...1. Define food chain and food web A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food. eg: A hawk eats a snake, which has eaten a frog, which has eaten a grasshopper, which has eaten grass. A food web shows the many different paths plants and animals are connected. eg: A hawk might also eat a mouse, a squirrel, a frog or some other animal. 2. Food Chains * Plants - mice - badgers - bobcats * Plants - mule deer - mountain lion * Algae - otocinclus catfish - osprey * Algae - mosquito larva - dragonfly larva - fish – racoon * Fruits - monkeys - monkey-eating eagle * Grass - antelope - tiger - vulture * Grass - cow - man * Grass - deer - eagle * Grass - earthworms - bird - snake * Grass - grasshopper - frog - snake - eagle * Grass - prairie dogs - coyotes * Grass - rabbit - snake - owl - hawk * Grass - snail - bird - fox What Is Digestion? Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process also involves creating waste to be eliminated. The digestive tract (or gastrointestinal tract) is a long twisting tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is made up of a series of muscles that coordinate the movement of food and other cells that produce enzymes and hormones to aid in the breakdown of food. Along the way are three other organs that are needed for digestion: the liver, gallbladder...
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...substitute II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Marang (Artocarpus ordorotissimus) peelings as hardiflex – like Ethyl alcohol from ripe banana peelings Rat killer extract from tuble roots Fuel briquettes from dried banana leaves and waste papers Coconut sheath substitute of abaca fiber Commercial glue from Talisay resin Butter derive from marang (Artocarpus odoratissima) seed Marang seeds as alternative source for commercial flour 02 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. V. Compendium of investigatory studies Basic geological concepts Maps and compass Rocks and fire Fungus Puccinia graminis as mycoherbicide 03 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. Sea cucumber (Cucumaria miniamata) as a potential source of leather Fiberglass from Apitong sap (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus) Rat killer extract from tuble roots Tetrodotoxin from bile of puffer (Sphoeroides maculates) as a potential source of stem borer pesticide V. VI. VII. VIII. Glue out of cigarette filer and acetone Roof sealant out of Styrofoam and gasoline Radical pesticide from garongin Chaetomorpha aerea a potential source of biogas 04 Investigatory projects I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Sawdust as an alternative source for corkboard Woodcraft from banana peduncle Lumber from carabao manure Herbal leaves produced herbal ointment The wonder of Cobong plant Cyperus Esculenta Cassaw-dustenta as decorative Newsaw – Casco as Décor The potential of black plastic bag as heat enhancer for guso solar dryer 05 Investigatory...
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...CHRISTIAN LIVING EDUCATION 9 Saint Vincent’s Academy, Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (PDP) Submitted by: Maria Jamaica C. Cosenillo Grade 9 San Pedro Calungsod Submiited to: Mr.Joel P. Celosia Subject Teacher A.SELF EVALUATION Items | 1(Always) | 2(Almost Always) | 3(Often) | 4(Seldom) | 5(Never) | 1. I pay attention to the counsels and the correction of my parents. | | * | | | | 2. I express my disagreement with my parents and teachers politely. | | | * | | | 3. I accept my shortcomings humbly without blaming others. | | | * | | | 4. I take moral and religious education in school seriously. | * | | | | | 5. I take mischievous actions and ill-well to my peers | | | * | | | 6. I accept bad influences from my peers, feeling the hesitation inside. | * | | | | | 7. I take delights in teasing and or bullying somebody. | | | | * | | 8. I entertain malicious and lustful thoughts. | | | | * | | 9. I enjoy reading smut newspapers and magazines and watching sexy and ex-rated films. | | | | | * | 10. I welcome thrills in trying vicious and extremely dangerous games. | | | | | * | 11. I attend bible study and I share religious or spiritual experiences zealously. | | | | | * | 12. I keep a workable faith in God rather than a nominal faith. | * | | | | | 13. I promote clean and green environment in my community. |...
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...ANGELICUM COLLEGE Quezon City An Investigatory Project: Charcoal Leaves as an alternative for cooking Presented to: Ms. Rowelyn Molina In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Physics Submitted by: Christine Siatan Edbal Cajilig Laura Coronel Tristan Yapchiongco Japeth Mendoza Ericka Dizon Gabriel Cabacungan Jetrix Jose Abstract Dried leaves are the main material in the project. The purpose of doing the project is to find an alternative if the ordinary is not available. And the researchers need to find a sufficient and a good alternative so people will not buy charcoal, instead they will do it on their house and cook their own food using this dried leaves charcoal. Flour, water and dried leaves are the main materials of the dried leaves charcoal. To make it: First, burn a three plastic bags of dried leaves until it turn into ashes. Then, put it on a container and put a half cup of water (depends o how many ashes). Put flour and mix it carefully after that mold it to any shape and get the blower or put it on a hot surface. After it dries. The charcoal is now ready to be used. The researchers found out that dried leaves charcoal is a good alternative if the ordinary charcoal is not available. And both the charcoals produce same heat but don’t fire up at the same rate. But both of it can cook food, has the same color of fire and has any size. But you need many dried leaves charcoal to cook food Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ...
