...Chapter 2: Chemistry and molecules of life -Homeostasis- The maintenance of an internal environment -Energy- The ability to do work -Metabolism- Chemical reactions in a cell that allows it to use energy -Element- A chemically pure substance that cannot not be broken down -Matter- anything that takes of space -Atom- smallest unit of an element -Proton- positively charged particle inside nucleus -Electron- negatively charged particle around nucleus -Neutron- uncharged particle inside nucleus -Nucleus- core of an atom -Covalent Bond- strong bond from the sharing of electrons between two atoms -Molecule- atoms together by covalent bond -Organic Molecule- carbon based molecule with at least one C-H bond -Inorganic Molecule- lacks carbon and C-H bond -Carbohydrate- organic molecule made up of sugars -Protein- organic molecule made up of amino acid -Lipids- organic molecule that repels water -Nucleic Acids- organic molecule made of nucleotides DNA/RNA -Macromolecules- organic molecules made up of living organisms (carbohydrates,protiens,nucleic acids) -Monomer- one chemical subunit -Polymer- molecule made up of individual subunits -Monosaccharide- monomer of a carbohydrate -Amino Acid- monomer of a protein -Nucleotide- monomer of a nucleic acid -Cell- basic structure of living organisms -Phospholipid- lipid that forms a cell membrane -Phospholipid Bilayer- double layer lipid that characterizes biological...
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..._____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE UNIT 1. FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMSITRY Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Applications of Chemistry • Energy and the Environment • Fossil fuels • Solar energy • Nuclear energy Health and Medicine • Sanitation systems • Surgery with anesthesia • Vaccines and antibiotics Materials and Technology • Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals • Room-temperature superconductors? • Molecular computing? Food and Agriculture • Genetically modified crops • “Natural” pesticides • Specialized fertilizers • • • Classification of Matter A substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties. An element is a substance that is composed of tiny particles called atoms. A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Compounds can only be separated into their pure components (elements) by chemical means. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities. Physical means can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components. Homogenous mixture – composition of the mixture is the same throughout. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not uniform throughout. 1 |P a g e _____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE PROPERTIES OF MATTER...
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...HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO INDUSTRIAL RELATION: Industrial conflicts are the results of several socio-economic, psychological and political factors. Various lines of thoughts have been expressed and approaches used to explain his complex phenomenon. One observer has stated, “An economist tries to interpret industrial conflict in terms of impersonal markets forces and laws of supply demand. To a politician, industrial conflict is a war of different ideologies – perhaps a class-war. To a psychologist, industrial conflict means the conflicting interests, aspirations, goals, motives and perceptions of different groups of individuals, operating within and reacting to a given socio-economic and political environment”. Psychological approach The problems of IR have their origin in the perceptions of the management, unions and the workers. The conflicts between labour and management occur because every group negatively perceives the behaviour of the other i.e. even the honest intention of the other party so looked at with suspicion. The problem is further aggravated by various factors like the income, level of education, communication, values, beliefs, customs, goals of persons and groups, prestige, power, status, recognition, security etc are host factors both economic and non-economic which influence perceptions unions and management towards each other. Industrial peace is a result mainly of proper attitudes and perception of the two parties. Sociological approach ...
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... Molecules can be either organic or inorganic. In chemistry terms, organic means a molecule has a carbon backbone, with some hydrogen’s thrown in for good measure. Living creatures are made of various kinds of organic compounds. Inorganic molecules are composed of other elements. They can contain hydrogen or carbon, but if they have both, they are organic. An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; therefore, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and elementary carbon are not organic. An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that is not an organic compound. Inorganic compounds come principally from mineral sources of non-biological origin. The modern definition of inorganic compounds often includes all metal-containing compounds, even those found in living systems. Although most carbon compounds are classed as organic, cyanide salts, carbon oxides and carbonates are usually considered to be inorganic. The terms "organic" and "inorganic," as applied to the various kinds of matter of which the universe is composed, had, to begin with, a very definite signification; the latter being applied to all those forms of matter which exist independently of the operation of living beings, whilst all kinds of matter produced by the vital chemistry of living beings were grouped together under the former title. "Inorganic" Chemistry. At the present day, the term "organic" has...
