...How did coffee effect on Latin America? Coffee is increasingly becoming a part of Western culture for many it has become a daily routine and coffee shops are now a common social meeting place. Since coffee shops are getting popular and built at every half block in many downtowns, it may not be surprising that coffee has become the second largest traded commodity next to oil (Watson and Achinelli 2008). As the consumer steps up to the register and orders their four-dollar latte, “it is most likely that they will not think of the more than 25 million people around the world who base their livelihoods on its production” (Watson and Achinelli 2008). The producers of these coffee beans are often small-scale farmers who are reliant on faceless consumers, large corporations. Coffee is now one of the world’s most traded goods, it is important for both consumers and producers to understand the impact the production of coffee is having on the farmers at a local level. The western culture of coffee is rapidly expanding. As the globalization of coffee spreads to consumers, corporations are becoming more and more disconnected from the coffee producers. The research will look at specific case studies of how the coffee impacts on Latin America. In addition, I’ll be also looking at the specific effects of economic change of coffee production on farmers and children in Brazil. Through the introduction of the crop into the Caribbean in the early 1700’s, became of economic importance in the mid-1800s...
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...| Essay, Custom Research Paper: Argumentative Essay on Child Labor Laws and Regulations | | | | Child labor occurs along a continuum, with harmful and exploitative work that endangers the welfare and potential of the child at one end of the spectrum and light work and often beneficial training and apprenticeship at the other. National and international labor standard regulations with respect to what constitutes a legally permissible minimum age of employment accordingly depend typically on a range of criteria including (a) the type of work, as distinguished by the degree of hazard a child faces, or whether the child is subject to exploitation, or the worst forms of child labor; (b) the sector of employment, whether in agriculture, manufacturing, or family businesses or the household; and (c) the degree to which child labor work interferes with schooling, depending on the number of hours a child is put to work, say, per week.Though child labor statistics inevitably paint an aggregate picture, the coverage of national and international statistics has improved, reflecting a diversity of activities that come under the umbrella of child labor work. International Labour Organization (ILO) statistics treat any child as economically active with performance of at least 1 hour of work during the week prior to asurvey. The ILO also defines a child laborer as synonymous with (a) an economically active person between the ages of 5 and 11, and (b) an individual between the ages of 12...
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...Arianne Cerize A. Aman The Meaning of Development: Brazil and Costa Rica Economic development is the presumed solution to absolute poverty and to many of the world's other most pressing problems. But what is development, and how do we know it when we see it? The term, development, has been used in several ways. Traditionally, it was equated with growth of per capita income. Since the 1970s, other indicators of development have become widely used by development scholars and development agencies such as the World Bank. The meeting of basic needs (or, equivalently, reduction in absolute poverty), the creation of modern employment opportunities, and the achievement of a less unequal distribution of income and farmland have all become important criteria in determining the level of development. Traditional measures of growth, especially in developing countries, may be misleading in that they fail to account for the environmental destruction that often accompanies spurts in temporary and unsustainable economic growth; and economists are devising measures of the national capital stock that includes environmental wealth. The United Nations has placed both educational attainment and health standards on equal footings with per capita income as development criteria, in the widely followed United Nations Development Program human development index (HDI). Some leading development scholars, such as Amartya Sen, Denis Goulet, and Dudley Seers, have gone further. They argue that more intangible...
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...elements are being exploited. Among 150 million children aged 5 to 14 in developing countries, 16% are involved in child labor. Child labor is the use of children in industry or business, especially when illegal or considered inhumane. It includes all physical activity, considered harmful and dangerous to the development of the child and interferes with their education. Child labor reinforced intergenerational cycles of poverty, undermines national economies and impedes achieving progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. It violates a nation’s minimum age laws and uses children to undermine labor standards. 14 million child laborers (7%) live in Latin America. Thus, the prevention and eradication of child labor has become a very important priority in all nations. The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of fifty states and a federal district. At 3.79 million square miles in total and with around 318 million people, the Unites States is the fourth largest country by land area as well as, the third largest by population. It is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large scale immigration from many countries. The geography and climate of the United States is also extremely diverse, and it is home to a wide variety of wild life. Forms of child labor including indentured servitude and child slavery have existed throughout American history. As industrialization moved workers from farms and home workshops...
