...GCSE Chemistry Coursework : Rates of Reaction Chemistry Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Strand Sa 2 The Science 2 Variables 2 Temperature 2 Concentration 2 My Prediction 3 Strand Sb 3 Risk Assessment. 3 Preliminary Equipment 4 Preliminary Method 6 Strand C 7 Preliminary Data 7 Main Method 8 Main Results. 9 Strand Ea 9 Problems Encountered when collecting data. 9 Alternate Methods 10 Light Meter 10 Gas Collection 10 Strand Eb 11 Data Analysis 11 Graph Evaluation 11 Strand Ra 12 Secondary Data 1 12 Secondary Data 2 13 Secondary Data 3 14 Strand Rb 15 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Strand Sa The Science In the experiment, I will be testing how increasing the concentration of the reactant affects the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate .Due to Max Trautz’s collision theory, which states that the higher the concentration of the reactant raises the number of collisions, I predict that the less dilute sodium thiosulfate solution will have a higher reaction rate than that of a lower concentration of sodium thiosulfate. The formula for the reaction is: HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3(aq) NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(l). The formula shows us that the sulphur precipitate is formed along with water, sodium chloride and sulphur dioxide. Sulphur dioxide is a poisonous gas and so extra care will be taken not to inhale any. Figure 1 [18] Variables The Variables that affect the reaction rate of...
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...Introduction. This is an experiment to investigate into the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) and dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). The formula for this reaction is: Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l). This makes the products Sodium Chloride, Sulphur Dioxide, Sulphur and water Rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place. Some reaction can take less than a second and other can take over millions of years. During a reaction, we can measure the rate of reaction. The rate of reactions depends on the types of molecules that are combining. There is another thing in rates of reaction called the collision theory. Substances in the liquid, aqueous and gaseous phase consist of particles in rapid and constant motion. The rate of a chemical reaction depends on three factors; the first is - Collision Frequency If a chemical reaction is to happen between two particles, they must first collide. The number of collisions between particles per unit time is known as the collision frequency of the system. This then can be altered by changing the concentration of reactants, total pressure, temperature or the size of the reacting particles. These are all the factors in general that have distinct effects on rates of reaction. The second factor in the collision theory is -Collision Energy Not all collisions result in chemical reactions. Most of the time the colliding particles just bounce off each other. These...
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...AS/A Level GCE GCE Chemistry A OCR Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry A H034 OCR Advanced GCE in Chemistry A H434 Vertical black lines indicate a significant change to the previous printed version. © OCR 2008 version 2 – February 2008 QAN 500/2425/5 QAN 500/2347/0 Contents 1 About these Qualifications 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The Three-Unit AS The Six-Unit Advanced GCE Qualification Titles and Levels Aims Prior Learning/Attainment 4 4 4 5 5 5 2 Summary of Content 2.1 2.2 AS Units A2 Units 6 6 7 3 Unit Content 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 AS Unit F321: Atoms, Bonds and Groups AS Unit F322: Chains, Energy and Resources AS Unit F323: Practical Skills in Chemistry 1 A2 Unit F324: Rings, Polymers and Analysis A2 Unit F325: Equilibria, Energetics and Elements A2 Unit F326: Practical Skills in Chemistry 2 8 8 20 38 40 51 62 4 Schemes of Assessment 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 AS GCE Scheme of Assessment Advanced GCE Scheme of Assessment Unit Order Unit Options (at AS/A2) Synoptic Assessment (A Level GCE) Assessment Availability Assessment Objectives Quality of Written Communication 64 64 65 66 66 66 67 67 68 5 Technical Information 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Making Unit Entries Making Qualification Entries Grading Result Enquiries and Appeals Shelf-life of Units Unit and Qualification Re-sits Guided Learning Hours Code of Practice/Subject Criteria/Common Criteria Requirements Arrangements for Candidates with Particular...
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...Lectures and Tutorials Course No CHE101 Course Category Cours Title CHEMISTRY Courses with numerical focus Course Planner 14863 :: Ashish Kumar Pandey Lectures Tutorial Practical Credits 3 1 0 4 Text Book: 1 Zumdahl,S., Chemistry: Concepts and applications, Cengage Learning,Indian Edition-2011 Other Specific Book: 2 Suba Ramesh, S.Vairam, Pradnya Tej Godbole ,Engineerig Chemistry, John Wiley, Ist edition ,2011 3 R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, S.K.Bhattacharjee, Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition, Pearson Other Reading Sr No Jouranls atricles as compulsary readings (specific articles, Complete reference) 4 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4601 5 http://www.springer.com/chemistry/electrochemistry/journal/10800 6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13882481 7 http://www.springerlink.com/content/100224/ 8 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00108545 9 http://pubs.acs.org/journal/joceah 10 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00323861 Relevant Websites Sr. No. (Web adress) (only if relevant to the courses) 11 http://www.klte.hu/~lenteg/animate.html 12 http://dwb4.unl.edu/chemAnime/atomic_orbits.htm Salient Features Chemistry animation and videos Atomic orbital animations 13 http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/fla Hybridization animation sh/hybrv18.swf 1 Approved for Spring Session 2011-12 14 http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e VSEPR animation _esp/bom3s2_7.swf 15 http://jchemed...