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...Corrosion is an unavoidable problem that occurs almost everywhere. It can happen when a solid interacts with its environment. Corrosion oxidises metals back to some natural ore. Despite not all corrosion is unwanted, corrosion has become a growing economic concern. Taking an example of what happens in USA, corrosion of metals costs the economy almost $300 billion per year at current prices, which translates to 3-4% of GDP. Besides the economic concern, corrosion may adversely affect the environment. Worse than all those mentioned, corrosion can cause unexpected death from corrosion-related accidents. For example, the sudden collapse caused by corrosion fatigue of the Silver Bridge over the Ohio River in 1967 cost 46 lives on top of the needless-to-say millions of dollars material loss. Therefore, the benefits brought about by corrosion are outweighed by its detriments. The fact is, about 33% of these costs could be diminished by using corrosion-resistant materials. Being defined as the sideways displacement of material from its original position on a solid surface performed by the action of another surface, wear is another mechanical property of materials that materials scientists consider when selecting materials in a design task. In order to be wear-resistant, a material must be hard and strong. The demand for corrosion- and wear- resistant coatings is nowadays rapidly increasing, especially in oil and gas industries. The most common solutions are Hard Cr and Quench-Polish-Quench...
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...ABSTRACT The effect of molecular weight on the rate of diffusion was assessed using two tests: the glass tube test and the agar-water gel test. In the glass tube set-up, two cotton plugs soaked in two different substances (HCl and NH4OH) were inserted into the two ends of the glass tube. The substance with the lighter molecular weight value (NH4OH, M = 35.0459 g/mole) diffused at a faster rate (dAve = 25.8cm), resulting in the formation of a white ring around the glass closer to the side of the heavier substance (HCl, M = 36.4611 g/mole; dAve = 10.8 cm). The agar-water gel set up was composed of a petri dish of agar-water gel containing three wells. Drops of potassium permanganate (KMnO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and methylene blue were simultaneously introduced to each well. Methylene blue, having the largest molecular weight, displayed the smallest diameter (18 mm) and diffused at the slowest rate (0.3668 mm/min.). Thus, the higher the molecular weight, the slower the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION A substance in the gaseous or liquid state consists of molecules or atoms that are independent, rapid, and random in motion. These molecules frequently collide with each other and with the sides of the container. In a period of time, this movement results in a uniform distribution of the molecules throughout the system. This process is called diffusion (Everett and Everett, n.d.). Diffusion occurs naturally, with the net movement of particles flowing from an area...
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...Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process of formation of solid crystals precipitating from a solution, melt or more rarely depositeddirectly from a gas. Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is therefore an aspect ofprecipitation, obtained through a variation of the solubility conditions of the solute in the solvent, as compared to precipitation due to chemical reaction. PROCESS: The crystallization process consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth. Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules dispersed in the solvent start to gather into clusters, on the nanometer scale. The crystal growth is the subsequent growth of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size. Nucleation and growth continue to occur simultaneously while the supersaturation exists. Crystallization in nature There are many examples of natural process that involve crystallization. Geological time scale process examples include: Natural (mineral) crystal formation (see also gemstone); Stalactite/stalagmite, rings formation. Usual time scale process examples include: Snow flakes formation (see also Koch snowflake); Honey crystallization (nearly all types of honey crystallize). Artificial methods For crystallization (see also recrystallization)...
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...Beaver teeth are so sharp that Native Americans once used them as knife blades. Beavers eat tree bark and the soft tissue, that lies beneath the bark. Trees they seem especially fond of are willows, maples, poplars, beeches, birches, alders, and aspens. Mr. Kaiser’s beaver log was hallowed out like a cylinder with pointed ends. This log was accidently placed on the bomb fire and burned which caused physical and chemical reactions and changes. Let’s talk about some of the physical and chemical properties. Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the matter. The beaver’s log had the following physical properties. It was shaped like a cylinder with pointed ends, brown and rough. The beaver ate the bark and the soft tissue in order to receive nourishment. Chemical properties of matter describe its “potential” to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue of its composition. As the beaver log burns, it goes through three phases. The first phase is the evaporation of water. As the wood is heated moisture evaporates quickly consuming heat energy in the process. The second phase is the emission of smoke. As the wood heats up, it starts to smoke. The smoke is the visible result of the destruction of the solid wood as it vaporizes into a cloud of combustible gases. The smoke will burn if the temperature is high enough and oxygen is present. The third and final phase is the charcoal phase. As the fire grows and most...
