Premium Essay

Chicken Feathers Essay

Submitted By
Words 2826
Pages 12
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND

This research is about the extraction of keratin protein from chicken feathers using strong fluid extraction process. This extraction procedure utilized a dissolvable as lessening specialists to separate salt linkages, disulphide bond and hydrogen bond of the keratin fiber to break down into protein. Thus, it will likewise diminish the steadiness of keratin strands in the strong structure found in feathers.

Proteins are polymer formed by one or more long chains of amino acid residues that are capable of promoting intra- and inter-molecular bonds so that it allows the resultant materials to have a large variation in their functional properties. Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, form a polypeptide chain. Polypeptides are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. There are two …show more content…
Mathematical modeling of keratin extraction processes is important in order to reduce energy, time, and chemical reagents consumption in the extraction process. Therefore, the extraction kinetics of keratin from chicken feather is essential for reactor design and process optimization. To the authors’ best knowledge, despite many studies reported on the possibility of various raw materials as potential sources for protein keratin, a suitable kinetic model for keratin extraction is not available in the literature yet.

1.3 OBJECTIVES
1. To optimize the extraction process of keratin protein from chicken feather using one-factor-at-a-time method.
2. To identify the best isothermal / empirical kinetic model to represent the extraction kinetics of keratin protein from chicken feather.
3. To determine the thermodynamic parameters, including change of free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) during the extraction process.

1.3 SCOPE OF

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Backyard Chickens

...Dow Instructor: Taylor Name: Allison Dow English 101 The Art and Joy in Raising Backyard Chickens Many people don’t know how easy and inexpensive it is to raise backyard chickens? This essay will go over choosing the correct chicken for the buyers climate, how to care and feed the chickens from chick to egg layer, the coop size the buyer will need for the amount of birds and the protection required from predators, and finally what to expect from the chickens once they are egg layers. Most people think all chickens are the same, well that would be incorrect. Most backyard chickens are dual purpose breeds but very rarely are they used for meat birds. A few chickens for different environments are, for those that live in area that get really cold in the winter the Black Jersey Giant is not a wise choice, they prefer a warmer climate to live in. Say the buyer lives in a very cold climate well the perfect bird to choose would be any type of Wyandotte chicken. These birds are very cold hardy and will continue to lay eggs during extremely cold months. There are also birds that can live in eitherType to enter text Type to enter text very hot climates or very cold climates. One type of bird that can live in these environments are any breed type of the Orpington. Once the buyer chooses the correct bird for there area the buyer will need to know how to care for them from chick to egg laying hen. A good temperature for chicks as what Jenna Woginrich wrote...

Words: 1091 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Facroy Farming

...Freedom Lost, Factory Farming With Egg Laying Chickens Katelyn Felix Upper Iowa University Filth, confinement, disease, mutilation, and deprivation are a few things that come to mind when factory farming is mentioned. It is a rapidly growing problem in the United States. Factory farming first started in the 1930’s on a low scale. New kinds of incubators lead to chickens being able to be produced in larger quantities in large scale operations. After World War II the increased demand of eggs led to specialized breading and an increase in factory farming in the United States. Soon following suit between the 1960’s and 1970’s was the boom of fast food chains thus increasing the demand for cheap, fast products (Safe for Animals, 2012). Mass production swept the nation at the expense of the animals and our health. This movement cannot be stopped unless people can get informed with what is happening in these factory farms, and possible alternatives to better our nation’s moral standing. Factory farming of egg laying hens is when they are kept under strict guidelines with intensive methods in order to achieve mass production, in this case, of eggs. These hens are deprived of life, they are only used as means of production and might as well be categorized as machines. First let’s discuss the killing and disposal of chickens in this industry. In the egg industry obviously hens are the only useful chicken to these business owners, seeing as males cannot produce eggs, because of that...

