Child Labor In Dhaka City

Child Labor in Dhaka City

The Report is based on Secondary Data and current Socio Economic situation of Dhaka.

By,

Group:

ILLUMINATI
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Child Labor In Dhaka City
Prof. Ahmed, Dr. A. N. Neaz Course: Economical Geography Department: Economics Faculty: Faculty of Arts & Social Science (FASS) American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) Kamal Ataturk Avenue, Banani Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh Dear Prof. Neaz Here is the report on the topic “Child Labor in Dhaka City & Their Social & Economical situation in the society.” To aid you to understand the present social & economical situation of the child labors in the capital city of Bangladesh, Dhaka we gathered what we believe to be the most complete information available at present. Most of the information is collected from our own research and analysis about the research subject. And also like to inform you that a big portion of information is taken from various government and non-government sources. The research and analysis is totally done objectively and we try our level best to avoid any kind of error and biasness. We sincerely hope that our research and analysis will aid you to make a clear understanding about the child labors and their true financial and economical situation in Bangladesh and what life they are been through. We truly appreciate this assignment. Sincerely, On behalf of, Group: Illuminati
______________________________

Aiman Jan Chowdhury

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Child Labor in Dhaka City
Prepared for, Prof. Ahmed, Dr. A. N. Neaz Course: Economical Geography Department: Economics Faculty: Faculty of Arts & Social Science (FASS) American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) Kamal Ataturk Avenue, Banani Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh Prepared by, Group Name: ILLUMMINATI Chowdhury, Aiman Jan Chowdhury, Naim Das, Subrata Chowdhury Irfan Ahmed Economical Geography Section: H Department: BBA 08-10465-1 08-10469-1 08-10446-1 08-10479-1

___________________ Prof. Ahmed, Dr. A. N. Neaz

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Acknowledgement
“For every complex problem, there is a solution that is simple, neat and wrong”.-H.L.Mencken
We are grateful to God for giving us the chance of completing this paper within the schedule time without any kind of complexity. Our heartfelt thanks are due to our course teacher Prof. Ahmed Neaz Sir for giving us support, opportunity, courage, & a new outlook to work on “Child Labor in Dhaka City.” Without his help it was quite impossible to arrange the questionnaire, analysis and the research work. He always tried to make the things easy and to feel what the reality is. He motivates us to be focused and work objectively and avoid any kind of biasness. That helps us to do the report realistic and to know the world better. We are also grateful to those people who helped us with information, without their help it was quite impossible for us to continue the report. During our report we did not face any serious difficulty rather we enjoyed our each & every moment. Inadequate to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Neaz Sir who helped us to collect additional information and also advised us the best way to conduct the report. All of our group members were really co-operative. We had done some library work and came to understand many events about the report topic. It is a great opportunity for us to know about the child labor in Dhaka city & their social & economical situation in the society. We also hope that this report and the understandings of the topic will greatly help us in future life Sincerely, ILLUMMINATI

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 7 CHILD LABOR IN BANGLADESH................................................................... 8 SOME STATISTICAL DATA ABOUT CHILD LABOR.................................. 9 CAUSE OF CHILD LABOR............................................................................... 10

o POPULATION AND POVERTY--------------------------------------------------10 o LOSS OF LAND -----------------------------------------------------------------10 o DISAPPEARANCE OF THE FATHER --------------------------------------------11 o INDEBTEDNESS ----------------------------------------------------------------11 o VICTIMS OF MIGRATION ------------------------------------------------------11 o ILLITERACY & IGNORANCE ---------------------------------------------------12 o DEMAND FOR CHILD LABOR IN SOCIETY -----------------------------------12
SITUATION IN DHAKA CITY........................................................................ 13

o TYPES OF WORK ---------------------------------------------------------------13 o WORKING ENVIRONMENT & LIVING CONDITION--------------------------14 o CHILD LABOR AND BEGGAR BUSINESS -------------------------------------18
PROFILE OF THE CHILDREN........................................................................ 19

Jainal: ........................................................................................................... 19 Liyakot: ........................................................................................................ 19
HOW WE CAN STOP IT................................................................................... 21 ROLE OF NGOS ................................................................................................. 23 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 24 ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................ 25 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 26 WORK DISTRIBUTION................................................................................... 27