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...Fuel from the Fields Charcoal Fuel from the Fields charcoal is an inexpensive, clean-burning, environmentally friendly alternative cooking fuel that is made from agricultural waste materials and thus does not lead to deforestation. This instruction sheet explains how to make Fuel from the Fields charcoal; the process can and should be adapted to your local environment. We encourage you to experiment and let us know your results (you can email us at charcoal@mit.edu) 1 Elements for making Charcoal The main step in making Fuel from the Fields charcoal is carbonization, which requires three things: dry organic material (also called biomass), heat, and control of the amount of oxygen. The biomass may be any of a variety of agricultural waste materials including: corncobs, sugarcane waste (bagasse), millet stalks, groundnut shells, palm leaves or bamboo. It must be very dry in order to burn properly. The heat is generated by setting the biomass on fire, and the oxygen-free environment is created by sealing the drum with sand or soil. The carbonized material is then crushed, mixed with a binder, and then made into briquettes. Biomass Heat Oxygen Control 2 1. Preparing the Kiln A 55 gallon oil drum can be used as a kiln to make charcoal Cut a large opening for filling Cut several holes in the the kiln with the material you bottom of the drum. These want to carbonize. holes allow air to flow through the drum while burning, which results in a hotter fire...
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...of necessary raw plant materials and processing them into sprays was laborious and time consuming. When Mr. Prakrit first heard about wood vinegar in 2000 he was intrigued. Compelled by the idea of a natural by-product of charcoal production that can control pests and diseases of crops, he bought his first bottle. Having used the product, Mr. Prakrit was pleased with the ease of mixing and application. Ultimately, after observing much fewer insect pests and fungal diseases on his crops, he became convinced of the effectiveness of wood vinegar. Not long afterwards, Mr. Prakrit became self sufficient in producing both charcoal and wood vinegar with a 200-liter horizontal drum kiln. He has been an advocate of wood vinegar ever since. Wood vinegar (pryoligneous liquor) is rapidly gaining acceptance as an essential Asian natural farming input. Reported agricultural use as a fertilizer and growth-promoting agent goes back to the 1930s, making the product a relatively new innovation. Uses of Wood Vinegar According to Thailand’s Department of Agriculture, wood vinegar has the following broad benefits: • Improvement of soil quality • Elimination of pests • Plant growth control; being able to accelerate the development of roots, stems, tubers, leaves, flowers, and fruit • Used to increase amounts of fruit produced in orchards Dr. Arnat Tancho at Mae Jo University also reports that wood vinegar can be applied to the soil surface to help increase the population of...
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...KINGSFORD CHARCOAL ASSIGNMENT (10 Points) 1. The Kingsford Charcoal case takes place in July 2001. 2. Kingsford’s primary competitor is gas grills. Most people do not want or have the time to spend on getting charcoal ready for grilling; therefore, the concept of convenience, greater control over cooking temperature, shorter cooking times, and ease of clean-up makes the selling points for gas grilling. 3. The two ways for Kingsford to determine variables that segment the market, they are heavy Kingsford users and gas grill users. The “heavy” Kingsford users can be segmented into “Regular Exclusive”, “Instant Acceptor”, and “Instant Exclusive” (Exhibit 9). Gas grillers can be segmented into “own gas only grills” or “owns both”. 4. SWOT Analysis example for Kingsford would looks like: a. Strength: Established brand b. Weakness: Advertising budget c. Opportunity: Number of US grilling events have more than doubled since 1987 d. Threat: Increasing trend of gas grills shipments (Exhibit 5). 5. Use Exhibit #10 and compare the 4 scenarios below: a. The pricing scenario that resulted in the smallest reduction in dollar sales is the “Minimum (2.5%) Blue Bag Pricing Increase” (#2). b. The amount of the smallest decrease in dollar sales is $1,110. c. The pricing scenario that resulted in the greatest increase in profits is the “Total Line pricing (5%) Increase”. d. The amount of the greatest increase in profits is $1,870. 6. Kingsford...