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...SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE Name:_________________________________________ Year level & Sec.: _______________________________ Part I Science Preferences Direction: Below are list of sciences or subjects in science. Encircle the science that correspond to the science that you prefer most. Aeronautics Anatomy Anthropology Archaeology Astrology Astronautics Astronomy Biochemistry Biology Botany Chemistry Cosmology Ecology Genetics Hydrology Hygiene Metallurgy Microbiology Neurology Optics Physics Part II Science-related Career Choices Direction: Below are list of college courses grouped into basic sciences and applied sciences. Please put a check mark before the course that you prefer most. Basic Sciences _ Chemistry _ Physics _Mathematics _ Biology Applied Sciences _ Agriculture _Geology _Environmental Science _ Computer Science _Mechanical engineering _ Chemical Engineering _ Electronics & Communication Engineering _Computer Engineering _ Mining Engineering _Physics Teaching _Chemistry Teaching _Biology teaching _ Mathematics Teaching _Statistics Part III Factors Influencing Science-related Career Choices Direction: Below are lists of possible factors thought to influence your pursuit of science-related career. Please check the number which corresponds to your perception the extent of influence using the 5 continuum scale wherein: 5- means strongly...
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...Ranitidine: Prices recover after two years After sustained fall in prices from Rs 740 per kg in May 2006 to Rs 490 in Jan-Feb’08, the Ranitidine Hydrochloride prices have rebounded to Rs 700 in fag end of May 2008 Ranitidine HCl belongs to a class of medications, called H2–Blockers used for treatment of ulcers. Ranitidine HCl blocks the action of histamine (acid) on stomach cells thus reducing stomach acid production. Ranitidine HCl is useful in healing of stomach ulcers and reducing ulcer pain and has been effective in preventing ulcer recurrence when given in low doses for prolonged period of time. In doses higher than that used in ulcer treatment, Ranitidine HCl has been helpful in treating heartburn and in healing ulcer and inflammation of the throat resulting from the acid reflects. The product patent for Ranitidine HCl was held by GlaxoSmithkline (GSK) and was marketed under the brand name ‘Zantac’. The product patent for Ranitidine HCl held by GSK expired in 2002. Damand and Supply According to the industry sources, the annual requirement for Ranitidine HCl is around 6000MTPA. India, with around 3600MT of suppy, is the biggest supplier of Ranitidine to the world market. As the production os Ranitidine is very complex, the product is manufactured by few players only. These are; Neuland Laboratories, Shasun Chemicals and Drugs, SMS Pharmaceuticals, Orchev Pharma and Saraca Pharma. Producers in India SMS Pharmaceuticals: Hyderabad based SMS Pharmaceuticals is the largest...
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...Chem 200 (8/28) * Chapter 1 and 2 homework ( paper) turn in next week (wed) pg 217 in lab manual * Quiz 1 in discussion sections next week * Connect homework is live -chapter 1 and 2 due sept 6 * Know common elements and ions-lab manual/syllabus pages 14-16 * Read Chapters for exams Notes Errors in measurements * Radom error: all measurements have some level of random error they can be either positive( measure more than you actually do ) or negative errors( measure less then you usually do ) * Systematic error: always the same direction (either positive or negative) Precision and Accuracy * Precision : how reproducible each measurement is , how close each measurement is to the other measurements * Accuracy : how close the measured values are to the true value. Temperature Conversions (on the exam) Chemical Language * Elements (Na,Cl)- letters of the language * Chemical Formulas (NaCl)- words of the language Water Vs. Hydrogen Peroxide (on the exam) * The use of Hydrogen peroxide: nuclear, bomb, bleach hair,etc * Molecular formula : water: H2O, Hydrogen Peroxide : H2o2 * Empirical Formula: water HO, Hydrogen peroxide: HO * Structural Formula : water HOH, hydrogen peroxide: HOOH quetion: how many atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are present in a single molucule of citric acid C3H5O(CO2H)3 Carbon: 6 Hydrogen :8 Oxygen: 7 Chemical Bonding * Bonds form between atoms when they share electrons *...
