development * Blood vessels in perichondrium bring in osteoblast to form periosteum collar * Perichondrium turns into Periosteum * Hypertrophy (cell enlargement) and death of cartilage cells occur at primary ossification center * Bone begins to replace dead cartilage (osteoblast form spicules) * Formation of secondary ossification center in epiphysis * Bone replaces cartilage * Hyaline cartilage remains at epipysial plate and articular surfaces for life Ex: long bones (appendages) Sliding Filament Theory 1. Motor neuron releases Acetylcholine (ACH) at the neuromuscular junction. 2. Sarcolemma receives ACH and spreads an action potential (AP). 3. AP travels down the T -tubules...
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...and Phrenology To evaluate the outward appearance of the body and to read the mental and moral capacities of the person. Leaders of all 4 of these movements were highly educated. A. Physiognomy and facial observation –from greek, physio = nature, nomen = judge, judgement of human nature. Believed you could judge one’s mental and moral character by looking at one’s face. A ton of phrases today still show the judgement of character based solely on face (high brow, snooty, shifty eyed). 1. Giovanni Battista della Porta, Italy, De Humana Physiognomia (1586) –wrote first book on physiognomy. Porta was in Naples, Italy, a scientist and mathematician. Based his ideas on animal characteristics. In his book, he compared certain human faces to certain animal characteristics, and then associated the characteristics of the animal to the human. 2. Johann Lavater (1741-1801), Germany, Von der Physiognomik (1772) –Popularizes physiognomy, from Zurich, Switzerland, and then moved to Germany. Trained as a pastor. Makes physiognomy a science, through the publication of his work, “essays on physiognomy”. In the book, he laid out 100 physiognomy rules, where a look is associated with a trait. 3. General theory –The belief that mental and moral traits (character) can be determined and judged by one’s outward facial structure (their appearance and expressions). One trained in physiognomy could diagnose character by analyzing the face. 4. Samuel R. Wells, New York, New Physiognomy, or, Signs...
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...the scientific community. Exactly when and from which ancestry our species evolved is a topic of speculation that many disagree on. What most in the scientific community can almost unanimously agree on is that homo-sapiens did indeed evolve from lesser beings. There is no shortage of fossil record indicating evolution as a force in this world’s early progression. The real debate begins with when humans arrived in the fossil record themselves. The function of this essay will be to first designate which characteristics define and distinguish humans from other animals and in particular other primates. Second it will serve to discuss the earliest fossil records of humanity and their significance scientifically. These conclusions will seek to provide a viable definition for the above posed question of the evolutionary root of homo-sapiens. In order to determine when humans first began showing up in fossil records one must assign humans recognizable and unique characteristics that can distinguish them from other primates that may have been similar in appearance and structure to homo-sapiens’ early ancestors. Prior to that designation though, one must ascertain why the distinction must be made at all. Why must a clear distinction be made from other primates and not from early reptiles or other mammals? The answer lies in the now acceptable fact that humans and primates share a common ancestor. Adolph Schultz, formerly of John Hopkins University, stated, “Today there can be...
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