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...Kingsford Charcoal Unit 4 12/1/2010 1. Given your analysis of the Kingsford case, what are (or reasonably could be) the key drivers impacting the observed trend towards declining growth rates in recent years? How would you prioritize these issues? Make sure that you include your rationale in your answer? There are many reasons that are leading to a decline in growth rate of the entire charcoal category in the years leading up to 2000 and 2001. The biggest reason and the toughest for Kingsford to combat is the gas grill. The perception of gas grilling as easier, faster, and almost the same taste as charcoal grilling has hampered the charcoal category. With the emphasis on “green” living and environmental consciousness, charcoal and charcoal production and its negative effect on the environment, is another reason people are turning to gas grilling. Gas grill shipments grew 8 percent in 2000, while charcoal grill shipments dropped 3 percent over the same time period. Gas grill shipments have increased each year from 1997 through 2000. Charcoal grills only increased one of those years. It is very unlikely Kingsford can reverse this trend. They must strive to slow gas grill usage and remind the grilling public about the advantages of charcoal grilling; better taste, it is a true grilling experience, and the fact that certain charcoal products like Matchlight, are almost as quick as gas grilling. Kingsford has a unique advantage in the entire grilling population;...
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...White coal is a form of fuel produced by drying chopped wood over a fire. It differs from charcoal which is carbonised wood. White coal was used in England to smelt lead ore from the mid-sixteenth to the late seventeenth centuries. It produces more heat than green wood but less than charcoal and thus prevents the lead evaporating.[1] White coal could be used mixed with charcoal for other industrial uses than lead smelting.[2] White coal was produced in distinctive circular pits with a channel, known as Q-pits. They are frequently found in the woods of South Yorkshire. Nowadays white coal is made from [3] * Groundnut shells * Cotton hulls and salks * Castor seed shells * Forest leaves; wood chips and shavings * Sugarcane bagasse * Rice husk and paddy straw * Mustard waste * Coir dust * Coffee husk * Sunflower waste * Maize stalks * Bajra cobs * Sesame seeds oil cake * Wheat straw Benefits of white coal:[4][5][6] * White coal is cheaper than coal and fire wood. * There is no sulphur in the white coal, therefore no toxic gases. * Moisture content is nil. * Biomass briquettes have a higher practical thermal value. * Briquettes have consistent quality, have high burning efficiency, and are ideally sized for complete combustion. * Combustion is more uniform compared to coal and boiler response to changes in steam requirements is faster, due to higher quantity of volatile matter in briquettes. *...
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...Coconut Charcoal . Charcoal is the dark grey residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen. The resulting soft, brittle, lightweight, black, material resembles coal. It has been used since the earliest times for a range of purposes including art and medicine, but by far its most important use has been as a metallurgical fuel. Prior to the industrial revolution charcoal was occasionally used as a cooking fuel. Philippines is the Top 1 among the coconut producing countries. For coconut is abundant in our country, it is popular for its culinary purposes, commercial, industrial, and household uses, and medical applications. Coconut shells with husks are used to buff wooden floors, making it clean and shiny (free from dusts). Here in the Philippines, it is known as “bunot”. The husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a source of charcoal. Coconut shells/husks are usually left around and are considered wastes besides making them into husks. To get benefits from them, by a primitive process, they can be produced to charcoal which can be an alternative fuel especially for cooking. . The study aims to produce charcoal using coconut (Cocos nucifera) fibers. Specifically, it seeks to find answers for the following questions: 1. How much charcoal can be produced from the coconut...
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...Charcoal Leaves “CHARCOAL LEAVES” PROMOTIONAL TITLE “THE FEASIBILITY OF DRIED LEAVES” SCIENTIFIC TITLE Presented by: LANCE J.SANTOS ABSTRACT Dried leaves are the main material in the project. The purpose of doing the project is to find an alternative if the ordinary is not available. And the researchers need to find a sufficient and a good alternative so people will not buy charcoal, instead they will do it on their house and cook their own food using this dried leaves charcoal. Flour, water and dried leaves are the main materials of the dried leaves charcoal. To make it. First, burn a three plastic bags of dried leaves until it turn into ashes. Then, put it on a container and put a half cup of water (depends o how many ashes). Put flour and mix it carefully after that mold it to any shape and get the blower or put it on a hot surface. After it dries. The charcoal is now ready to be used. The researchers found out that dried leaves charcoal is a good altervantive if the ordinary charcoal is not available. And both the charcoals produce same heat but don’t fire up at the same rate. But both of it can cook food, has the same color of fire and has any size. But you need many dried leaves charcoal to cook food. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The success of the project is not possible without the support of the followig. First to Our Almighty God for guiding ang giving the researchers’ knowledge. Second, to the researchers’ supportive parents for their finance and working place. Third...