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Abstract
The incidence of child labor has, in recent years, become a serious problem throughout the world spatially in the developing countries like Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. Being one of the most densely populated poverty-stricken countries of the world the problem of child labor has become one of the prime concerns for the government and people of Bangladesh. This paper is prepared in the light of the findings from the secondary data with a desire to know about the situation of the most unfortunate as well as deprived but most important segment of the country’s population. Being the capital of the country the child labor situation of Dhaka would certainly serves as an indicator of the whole country. The paper produces the findings on different important differentials of the child labor, such as- causes of child labor, its consequences, what’s our duty, hours of work and provisions for leave, income expenditure and savings, educational background and some other important related topics. Not all work done by children is child labor. Running errands or helping parents help children to develop. Such tasks prepare children for adulthood and are a way of acquiring skills from one generation to the next. In this report we discussed only those work which are identified as child labor.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Introduction
In Bangladesh population problem is one of the major problems and Child labor is one of the consequences of population problem. With the increase in population our resources are decreasing and people from all over the county gathering in Dhaka city with different dream, hope and Dhaka becoming over populated. The People who are coming to Dhaka they are so poor that it is impossible for them to provide education for their children and they are sending them to earn money. Moreover, sometimes there is no other option left for them because of poverty or bound by any unexpected situation they have to send their children for work. Because of that a large number of children are engaged in various types of economical activities in Dhaka instead of attending school. A child, between 5 and 17 years of age, who works for more than one hour per week, paid or unpaid, is called a child laborer. According to ILO, child labor is an activity conducted by a person below the age of 15, and when a child aged between 5 and 14 years works between 14 and 43 hours per week, paid or unpaid, it is called hazardous child labor and Dhaka is full of this hazardous child labor. Children are working in tea stall, small industry, Pulling Rickshaw or working as a street hawker these are the common picture of Dhaka city. Mentors use to say that Education is the best tool for reducing child labor but they don’t know the situation down there in slum. We can try to ensure education for working children, but not in the traditional form. It must be provided in pleasant ways, with stipend, food, and vocational training. Then child labor would be ultimately reducing. This report shows present situation of child labors of Dhaka city and what incentives we can take to reduce their pain in workplace.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Child Labor in Dhaka
In Dhaka, child labor is rampant, both in the formal and the informal sectors, such as shops, restaurants, motor garages, transports, construction sites, domestic work etc. Some of them only receive a roof and food as payment. The children who are paid generally get a much lower salary than adults, even if they carry out the same job and work an equal number of hours per day. Although their income is limited, working children usually contribute a significant proportion to the family income – around 20%. Those who are not paid do not depend on their family for their food. As one of the poorest countries in the world, with about half of its citizens living in deprivation, half of all children under six showing signs of chronic malnutrition, and 30% of the population under nourished the main cause of child labor appears obvious: poverty. Despite the fact that a Compulsory Primary Education Program was established in 1993, access to school remains too expensive for poor rural families, who must pay for the uniforms and transportation. The education expenses can represent one-third of the entire family income in certain regions of Bangladesh. Since the education system does not necessarily offer immediate prospects of more qualified jobs and higher income, the poorest families struggling day after day to get food are therefore unable to think in the long term. The equation is as terrible as it is simple: a child at school costs money, a child at work does not and can even earn money. Many poor families try as long as possible to keep their children at school, but after facing chronic natural disasters such as floods and cyclones, they do not have the choice. Losing their home and their land, vulnerable families have no other option than to send one or several children to work or migrate in Dhaka.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Some statistical data about child labor
Though Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world, a huge portion of the total human population is living under the poverty line. Most of these poor people live in the rural parts of the country. They don’t have any kind of job to support their families. So they come to Dhaka and other major cities and towns of the country for work. Many of them bring their whole families with them. After coming to the new cities and towns they look for jobs and they settle themselves with their families in narrow slams. But in the cities and towns the earnings of them are very little against the demand of living for the whole families. So for more earrings the poor parents engage their children with different kind of earring jobs. And that’s how these children become child labors. And the statistics of these child labors is not very small and negligible at all. According to the constitution of Bangladesh, every person of age four to sixteen are considered as children. According to Bangladesh National Child Labor Survey 13.4 per cent (4.7 million) of all children ages 5-14 are child labors and are engaged with various kinds of works in different sectors. About 7.3 per cent (2.6 million) of children in the above age group participate in the labor force and they do not attend school. About 6.8% of child labors of Dhaka are attended to schools. About 14.7% of child labors are employed in different industrial factories and workshops, about 23.3% of them are engaged in service sectors and rests of the child labors are working in the agricultural sectors. At the below there is a distribution of child labors are engaged in different sectors at the basis of age groups 5 to 9, 10 to 14 and over all 5 to 14.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Cause of Child Labor
Poverty is the main factor to explain the cause of child labor there are also many reason for child labor spatially in Dhaka city. Because as a capital city Dhaka holds the opportunity for many people and poor people are coming to Dhaka with a belief that they could turn their faith. All other reason of child labor are discussed below.