Words: 2393 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Business, Cock Fighting in Bali

...nations, has banned cock fighting as a cruel sport, although the practice is still allowed on the Island of the Gods for ceremonial purposes. These fighting birds are as much a part of Balinese Hindu rites as the burning of incense and giving offerings to the gods. Breeding the roosters, some of which boast feathers with a golden luster that evokes songket, takes place up in the cool, mountainous region above Gianyar. In a small hamlet called Malet, the birds are big business. Village head I Ketut Ludea says that while Malet raises about 600 roosters every year, most are sold to other communities nearby. The rest are used for local ceremonies. “In our village we must sacrifice birds before turning the soil to plant our crops, so we need around 250 birds for these ceremonies,” Ludea says. “We can sell the other 350 birds, which does not make this our most important revenue for the village, but a side job that many of us use for the education of our children.” Such children include Ledea’s 12-year-old grandniece, who studies English twice a week in nearby Tampak Siring on the back of this additional income. As Clifford Geertz noted in his seminal essay “Deep Play: Notes from a Balinese Cockfight”, too much is at stake for the practice just to be a game. Finances are not the primary reason for breeding roosters in Malet. Ledea says that the village’s ancient adat, or local law, demands sacrifices to ensure good harvests. “After we harvest our rice...

Words: 819 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Plight of the Chicken

...Cynthia Howard ENC1101 Essay #2 - Narrative Essay Due Date: February 18, 2011 Username: CHoward4 The plight of the chicken Every time I see a white chicken, fond memories resonate through my mind about the special bond and relationship that I had as a five-year-old girl with my pet chicken. On that day, a lesson was learned about family values and pride. There are many events that have occurred throughout my life that have impacted me as an adult, and this event was one of those events. I can still remember the events that played out during that day, and I believe that I can hear the sounds of the chicken echoing through the woods when I go home for a visit. I was raised on a farm in Kings Mountain, North Carolina with my father, two brothers, and one sister. Although I had siblings to frolic in the woods with, and do fun activities like swim in the creek, or build tree houses, I still felt a need to have a pet for companionship. I spoke to my father about the possibility of getting a pet of my own, specifically a kitten, and he decided that I was too young to tend to the needs of a kitten. He did allow me to pick a chicken from his large coop located in the woods above the house as my pet. If I could prove to my father that I was able to keep up with the responsibilities of caring for the chicken, I may be allowed to get a kitten. This was a ritual that my father had with my older siblings with respect to their desire to have a pet. I remember spending an ample amount...

Words: 1293 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Older Sibling

...to tell us the truth. “Clean your room it’s messy as hell. Go outside and actually do something instead of sitting on the couch all day! Wash your dirty dishes! Clean the bathroom, mop and sweep the floor. Clean the kitchen. Feed the chickens!” His nagging is a whirlwind. I, on the other hand, am much worst. What I inherit from him is not only my siblings and housework, but also the nagging. I don’t just nag, I yell. Actually I’ve notice lately that I’m becoming too verbally aggressive, I insult my younger siblings too much when they don’t hang their backpacks, pick up their dirty socks, wash their unclean dishes, or even when they don’t close the bathroom door after using it (one of my pet peeves). Anything nowadays can be a pet peeve for me. I don’t like it when I get home from school and see that I have step on chicken droppings and have to take off my shoes before I go in the house. I don’t like it either when our sink is full and basically like a mountain of dirty dishes. It’s funny how everyone is just waiting until there’s no more room there and just decide to wash them in the dishwasher. A constant thing my siblings do is leave their textbooks, papers, and pencils in the couch, kitchen table, or the floor. And of course feeding our chickens gets annoying. We all try to take turns but in end no one wants to go out in the...

