...by focusing on certain theories. This chapter opens up with the two competing perspectives of these potential relationships. The first is seeing population growth as a negative force, putting pressure on fixed or limited resources, eventually leading to an increase in poverty. Malthus backs up this negative relationship perspective with the law of diminishing returns. Diminishing returns will occur when population growth increases and, in a fixed environment, a point is reached, causing the output to diminish gradually. Diminishing returns will cause for poverty, while the fixed, limited resources will level off. Malthus argues that population growth is determined by the growth of the economy. The Malthusian model demonstrates population checks, keeping the fate of the population in the hands of...
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...executive branch, and in response, both the judicial and legislative branches have imposed the proper checks and balances via court rulings and newly legislated limitations. In modern American politics, many question the Constitutional legitimacy of various executive actions taken by the most recent presidents. However, the expansion of presidential power is certainly not unique to Presidents Bush or Obama. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, presidents have gradually increased their powers in response to wars, terrorism, and congressional gridlock, among other things. Furthermore, the broad definition of the executive branch’s duties found in the second article of the Constitution has led to contradicting interpretations about the proper applications of the executive powers. As...
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...What is the role of the accountant? There are many things that make a business successful whether it is the quality of the product/service that is provided, the advertising and marketing of a business or the reputation that a firm has built up, but for any business to run smoothly it is fundamental that the accounts are correct, well kept and provide the essential financial information in order for a business to see what sort of financial position it is in and for directors or people who run the business to make important financial decisions to ensure the survival of a business. The function of accounting allows a company to keep records of all its financial history and allows the organisation make decisions based on the information. A well known definition of accounting is ‘The process of indentifying, measuring, and communicating economics information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information’ (Wood, 2008, p.332). It is all based around the provision of financial information about a business entity to the financial decision makers of the business. It is also a legal requirement for businesses especially private limited and public limited companies to provide precise figures in their books and accounts in order to prove they are not committing fraud. Therefore the role of the accountant is highly significant and businesses must ensure they employ adept accountants to keep the day-to-day running of a business’s finances, accounts and books in good...
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...Constraints of PM ✓ * Theories of Executive Power ✓ * PM V Cabinet ✓ * Parliament * Functions of Parliament ✓ * What are they? * How effective are they? * Powers of Parliament ✓ * What are they? * How effective are they? * Parliamentary Reform ✓ * What are they? * How effective are they? * Relationship between Parliament and Government ✓ * Factors that affect it * How the coalition affects it Constitution: 2 Types of Constitution * Codified & Uncodified Codified Constitution * Constitution where the rules are written down in a single document. Example could be the USA. Creates a series of checks and balances for government, and also a separation of powers. Creates entrenchment, and is rigid (difficult to amend), and this prevents the executive from changing the constitution for its own benefit. * Are judiciable, in that being a legal document, the judiciary has the ultimate authority to define the interpretation of constitutional reform. Advantages –...
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...Coverage in the U.S. during the 20th century? Fiona Nelson-Lafuse ENG122 Emily Fancy 18th February 2013 INTRODUCTION The topic question for this research paper is, “Most developed countries have universal health coverage. Why doesn’t the United States have universal health coverage? There have been repeated attempts by many different legislators over the past 150 years to introduce some form of universal health coverage to this country; and given the successive failures, it seems crucial to investigate early American history to uncover the origins of this steadfast resistance to universal health coverage; and gain an understanding of the impact those early citizens have had from the time of the Constitution on down through subsequent generations in their quest to keep universal health care off the legislative table. Despite the fact that the Constitution does not explicitly provide for universal healthcare, and there has been constant resistance to any attempts to bring it in, during the period 1900 - 1920, it seemed likely universal health coverage would pass into law – then at the last moment it failed. In the period between 1902 and 1965, 19 attempts were made to push universal health care coverage into legislation; and before this paper moves on to examine the role of social, political and commercial interests in these failures, it is important to consider the role of early American history in molding 19th and 20th century American attitudes towards...