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...computerized (font: Times New Roman/font size: 12) Reading assign. Measurement Diff. system of measurement fundamentals and derive quantities scientific notation rules in significant figures conversion of units http://www.hep.man.ac.uk/babarph/babarphysics/physicists.html ) I.1 Science The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. I.2 The Branches of Science The Physical Sciences * Physics: The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. Physicists study such subjects as gravity, light, and time. Albert Einstein, a famous physicist, developed the Theory of Relativity. * Chemistry: The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of matter. The chemist Louis Pasteur, for example, discovered pasteurization, which is the process of heating liquids such as milk and orange juice to kill harmful germs. * Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth Sciences * Geology: The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that it has experienced or is experiencing. * Oceanography: The exploration and study of the ocean. * Paleontology: The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic periods. * Meteorology: The science that deals with the atmosphere...
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...Assignment on Complexity of Human Cell The universe is alive with movement: moons rotating around planets, planets orbiting stars, gaseous rings rotating and expanding, meteors and comets soaring through space at great speeds; and all the while the entire universe are expanding at an accelerated rate. Thankfully for us, it is not a dance of chaos; gravity governs the dance, allowing stars, planets and moons to move coherently to one another. In like manner, there is a vast micro-universe softly humming underneath our skin. As with the seemingly endless varieties of stars, human cells vary in shape and function and there are trillions of them in your body. They carry out the continual demands of the body’s life processes in elegant harmony. The digestive system is just one example of the body’s remarkable ability to assimilate the raw materials from its environment to manufacture all the necessary elements for physiological function. Through digestion, the food you eat every day is broken down into molecules small enough to squeeze through the billions of blood capillaries imbedded in your intestinal wall. The bloodstream circulates these molecules until they enter the intercellular fluid that surrounds the cells. Finally these molecules pass through the cell membranes into the cells. It is here we find a direct connection between what you eat and the health of trillions of cells that make up the human body. Each person begins as a single cell -- a cell structure formed by...
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...Isolation of Alkaline Phosphatase from E. coli Josh Brooks Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McMurry University, Abilene TX 79697 Abstract: In this experiment our goal was to analyze alkaline phosphatase from E. coli .In order to do this the purification of a protein from E. coli many steps were done through multiple weeks of assays. Finally, once the desired protein was pure a Bradford and a gel can be run to be sure that the protein was indeed purified. Introduction: In order to purify the protein many step are needed and the analyte should be evaluated by measuring the concentration and the activity of the protein. Physical and biological properties are used to help determine purity. These factors can be used to distinguish the analyte from other proteins. Located in the periplasmic space, the space between the cytoplasmic member and the outer membrane, alkaline phosphatase is cleaved and provides the cell with inorganic phosphate. To get a large enough sample of alkaline phosphatase the K12 mutant of E. coli is used. This mutant is unregulated in the cell because it lacks a way to control alkaline phosphatase production. Alkaline phosphatase is best used in acidic conditions and is very stable at high temperatures. By taking advantage of these two properties alkaline phosphatase can be isolated from the other proteins in E. coli. The overall goal is to reduce the total amount of protein but increase the specific activity of the desired protein. The experiment...
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...structures have been known to have several functions that include light-energy conversion, nonlinear optics, sensitization2,3, aggregation3, etc.2 Cyanine dyes are particles with a positive charge in its structure delocalized through a string of double bond carbons with amino end groups.1, 2 In this experiment, three solutions of cyanine dyes were studied through spectroscopy. The family of cyanine dyes studied for this experiment were: 1,1’-diethyl-2,2’-cyanine iodide (p = 3), 1,1’-diethyl-2,2’-carbocyanine iodide (p = 5), and 1,1’-diethyl-2,2’-dicarbocyanine iodide (p = 7). The number of carbons in the conjugated carbon chain is noted as “p” in both equation 1 and 2 below. A particle-in-a-box model is a standard model in quantum chemistry that confines conjugated electron movement to the borders of the molecule itself, and models the distance of the conjugated string as the sides of an inelastic box.1 According to Kuhn, the particle-in-a-box model can be used for predicting the wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax) for a series of conjugated dyes.1 It is useful to determine a semi-empirical equation that can be used for a series of dye molecules because this empirical parameter may be adjusted to achieve the best fit to the data.1 The following equation represents the free electron model, which is used for calculating the maximum wavelengths for each dye, on which the empirical parameter, α, is equal to zero: Equation 1: λ (in nm)= 63.7 〖(p+3)〗^2/(p+4) To determine...
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