Words: 840 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Pit Bull Ban

...101 Mr. Powell Assignment 8 2/19/13 Testomony My dad, who worked at wal-mart for 20 years says" I haven't seen so many people be so rude even when I was a kid!" We should really check ourself even for someone who worked at a grosery store for about 20 years and now rudness is out of control. My uncle, who pizza delivery for 10 years says " When I did this 10 years ago people would tip me from left to right and now I just get a door slammed in my face." This prove that people now that rudeness is way out of control and people 10 years ago would be nice enough to tip and now my uncle get a door slammed in his face and get rude comments. Sari Grosenbach Eng.101 Mr. Powell Assignment 6 2/19/13 She's Your Basic LOL In the essay She’s Your Basic L.O.L in N.A.D, author Kerri Klass’s main point is the languge she has to learn when becoming a doctor. According to Klass (passage 1) I didnt even know what C.P., S.O.B, N/V means chest pains, shortness of breath, or nausea and vomting. (pharagraph 2) Klass also writes (passage 2) Well we've already had one hit today and we're up next this means that our team (group of doctors ans medical students) has already gotten one new admission today (pharagraph 6). Finally she states (passage 3) When the intern hangs up the phone and annouces...

Words: 2046 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Trip to Hawii

...the1800’s during the boat day. Traveler who visited Hawaii would be greeted with leis. Many legends of the lei were formed. It was said that if the visitor was leaving the island and threw their lei into ocean and it floated to the beach it meant that one day they would return to the island. The lei is an important symbol of Hawaii and has its own day on May 1st called lei day. (Eyewitness Travel Guide p.22) Our Service Can Write a Custom Essay on Hawaii for You! Another tradition of Hawaiians is their music and dance which is put together with a feast called a luau. A luau is a feast to celebrate special occasions. In ancient times Hawaiians believed it was importune to honor their gods with feasts. In the late 1850’s is when luaus were originated . In Hawaiian luau means the young edible leaves of the taro plant. The leaves from the taro plant were used to wrap and cover the food put into the underground oven called an imu.(www.alternative-hawaii.com/hacul/food.htm) Along with the roasted pig, usually at a luau you can find seafood, chicken, sweet potatoes and taro pudding. Hula dancing is traditionally done at a luau. Hula dancing began in the 19th century. At first it was a religious ritual to present to the kings and upper classes. Today it is still to honor the ancients...

Words: 618 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Descriptive Essay

...Karen L. Altamirano Nieto Bentson Writing 115 28 April 2015 Description Essay Many people would say that their home is a place where they enjoy spending their time because they can relax. Unfortunately it is not this way for me. The usual day at home for me consists of cleaning, dealing with crazy siblings, and college work. From the moment I walk in my house I am greeted by loud little voices saying, “Karen’s home!” My two younger siblings are sitting at the kitchen counter with multiple coloring books open, crayons everywhere, left-over food on their plates, and great big smiles on their faces. I look over to the left where I see a sink full of dirty dishes filled with scraps of food from the days before. At this point I am already dreading being home. I escape to my room where I can find some peace but shortly after my siblings come barging in. I can never have my own privacy. They start complaining about how one hit the other and about how one doesn’t want to share her toys. All I can think is, “I want to be left alone.” After I deal with them and send them off to their room, I turn on my forty inch Samsung Smart TV. I take off my shoes, change into my grey sweatpants, and white t-shirt. I think, “Finally I’m able to lay in bed and relax.” Wrong. Next door I can hear my mother hollering my name. I am forced to get up and walk towards the yelling voice. My mother is sitting up against her fluffy pillows on her large king size bed. She has the remote on one hand and a bowl...

Words: 869 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Cannery Row Character Analysis

...Essay: Character Analysis for John Steinbeck’s Cannery Row Cannery Row is heavily inhabited with a splendid group of characters of different lifestyles and personalities. All characters display a contented but looking for more refection and understanding. All are not actually reaching their full potential as human beings. Each person is charming and witty in their way, yet disagreeable and unamusing the next. The town’s people of Cannery Row have a beautiful blend of lightness and darkness that fill the souls of these individuals. All of which are relatable characters; loneliness, sympathy and remuneration theme this enchanting dark comedy of a novel they’re achievements, defeats, personal growth and demons haunt these individuals in every aspect making them quite likable and relatable human beings. This is the character analysis for Henri, Dora Flood, and Doc. What they contribute to the community through their mind, mentions, personality, feelings, beliefs, priorities and lifestyles. Henri pronounced “Onri” is the town’s local artist and friend of Doc. He has a fake French accent. Although he pretends to be, Henri is not actually French. He keeps up with the latest trends from Paris. And can be quite fashionable. He is always forming new sets of principles for example no red paint, chicken feathers only by which to do his work. No one is really certain about Henri’s abilities, but everyone agrees that he’s doing a beautiful job building his boat. The boat will never be finish...