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...Capital One is a very well-known brand. When thinking of Capital One brand, one would immediately think of credit cards. Capital One has become so big that they offer Automobile and Mortgage Loans, bank account and of Course Credit Cards. One of their credit card options is the Capital One Venture Card. There are two types of Venture Cards, one with an annual fee of $59 which will net you 2X the miles for every dollar you spend, and the Venture One Card which does not have an annual fee but it only offers you 1.25 miles per dollar spent (CreditCardGuru, 2015). Their celebrity endorser is currently Jennifer Garner. In today’s market, Capital One Venture Card is very much a big part of society. People don’t always like to carry cash, especially large amounts. With a credit card, purchases can be made without the fear of losing money from your pocket or water. If you make a purchase with a credit card you have the security of knowing a guarantee is in place of being able to return it should anything go wrong, such as fraudulent activity, especially good if you ordered on-line. Also, credit cards are great if you can pay them off each month; this will help increase your credit score with any or all of the three major credit reporting companies. Having a good credit score is key to obtaining a mortgage, car or personal loan and credit cards! Capital One is a brand we, as consumers, know we can trust. They have been around for years; we know there is hardly any chance of the company...
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...it is a lack of determination, a lack of goals, and a lack of reward. In the past the American dream has driven people to do great things. The promise that if they work hard, don’t make people angry, and have a little bit of luck; they too can rise to the top of the American royalty. New money. Back in the day that was a distasteful word, but to many it was the hope that kept them running when times got bad, when all hope was lost. Today Americans have lost sight of what and who they are. They let politicians behind closed doors make their choices for them. They blindly follow in the footsteps of their parents not thinking for themselves. Education, something that was such a near and dear goal in the minds of many people in the early 20th century, has now fallen on the back burner. Greed. Corruption. All of it has poisoned our once great country. Now we’re billions of dollars in debt, our youth is parading around with their pants hanging around their knees. What American needs is not spending cuts, defense cuts, gay marriage, or gun restrictions. Yes many of those are important, but they are not what we need to pull through hard times. We need a resurgence of culture. We need the identity that we no longer have. Foreign countries look on us with disgust. Our brutish, and crude way of living is disgusting; when America was first founded, back when we knew who we were, back when we had something to fight for European countries looked at us with a sense of awe. The first colony to...
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...Labor Unions — Are They Still Relevent Labor Unions were formed in the mid-19th century in response to the changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution. The labor unions were established to help workers with low pay, unsafe working conditions and long hours—to name a few. Their main goal was to ensure that all working people were treated justly in the work force. “Working people have a lot of concerns in this economy. They want decent pay. They want benefits. And of course they want job security. All the reasons why they need union representation” (Crane, 2012). Is that statement still true today? Do labor unions want the best for the working person or are unions another example of something good gone bad? Many people believe Labor Unions were essential in the 19th century but now with government oversight and business practices, unions are no longer required. Labor Unions Needed Agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions during the Industrial Revolution. As the revolution progressed, business moved from a mom-and-pop model to a machine-and-factory production model. Families quickly moved from the rural areas to the cities. They hoped to improve their standard of living. This meant ever member of the family had to work, regardless of sex or age. People worked for long hours for low wages, in dangerous and repetitive conditions, and with little-to-no job...
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...satellites, launch vehicles and advanced information and communication systems. Boeing also operates the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. 4. Boeing outsource some of their manufacturing to national and foreign suppliers and assemble and manufacture in their Everett plant in Washington. 5. Boeing aggressively advertises its Commercial Airplanes' and run a special television add on Memorial Day to honor veterans. 6. A TV ad on Memorial Day as a reminder of their military involvement and advertise their commercial airplanes worldwide in many major financial and aviation trade publications. 7. The company emphasizes TV and magazine advertising. 8. History of the company (When was the company founded and by whom?) During the 20th century, five companies charted the course of aerospace history in the United...
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...some form of…‘super-majority’” (Flinders, 2005). Recent episodes of reform include the emergence of devolution in Scotland and Wales, the introduction of the Fixed-Term Parliament Act and suggestions of reforming the House of Lords. An uncodified constitution means that power to change the constitution as if amending other laws is available to the UK Government. Thus, it is very easy for Parliament to make changes to the operation of UK politics. In other countries, such as the USA, each act of the legislature has to adhere to the constitution, and is checked by the Supreme Court. “Constitutional review is used to counter tyranny… securing political and human rights, as well as preserving democracy” (La Porta et al., 2003). Without this check upon Parliament, the government has power to...