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...CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY (CLASSES XI–XII) Rationale Higher Secondary Stage is the most crucial stage of school education because at this stage specialised discipline based, content oriented courses are introduced. Students reach this stage after 10 years of general education and opt for Chemistry with a purpose of mostly for pursuing their career in basic sciences or professional courses like medicines, engineering, technology and studying courses in applied areas of science and technology at tertiary level. Therefore, at this stage, there is a need to provide learners with sufficient conceptual background of Chemistry, which will make them competent to meet the challenges of academic and professional courses after the higher secondary stage. National Curriculum Framework for School Education – 2005 recommends a disciplinary approach with appropriate rigour and depth with the care that syllabus is not heavy and at the same time it is comparable to the international level. It emphasizes a coherent focus on important ideas within the discipline that are properly sequenced to optimize learning. It recommends that theoretical component of Higher Secondary Science should emphasize on problem solving methods and the awareness of Syllabus for Secondary and Higher Secondary Levels 22 historical development of key concepts of science be judiciously integrated into content. The present exercise of syllabus development in Chemistry at Higher Secondary Stage is based on this framework...
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...• Types of Chemistry Equipment Used for Measuring Accurate measurements are essential in chemistry. Chemistry is an experimental science, and laboratory work is an essential component. Taking measurements of mass, volume, temperature and pressure all require specialized equipment. According to Santa Monica College, common equipment includes electronic scales, Erlenmeyer flasks, graduated cylinders and thermometers. The University of Colorado at Boulder points out that much of this equipment can be used in both general chemistry and organic chemistry. The University of Chicago adds that many experimental measurements can also be taken under a microscope when working with very small samples. Mass Measurement Equipment Mass is one of the most common measurements taken in a chemistry lab. Molar ratios and reaction rates often depend on the mass of one or more solid reactants. An electronic scale can often determine the mass of a sample to within a hundredth of a gram -- sometimes even a thousandth. Old-style mechanical balances are also still used in many laboratories, especially for caustic substances that threaten to spill and damage sensitive electronic equipment. A typical practice for taking the mass of a sample is to weigh the glassware that will hold it, tare the balance (zero it out) and then transfer the sample to the glassware while it is on the scale. Volumetric Measurements for Liquids Sometimes mass is not as useful to know as volume, especially in...
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...185 EQUILIBRIUM 185 UNIT 7 EQUILIBRIUM After studying this unit you will be able to • identify dynamic nature of equilibrium involved in physical and chemical processes; • state the law of equilibrium; • explain characteristics of equilibria involved in physical and chemical processes; • write expressions for equilibrium constants; • establish a relationship between Kp and K c ; • explain various factors that affect the equilibrium state of a reaction; • classify substances as acids or bases according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts; • classify acids and bases as weak or strong in terms of their ionization constants; • explain the dependence of degree of ionization on concentration of the electrolyte and that of the common ion; • describe pH scale for representing hydrogen ion concentration; • explain ionisation of water and its duel role as acid and base; • describe ionic product (Kw ) and pKw for water; • appreciate use of buffer solutions; • calculate solubility product constant. Chemical equilibria are important in numerous biological and environmental processes. For example, equilibria involving O2 molecules and the protein hemoglobin play a crucial role in the transport and delivery of O2 from our lungs to our muscles. Similar equilibria involving CO molecules and hemoglobin account for the toxicity of CO. When a liquid evaporates in a closed container, molecules with relatively higher kinetic energy escape the liquid surface into the vapour...
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...Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics. * Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the study of rates of chemical processes. Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about thereaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction. * Chemical physics is a subdiscipline of chemistry and physics that investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. * Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (theelectrode: a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). * Femtochemistry is the area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10–15 seconds (one femtosecond, hence the name). The steps in some reactions occur in the femtosecond timescale and sometimes in attosecond timescales,[1] and will sometimes form intermediate products. * Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles...
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...Chemistry is one of the most fundamental sciences of them all. The precious bonds of atoms hold together all life and all that support it. A good example of how chemical bonds and the reactions that forge said bonds is the reaction of Alka-Seltzer® tablets placed in water. People use these tablets to relieve pain. Which leads to the question; “Does the size of a particle have any affect on the time it takes for a reaction to complete?”. Alka-Seltzer® contain three key ingredients sodium bicarbonate, aspirin, and citric acid. A key component of Alka-Seltzer® tablets is the sodium bicarbonate, known in the chemistry world as NaHCO₃. When sodium breaks down in water, the reaction forms sodium ions and bicarbonate ions, which then breaks down...