Words: 1288 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Compare and Contrast Germany and America

...Compare and Contrast Germany and America Europeans and Americans have much more in common than most people think, making adjustments to life in a new country easier. Many customs are similar to practices in the United States. Germans have their own way of being German. Germany is a relatively small and densely populated country. Unlike the United States, which is a large, densely populated country. The greatest shock to Americans is the speed at which Germans drive. The roads and freeways are quite narrow. Speed limits in cities are strictly enforced, but on much of the Autobahn there is no limit on how fast drivers can go. Although it is against the law, impatient Germans may also tailgate at high speeds and/or flash their headlights when they want to pass your vehicle. If you are driving for the first time in Germany, keep right. Left lanes are for passing only. Unlike when you are driving in America; Americans tend to travel in the lane that is meant for passing and the faster drivers. Americans tend to think “ I am going the speed limit, so I am going to stay in the left lane”, the Germany way of thinking is that if you are not passing anyone or if you are going too slow, your car needs to be in the right hand lane. Unlike in the United States, train travel is a German way of life. You can get on at train at any bahnhof (train station) and travel to any destination in Europe you would like. The Germans use the train as their main mean of travel due to pollution...

Words: 1642 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Random

...The Employment Outlook for Youth: Building Entrepreneurial Ecosystems as a Way Forward ---- An Essay --- Peter Vogel College of Management of Technology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Odyssea 4.15 Station 5, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, peter.vogel@epfl.ch Since the outbreak of the recent financial crisis we have experienced some of the highest rates of youth unemployment in history. If we want to avoid branding the young people as a “Lost Generation”, we need to act quickly. One important active labor market strategy to solve the youth unemployment crisis is entrepreneurship, helping them turn into job creators rather than job seekers. Entrepreneurship has received significant attention over the past decade with a rapid and often uncoordinated increase in entrepreneurship support programs. These constitute a major part of entrepreneurial ecosystems. In order to build effective entrepreneurial ecosystems, we need to understand the components and assessment indices of such ecosystems. This essay proposes a new conceptual framework describing entrepreneurial ecosystems. The proposed framework is expected to support policymakers and practitioners in setting up new entrepreneurial ecosystems and serve as a basis for future research. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, Youth Unemployment, Next Generation Introduction An economic and labor market crisis has plagued the world since 2008. The labor market slowdown is dramatic with a current deficit of...

Words: 4069 - Pages: 17

Free Essay

Linguistics

...Idioms 1) “Absence makes heart grow fonder” :- Our feeling for those we love increases when we are apart from them . 2) “Armed to the teeth” :- To be heavily armed. 3) “Back-handed compliment” :- A compliment that also insults or put down at the same time. 4) “Bleed like a stuck pig” :- To bleed heavily. 5) “Blow off some steam” :- To enjoy oneself by relaxing normal formalities. 6) “Blowing smoke” :- To be boasting without being able to back it up ; talking about action without intent to follow through. 7) “Bouched up” :- Substandard; Messed up; Make a shamble of. 8) “Brand Spanking New” :- New and Unused. 9) “Break A Leg” :- A wish of good luck, do well. 10) “A burnt child dreads the fire” :- One does not repeat a painful lesson twice. 11) “Bust your balls” :- To harass with the intent to break one’s spirit. 12) “Busting your chops” :- To say things intended to harass. 13) “Can’t hold a candle to” :- To be far less competent or have far less skills than someone else. 14) “Cat bird seat” :- A highly advantaged position, to have it all. 15) “Chew the fat” :- To talk about unimportant things. 16) “Clean bill of health” :- To be found healthy. 17) “Clear as a Bell” :- Clearly understood. 18) “Close, but no cigar” :- Nearly achieving success, but not quite. 19) “Cold Turkey” :- To Quit something abruptly. 20) “Cooking with gas” :- To be working fast, proceeding rapidly. 21) “ In the Crapper” :- In...