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...is an 11-year-old girl who clips loose threads off of Hanes underwear in a Bangladeshi factory.1 She works about eight hours a day, six days per week. She has to process 150 pairs of underwear an hour. At work she feels “very tired and exhausted,” and sometimes falls asleep standing up. She makes 53 cents a day for her efforts. Make no mistake, it is a rough life. Any decent person’s heart would go out to Halima and other child employees like her. Unfortunately, all too often, people’s emotional reaction lead them to advocate policies that will harm the very children they intend to help. Provisions against child labor are part of the International Labor Organization’s core labor standards. Anti-sweatshop groups almost universally condemn child labor and call for laws prohibiting child employment or boycotting products made with child labor.” Warrant: APA: Benjamin Powell. “A Case Against Child Labor Prohibitions” Cato Institute. July 29, 2014. Retrieved: http://www.cato.org/publications/economic-development-bulletin/case-against-child-labor-prohibitions Credibility: Psy. & Social H. 3 Disadvantage: Harm Psychological and Social Claim: Data: “ physical and psychological hazards” First aid training appeared to reduce participant willingness to accept prevailing levels of occupational safety and health risk and increase the perceived...
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...economic, and social crisis within each nation’s borders. In this report, I will cover the definition of human trafficking, some statistics gathered over the years, and what is being done to prevent human trafficking. Human trafficking is defined as the illegal trade in human beings for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation or force labor and is considered as the modern day form of slavery. Human trafficking is an umbrella term used to describe all forms of modern-day slavery. These forms include, but not limited to forced labor, bonded labor, sex trafficking, child labor, and child soldiers. Forced labor makes up the majority of human trafficking in the world. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that for every trafficking victim subjected to forced prostitution, nine people are forced to work. Forced labor is also known as involuntary servitude. Immigrants are particularly vulnerable, but individuals also may be forced into labor in their own countries. Bonded labor is the least known form, but it is one of the most widely used to enslave people. Victims become bonded laborers when their labor is demanded as a repayment of services. Such services may be illegal transportation through boarders of countries or protection of their families from drug lords. The victims...
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...n Translation Nation, Hector Tobar visits different cities around America to learn first hand about the struggles Latin American immigrants faced and how they endured through the pain and suffering to forge new identities and transform America. Tobar reveals the unsettling changes these immigrants undergo becoming American as they undertake tribulations in new lands, struggling to reinvent their identities while continuing to embrace and nurture their Latin American identities. The United States is undergoing major demographic and cultural changes primarily driven by Latinos, leading to the Americanization of Latinos and the Latinization of America as a new Latin Republic in the United States develops where immigrants can embrace their transnational identity. I will detail the adversity Latin Americans endured immigrating to America described in chapter five, explain how they come together to build a community and reinvent new...
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...Child labor is can be defined as “employing children who are under aged to work as determined laws of a state” (Pakhare, 2011). Child labor has been an issue for centuries. The years of 1780 through 1840 there was an enormous increase in child exploitation. During the Industrial Revolution it was common to find children working in factories. In 1778, more than 60% of workers in textile mills of England and Scotland were children (ILO, 2010). Children were required to work in poor conditions, often for 16 or more hours in a single day. In some cases, children were committed to work for an employer for a set amount of years in exchange for food, shelter, and clothing. Many poor families needed their children to work in order to pay for food and shelter expenses; the dependence on child labor was vital for survival in many cases. Throughout the 20th century, the need and dependency for child labor substantially changed. Child labor has harmful effects that hurt the physical and emotional development of children, and that is a huge topic all countries should think about when using kids for labor because kids are the future of the societies. In developing countries, around 16% of the child population from age 5-14 years old is involved in child labor (IPEC, 2110). According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), there are 218 million children aged 5-17 years old engaged in child labor (ILO, 2010). The 1900 census in the USA found that 18% of all children (almost...