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...Chemistry Modern Analytical Chemistry David Harvey DePauw University Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto McGraw-Hill Higher Education A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies MODERN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Copyright © 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 KGP/KGP 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN 0–07–237547–7 Vice president and editorial director: Kevin T. Kane Publisher: James M. Smith Sponsoring editor: Kent A. Peterson Editorial assistant: Jennifer L. Bensink Developmental editor: Shirley R. Oberbroeckling Senior marketing manager: Martin J. Lange Senior project manager: Jayne Klein Production supervisor: Laura Fuller Coordinator of freelance design: Michelle D. Whitaker Senior photo research coordinator: Lori Hancock Senior supplement coordinator: Audrey A. Reiter Compositor: Shepherd, Inc. Typeface: 10/12 Minion Printer: Quebecor Printing Book Group/Kingsport Freelance cover/interior designer: Elise Lansdon Cover image: © George Diebold/The...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate CSEC® CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May–June 2015 CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica Telephone Number: + 1 (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: + 1 (876) 967-4972 E-mail Address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2013 by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Contents RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................... AIMS ............................................................................................................................................. CANDIDATE POPULATION ............................................................................................................. SUGGESTED TIME-TABLE ALLOCATION ........................................................................................ ORGANISATION OF THE SYLLABUS .................................................
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...Certificate of Education Chemistry 5421 CHM2 Foundation Physical and Inorganic Chemistry Mark Scheme 2006 examination - June series Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Copyright © 2006 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved Chemistry, CHM2 – AQA AS, Mark Scheme...
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...|Course Syllabus | | |College of Natural Sciences | | |CHM/110 Version 3 | | |Introductory Chemistry | Copyright © 2010, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course will examine the basic principles of chemistry conceptually and specifically. The course will apply chemical concepts to address relevant issues ranging from atomic structure and chemical reactions to organic and biological chemistry. The course topics include matter and energy, chemical bonding, intermolecular forces, chemical equilibrium, and nuclear, organic, and biological chemistry. Students will apply these concepts using practical examples, facilitated discussions, and experiments conducted through a virtual laboratory. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials...
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...2023 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2 ASSIGNMENT 1 Question 1 (a) Rate of formation = 13d[O2]dt Rate of disappearance = - 12d[O3]dt (b) Rate of formation = 12d[HF]dt = d[O2]dt Rate of disappearance = - 12d[HOF]dt (c) Rate of formation = 12d[BrNO]dt Rate of disappearance = - 12d[NO]dt= - d[Br2]dt Question 2 2NO(g) + H2(g) N2O(g) + H2O(g) (a) Rate = k[NO]2[H2] (b) 0.005 = k(0.075)2(0.400) 0.005 = k(2.25 x 10-3) k = 2.22 M-2 s-1 Question 3 Temperature (K) | Rate constant (M/s) | 1/T (K-1) | ln k | 573 | 2.91 x 10-6 | 0.00175 | -12.75 | 673 | 8.38 x 10-4 | 0.00149 | -7.08 | 773 | 7.65 x 10-2 | 0.00130 | -2.57 | Plot of ln k against 1/T (K-1) Slope of graph, m = -7.08-(-12.75)0.00149-0.00175 = 5.67- 0.00026 = 21807.69 Using Arrhenius equation, m = - Ea8.314 J/Kmol 21807.69 = - Ea8.314 J/Kmol Ea = 181 kJ/mol Question 4 (a) Rate of reaction of NO is second order. Rate of reaction of H2 is first order. Total rate of reaction = third order. (b) If [NO] is doubled, the rate of reaction quadruples. (c) If [H2] is halved, the rate of reaction is halved. Question 5 Initial concentration = Ao Final concentration = A Time, t = 65s – 45s = 20s Use ln A = -kt + ln Ao ln (8.70 x 10-3M) = - (k)(20s) + ln (7.30 x 10-2M) -4.744 = - (k)(20s) + (-2.617) 2.127 = (k)(20s) k = 0.106 s-1 Question 6 The rate law is determined based on the slow reaction since the fast reactions are not in...
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...each of the three days. 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. DQ1:Wed DQ2:Sat 2 Nongraded Activities and Preparation Complete the Equation Editor tutorial and Virtual ChemLab Tutorial located on your student website. Individual Text Exercises, Part I Resources: Equation Editor tutorial Prepare written answers to the following assignments from Introductory Chemistry: • Exercise 20 in Ch. 1 • Exercise 120 in Ch. 2 • Exercise 112 in Ch. 3 • Exercise 120 in Ch. 4 • Exercise 100 in Ch. 5 • Exercise 126 in Ch. 6 • Exercise 116 in Ch. 7 • Exercise 100 in Ch. 8 Submit the assignment, as directed by your facilitator. Friday 5 Individual Virtual ChemLab Assignment 2-4 Access and view the Virtual ChemLab Tutorial, located on the student website. Complete 2-4: Precipitation Reactions from Virtual ChemLab: General Chemistry Laboratories, located on the student website. Note. To complete the assignment, the Virtual ChemLab software must be installed on your computer and must be used in conjunction with Virtual ChemLab: General Chemistry Laboratories. Installation requirements and instructions may be found in the workbook and on the accompanying CD. Once the software is installed, an electronic workbook may be found corresponding with your workbook, which contains preset lab assignments that match the workbook assignments. Use these preset assignments when working on your workbook assignments, as the appropriate laboratory will...
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