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...Much of the 18th and 19th century’s jurisprudence field was ruled by the positivist school of thought - unseating the natural law theories of the time, with its clear separation of law and morality coupled with empirical methods. The 20th century however, saw a huge of interest again in the natural law theory. American legal philosopher, Lon Fuller who was “an outsider within the intellectual climate of mid-twentieth century legal philosophy” today, stands as “the leading natural lawyer” at the forefront of it. However, despite seeming to conform to natural law thinkers, Nicholson claims that Fuller’s “natural law terminology should not be allowed to obscure his originality”. He eschews the Christian doctrines normally present in natural law, and instead presents a more procedural approach to marry the ideas of morality and law. This essay will explore his claims - namely the “internal morality of law”, its moral authority and also further the argument that posits the inherent intertwine of law and morality is correct and necessary as the first line of defence against evil regimes and as a check and balance to ensure government accountability. Fuller’s Internal Morality of Law For context, it’s worth noting what Fuller believes as the purpose of law - that it is a purposive “enterprise of subjecting human conduct to the governance of rules”. Fuller begins by introducing two types of moralities - the morality of duty and aspiration. He describes the two using “an imaginary...
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...Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos "excellent," and κράτος kratos "power") is a form of government in which a few elite citizens rule.[1] The term derives from the Greek aristokratia, meaning "rule of the best".[2] In origin in Ancient Greece, it was conceived of as rule by the best qualified citizens, and contrasted with monarchy. In later times, aristocracy was usually seen as rule by a privileged group (the aristocratic class), and contrasted withdemocracy.[1] ------------------------------------------------- Concept The concept evolved in Ancient Greece, whereby a council of famous citizens was commonly used and contrasted with direct democracy in which a council of male citizens was appointed as their "senate". The Greeks did not like the concept of monarchy, and as their democratic system fell, aristocracy was upheld.[1] In Rome, the Republic consisted of an aristocracy as well as consuls, a senate, and a tribal assembly. Later, aristocracies primarily consisted of an elitearistocratic class, privileged by birth and often by wealth. Since the French Revolution, aristocracy has generally been contrasted with democracy, in which all citizens hold some form of political power. However this distinction is often oversimplified. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes describes an aristocracy as a commonwealth in which the representative of the citizens is an assembly by part. Simply put, a government when only a certain part of the general public can...
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...One could argue, it is common sense that generally variety, and of course the variety of knowledge perspectives, highly contribute to the optimization, if not the integration of a task, and of course shared knowledge. That is mainly because, the variety of knowledge perspectives, give new and alternative options as well as opportunities, and therefore possibilities for the whole pursuit process; to check, adjust and amend individual contributions and thus add to the body of the knowledge that already exists (Ref A-pg.17). Additionally we have to consider the zone of exchange which is created from varieties of personal and shared knowledge, as well as dialectics which are triggered inside the zones of...
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...BANKING IN INDIA Banking in India originated in the first decade of 18th century. The first banks were, The General Bank of India, which started in 1786, and Bank of Hindustan, both of which are now defunct. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the "The Bank of Bengal" in Calcutta in June 1806. This was one of the three presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras. The presidency banks were established under charters from the British East India Company. They merged in 1925 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which, upon India's independence, became the State Bank of India. For many years the Presidency banks acted as quasi-central banks, as did their successors. The Reserve Bank of India formally took on the responsibility of regulating the Indian banking sector from 1935. After India's independence in 1947, the Reserve Bank was nationalized and given broader powers. Early history The first fully Indian owned bank was the Allahabad Bank, established in 1865. However, at the end of late-18th century, there were hardly any banks in India in the modern sense of the term. The American Civil War stopped the supply of cotton to Lancashire from the Confederate States. Promoters opened banks to finance trading in Indian cotton. With large exposure to speculative ventures, most of the banks opened in India during that period failed. The depositors lost money and lost interest in keeping deposits...
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...The UK response to corporate governance Divergence Of Interests The objective of this paper is to explore the adequacy of the UK response to corporate governance by examining the relationship between the various factions within a company. Corporate governance essentially concerns the reconciliation of interests between the owners (shareholders) and the operators (management) of a company. By the dawn of the 20th Century, the board of directors were being perceived as an independent organ of the company rather than as mere agents of the shareholders who acted on their instructions. A further divergence of interests resulted from the increased trade of publically listed companies, resulting in further geographical spread of shareholders whose shares were likely to be smaller. This made the link between ownership and management more remote and harder to govern. Varying share sizes also meant that an inequality of voting rights between shareholders presented further problems, which are not present in company structures where the ownership and control are vested in the same people. This separation of shareholders (owners), from the management (directors), resulted in what has been dubbed the ‘agency problem'. The directors of the company are managers of the shareholders' capital, rather than their own; this therefore presents an obvious threat to shareholder's interests, since directors may well act in their own interests and not that of the shareholders. Berle and Means observed...
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