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...A03-04-0011 Delta Air Lines: The Latin America Contact Center Decision PY In early September 2000, Mary Smith, Delta Air Lines’ Regional Director of Reservations for Latin America and the Caribbean, glanced over her notes one more time. Delta had decided to consolidate all of its reservations offices in Latin America into a single Latin America Contact Center. Now it was up to her to recommend a country location for this $3–4 million investment. Gail Childs, her immediate supervisor and General Manager for International Reservations, would want her report soon in order to get the final go-ahead from Delta’s CEO. Although a number of countries were possible options, Mary reviewed again the pros and cons for Mexico, Chile, and Argentina. CO The Internationalization of Customer Service NO T By 2000, telephone customer service was growing rapidly throughout the world. Many companies chose to outsource their telephone customer service operations to outside call centers; others kept such operations in-house. Other than locating call centers, also known as contact centers, within a region to be closer to customers, the principal reason for U.S. companies to move telephone customer service outside of the United States was to reduce costs. Because labor costs constituted between 60–80% of a call center’s operating expenses,1 airlines, computer firms, credit card companies, and others that used telephone customer service extensively were moving these...
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...national government that provides conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor, to improve the health, nutrition, and the education of children aged 0-18. It is patterned after the conditional cash transfer (CCT) schemes in Latin American and African countries, which have lifted millions of people around the world from poverty. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) is the lead government agency of the 4Ps. The 4Ps has dual objectives as the flagship poverty alleviation program of the Aquino administration: *social assistance, giving monetary support to extremely poor families to respond to their immediate needs; and *social development, breaking the intergenerational poverty cycle by investing in the health and education of poor children through programs such as: -health check-ups for pregnant women and children aged 0 to 5; -deworming of schoolchildren aged 6 to 14; -enrollment of children in daycare, elementary, and secondary schools; and -family development sessions. The 4Ps also helps the Philippine government fulfill its commitment to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)—specifically in eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, in achieving universal primary education, in promoting gender equality, in reducing child mortality, and in improving maternal health care. The 4Ps operates in all the 17 regions in the Philippines, covering 79 provinces, 143 cities, and 1,484 municipalities....
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...abundant supply but is also really cheap. So how does one create a copious amount of something and sell it for cheap? Cocoa bean grows primarily in Western Africa, Asia, and Latin America because of their tropical climates. The cocoa beans are what makes chocolate in general. 70% of the world’s cocoa is supplied by Western Africa countries such as Ghana and in the Ivory Coast. “The cocoa they grow and harvest is sold to a majority of chocolate companies, including the largest in the world.” However, as the years have gone by, news about child labor happening in this industry has hit the media multiple times. Journalists and organization try spreading the word on what’s happening with all the child labor in this industry, but it doesn’t always get the attention it should receive. This can be because of no one really wants to know where all the good stuff is coming from. Another reason, why we do not know more about this child labor news in the industry is because the industry has become really secretive and thus creating journalist to have a hard time to get the real news on what’s happening. One interesting aspect of this news is that, “the farms of Western Africa supply cocoa to international giants such as Hershey’s, Mars and Nestle- revealing the industry’s direct connection to the worst forms of child labor, human trafficking, and slavery.” The Ivory Coast runs on the revenue received on the exports of cocoa. Due to the chocolate industry...