Words: 3206 - Pages: 13

Free Essay

Linguistics

...Idioms 1) “Absence makes heart grow fonder” :- Our feeling for those we love increases when we are apart from them . 2) “Armed to the teeth” :- To be heavily armed. 3) “Back-handed compliment” :- A compliment that also insults or put down at the same time. 4) “Bleed like a stuck pig” :- To bleed heavily. 5) “Blow off some steam” :- To enjoy oneself by relaxing normal formalities. 6) “Blowing smoke” :- To be boasting without being able to back it up ; talking about action without intent to follow through. 7) “Bouched up” :- Substandard; Messed up; Make a shamble of. 8) “Brand Spanking New” :- New and Unused. 9) “Break A Leg” :- A wish of good luck, do well. 10) “A burnt child dreads the fire” :- One does not repeat a painful lesson twice. 11) “Bust your balls” :- To harass with the intent to break one’s spirit. 12) “Busting your chops” :- To say things intended to harass. 13) “Can’t hold a candle to” :- To be far less competent or have far less skills than someone else. 14) “Cat bird seat” :- A highly advantaged position, to have it all. 15) “Chew the fat” :- To talk about unimportant things. 16) “Clean bill of health” :- To be found healthy. 17) “Clear as a Bell” :- Clearly understood. 18) “Close, but no cigar” :- Nearly achieving success, but not quite. 19) “Cold Turkey” :- To Quit something abruptly. 20) “Cooking with gas” :- To be working fast, proceeding rapidly. 21) “ In the Crapper” :- In...

Words: 3205 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Growth Hormones in Beef

...these growth hormones can potentially cause cancer and pose significant health risks to individuals who consume this meat? In today's food industry it is crucial to be a keen consumer and have knowledge of where you food comes from and what it actually contains. The regulations and standards put into effect by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in regards to cattle production and what is deemed to be safe have created an up heave of controversy. Consumers and researchers constantly pose the question of what should be considered safe and who should not. They often argue that when it comes to human health no risks should be taken and risk assessment should not be considered. The following essay discusses the controversy of beef cattle production regulation and standards. The essay will analyze various studies conducted that state a possible link between cancer and growth hormone used in beef, and it will outline all view points of the European ban of American and Canadian beef. The issues and controversy surrounding feedlot given to beef cattle will be analyzed and consumer concerns as well as regulations surrounding labeling of beef in America, Canada and Europe will be discussed. ARGUMENT The use of growth hormones has become widely prominent in the beef production industry. Estradiol benzoate and progesterone, which are types of growth hormone, were first approved in 1956 by the FDA (Doyal, 2000). At the moment five hormones are approved by the FDA for use in cattle...

Words: 3243 - Pages: 13

Free Essay

Dfsdf

...Year 10 Revision Timelines: The Roaring Twenties Women Before First World War * Women could not vote. * Middle/upper class women did not work but had the role of mothers and housewives. Working class women had low paid jobs such as factory work and cleaning. * Women usually wore full length dresses, wore no make up and had their hair tied back in buns. * Divorce was very rare and so was sex before marriage. * Women did not smoke or drink in public. * They had to go out with a chaperone (a family member) when they met their boyfriend. How did the First World War change the lives of women? * During the war, women began to work in areas like heavy industry. They proved they could work as well as men. By 1929, there were 10 million women workers; a rise of 24% since 1920. * Working gave women independence and they began smoking and drinking in public. * Women were given the vote in August 1920 but few were chosen to be actual politicians. * Production of consumer goods such as vacuum cleaners and washing machines meant women had more time for leisure activities. * Flappers emerged in the 1920’s = women from middle and upper class families from the Northern States. They cut their hair in short bobs, wore make up, short skirts and bright clothes. They also smoked and drank in public, went to speakeasies, danced the Charleston with men and listened to Jazz and drove cars and motorbikes. * BUT many groups, particularly...

Words: 6533 - Pages: 27