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...(Swietenia macrophylla) LEAVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF CHARCOAL” Objective: to make an alternative charcoal. Statement of the Problem: 1. What ratio of mahogany leaves and other materials will be used in making charcoal? 2. Which trial will the best charcoal are produced in terms of its performance? 3. Is there a significant difference between the charcoal made from mahogany leaves and commercial charcoal in terms of performance? 4. What are the environmental implications of the charcoal produced from mahogany leaves? Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the charcoal produced from mahogany leaves and the commercial charcoal in terms of performance. Background of the study: One small field of mahogany leaves can make an alternative charcoal. These materials can, however, be used to produce fuel for heating and cooking. The discarded plant material is naturally rich in carbon, which like wood chunks can be used in to make homemade charcoal. Making your own charcoal can reduce dependence on fossil fuels, make heating and cooking cheaper and reduce the waste in landfills. Charcoal will go further if it is used efficiently and if its quality is optimum for the particular end use. Charcoal quality can be specified and measured in various ways which are usually derived from the various end use requirements. Efficiency in use normally means transferring the maximum amount of the heat content of the charcoal to the object to be heated...
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...THE USE OF BIOMASS WASTES TO FABRICATE CHARCOAL SUBSTITUTES IN KENYA Feasibility Study forming part of the Shell Foundation-supported project on charcoal briquetting in Kenya March 2004 Chardust Ltd. P.O. Box 24371 Nairobi and Spectrum Technical Services P.O. Box 69993 Nairobi Executive Summary This study was designed by Chardust Ltd. and implemented jointly by Chardust and Spectrum Technical Services, a Nairobi-consulting firm. The aim was to determine the viability of producing briquetted charcoal fuel from biomass wastes in Kenya. The study was funded by the Shell Foundation and conducted over a two month period in late 2003. The viability of producing fuel commercially from biomass wastes was assessed from four perspectives: (a) Availability: Existence and accessibility of biomass in bulk, preferably with no competing uses. The study began with a list of 28 potential wastes, which was narrowed down to 20 and then to just ten, according to a ranking system based upon basic availability and accessibility. (b) Conversion Potential: Physical suitability for drying, carbonisation and briquetting. Samples of the ten short-listed wastes were sourced and delivered to Chardust in Nairobi, where production trials were carried out. Based on these trials, a ranking system was devised for comparing the wastes in terms of their suitability for fuel production. (c) Fuel Quality: Energy value and general performance of fabricated fuel. The third part of the study comprised...
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...Fuel from the Fields Charcoal B a c k g r o u n d More than 2 billion people use wood, charcoal, dung or agricultural residues as the primary fuel for their cooking and heating needs, leading to significant health, economic and environmental consequences. Burning wood or agricultural residues produces smoke with a variety of irritant pollutants, some of which are known carcinogens. More than 1.5 million deaths a year are caused by acute respiratory infections from breathing smoke from indoor cooking fires. Women and children are generally exposed to the greatest levels of pollutants and it is children who suffer the greatest health risk – respiratory infections are the leading cause of death of young children worldwide. Small-scale subsistence farmers who make less than US$2 per day may use wood charcoal for cooking fuel. In areas where wood is scarce and farmers are not able to collect it themselves, the cost of cooking fuel is a significant drain on their limited resources. An estimated 50 billion hours are spent collecting firewood each year and families can spend over 25% of their income on fuel, leaving them with less income to cover other basic needs such as medicine, food and clean water. For comparison, even the poorest 20% of the U.S. population spends only 1% of their income on energy for their household. In the year 2000, indoor air pollution from solid fuel use was responsible for more than 1.6 million annual deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease. -World...
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...Charcoal is a light, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen (see char and biochar). It is usually an impure form of carbon as it contains ash; however, sugarcharcoal is among the purest forms of carbon readily available, particularly if it is not made by heating but by a dehydration reaction withsulfuric acid to minimise the introduction of new impurities, as impurities can be removed from the sugar in advance. The resulting soft, brittle, lightweight, black, porous material resembles coal. Subtitle: A Boise State University study proves that low-energy feedstocks can be densified and when combusted produce heat output comparable to higher energy content fuels. By Owen McDougal, Seth Eidemiller, Nick Weires. November 23, 2010 By the way, according to one of those online dictionaries, “feedstock” refers to “the raw material that is required for an industrial process.“ Intro Research at Boise State University in Idaho, explored both the caloric content and shape to optimize burn efficiency of the biobriquettes. The energy content of briquettes ranged from 4.48 to 5.95 kilojoule per gram (kJ/g) depending on composition, whereas the energy content of sawdust, charcoal and wood pellets ranged from 7.24 to 8.25 kJ/g. Biobriquettes molded into a hollow-core...
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