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...NATURA The eco and customer friendly company. Table of Contents Introduction: 3 The Natura Concept: 3 Products: 4 Competitors: 4 Biodiversity: 5 Production and Operation: 6 Social Responsibility: 6 Financials: 7 Conclusion: 8 Introduction: Natura, a Brazilian based company was founded in 1969, by Luiz Seabra and later partnered with Guilherme Leal and Pedro Pasos. Today, as a public company since 2004, Natura is a leading manufacture and marketer in the skin care, solar filters, cosmetics, perfume, and hair products (Natura). Natura sold in Latin America and France is looking to enter the U.S. markets once they stabilize after the recession (Azevedo). The Natura Concept: Unlike many other companies within the personal care industry, Natura takes a position in promoting inner beauty and self-esteem. In 1992, Natura implemented the Truly Beautiful Women Campaign, focusing on women with healthy levels of self-esteem as possessing “true beauty” instead of the traditional focus on outer beauty and age (Natura). Natura prides itself in its strong research and development efforts and its use of ordinary women rather than supermodels in their advertisements (Natura). Since Natura conception in 1969, they have made it their focus to positively effect the environment, consumers, and the universe, and based off of this belief: “We have been fundamentally committed to conducting our business with consideration for environmental...
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...POVERTY AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS AND WHITES IN LATIN 2 AMERICA AND THE UNITED STATES Abstract This article reports the relationship between the United States immigrant and African- American families presented by Daniel Patrick Moynihan in his 1965 report to President Lyndon Johnson remains the most popular folk model for explaining success, failure and mutual aid in “poverty.” The Moynihan model is an enduring part of popular discourses on race, intensified by contemporary immigrant successes narratives. The participant observation research among homeless African-American families and Latin American families had participated in a small business creation in New York City which happened more than three years ago. When kinship norms are typically American, it is said that certain immigrant family forms are more suited to mutual aid crisis. The African- American family is misused as being dysfunctional. It gives an overview of the demographic of “poverty” and how these demographics have changed since 1979. It also considers trends that have emerged over the last few decades and reconsiders the successes and failures of past public policy. It also identifies the growing feminization of poverty and the growing Latino population as the primary challenges currently facing public makers...
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...small producer organizations and agricultural workers in the poorest countries in the world in order to sustain the proper fluctuation in the economy. (Freund) With more companies outsourcing production to third world countries, the issue of ethical treatment of workers and their families, becomes of growing concern. With a diverse western culture and companies spreading to countries such as China and Latin America, companies are faced with issues of upholding the traditions and cultures of other countries while still sustaining their annual revenue. Latin America Latin America, a country known for its potent and fertile soil, is often taken advantage of by larger and more highly-developed countries because of its vast landscape and their lower tax rates. With the growing spotlight on moral and ethical business practices, the issue of fair trading has now come down to company’s marketing ploys. Companies, such as Target and Starbucks, use their fair trade practices to market themselves to more environmentally centered people. The issue of fair trade practices in Latin America stems from the countries past issues with unethical treatment, pay, and conditions for workers. According to the Stanford Social, the history of fair trade goes all the way back to the origins of bartering for goods back in the 16th century used while colonizing countries and trading with the indigenous people (Haight). In the eighteen hundreds, companies like the Dutch East India Company, “operated...
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...and more. Personally I believe that it is beyond wrong to force anyone to do things. Our 16th president, Abraham Lincoln, had abolished it in the Americas; wouldn’t it have been great if he could have done it all over the world? In article 4 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: “No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.” According to the International Labor Organization there are around 21 million people forced into labor today, although since it is illegal there is no exact count. It is a global problem especially for developing countries and poverty-stricken people, whose vulnerability is being exploited by others for the gain of profit. According to the 1930 Forced Labor Convention slavery is “all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which they said person has not offered him voluntarily.” Traditional definitions of slavery have changed and a distinction between different forms of forced labor has developed: Bonded labor, forced labor, slavery by descent, forced marriage, and child slavery. In accordance with the International Labor Rights Forum, Hundreds of thousands of workers toil without pay in Latin America, producing timber, gold and the charcoal used to make steel. Their labor goes into materials bought by major companies: including General Motors, Kohler, Toyota and Whirlpool. An estimated 30 million people worldwide...
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