Population and Poverty

POPULATION
POVERTY Child Labor

Loss of Land
Many families have to sell their land for financial reasons, while other families we met along the Jamuna River lost their land because of the river erosion. In some cases, during less than a decade they lost part or all of their land more than five times, as well as their homes. This repeated loss makes it almost impossible to survive with only local income, and forces a father, a son or a daughter to travel to Dhaka to seek a job. For peasants, owning land affords a minimum guaranty of access to food. When they do not have land, their food security is threatened and they have to find another source of income. The first option is to farm the

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Child Labor In Dhaka City land of others, for which they get paid in crops or cash. But farming work is irregular and insufficient.

Disappearance of the father
According to many of the child workers and families we interviewed, the financial crisis often begins with the disappearance of a father. Because the father is the main source of income in many families, when he dies or leaves his wife for a younger one, the financial consequences are often unbearable. The oldest son, even if he is still a teenager, is likely to become the person financially in charge of the family. A sick father can also force a child out of school to find a job and support his family.

Indebtedness
According to many of the child workers and families we interviewed, a financial crisis can easily begin (or a fragile situation worsen) with a wedding. To marry a daughter, poor families without savings get almost automatically indebted. To collect the equivalent of several years’ income, they sell land or cattle, which have a negative impact on their income and food security in the long term. Otherwise, they can borrow money from neighbors or relatives and become indebted for years.

Victims of migration
In general, neglected children migrate to Dhaka city with their family or alone. Often they must beg or drift on the streets in order to earn a living and will consider any work that helps them survive. The result is they caught up by the curse of child labor.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Illiteracy & ignorance
Many parents of working children are illiterate and unskilled with little prospect of being able to improve their situation. There is a lack of faith in the existing education system as it does not necessarily lead to employment. Many poor parents feel that it is better for their children to learn by working rather than sending them to school.

Demand for Child Labor in Society
There is a demand for child labor in Dhaka city. Because of children are docile and compliant workers and in most cases cost less. In addition, Children can be hired, dismissed and re-hired easily. People beliefs that children are suitable for certain production tasks reason they hire children. Again Childs are popular for different house hold work because people belief Childs are honest then the adults. In nuclear family where husband and wife both are busy they always want to keep a Child as a maidservant. Many mislaid perception of the necessity of children in certain production tasks are also creating dangerous working place for children coming to Dhaka City.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Situation in Dhaka City
From the recent analysis it have been seen that condition of child labor in Dhaka city is worse than ever. Only those who are working in as maidservant getting some education from their employer and most the time incident of physical assault and sexual harassment are common.

Types of work
The child labour is increasingly become an unavoidable social economic problem amongst developed and developing countries. Approximately 19 % of school children and 40 % of street children have been forced into child labour, reports that based on a nation-wide survey of child trafficking By ILO. Large numbers of child are including different types of activities in Bangladesh. Those places are

unhealthy, harmful, dangerous, and hazardous for the child and human being. But still they are working there for their food and living. In Bangladesh there are

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Child Labor In Dhaka City lots of works for the child like – work in poultry firms, working under the city corporation of Dhaka (collecting rubbish, cleaning road), domestic works, claymodeling, small stores, service oriented sector (Bus, Hospitals, Offices, Hotels etc.), factories (Brick kilns, silver cooking pot factory, brick crushing factory, plastic, pretext factory, metal factory etc) and other places.

Working Environment & Living condition
Bangladesh is a developing country with majority of its population being engaged in some form of labor with children forming a sizeable portion of the informal labor force. At this age when these children should be attending school, they are involved in the struggle for survival. They take on the responsibilities of the family at an early age. They join any type of work without thinking, because of living.

They work in the poultry firms to early age due to scarcity. But, they do not get profit continuously due to unhealthy condition. Bird flu is one kind of fever of chicken which sometimes destroyed our poultry firms and which is also dangerous virus for human being.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

In labor law, there is strictly mention no child labor will be allowed in the city, but in Dhaka City Corporation they also use child labor entire the whole country for many purpose. They involve child for collecting rubbish, garbage from rubbish dump, residential area and also from the road. City Corporation also use child for cleaning road, made new road, and sometimes for breaking road. Because Child labor cost is lower than adult labor cost, where minimum labor cost is BDT 1,550 taka, but City Corporation give them only BDT 750-800 taka per month.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City
The Child Labor situation of domestic service is badly practice in Bangladesh, in the city of Dhaka alone there about 120,000 children were in domestic service. Especially in Dhaka, city employers in the urban areas usually recruit children from their village homes through family, friends or contacts. A survey of child

domestic workers found that 38 % were 11 to 13 years old and nearly 24 % were 5 to 10 years old. Their employers usually take care of their daily necessities like clothes, oil, soap, comb, towel, bedding and sleeping materials. Their also paid by the owner, but it’s not enough for their living.

Day by day child labor is growing in different sectors. Because of scarcity of one’s income to maintain his/her family and high density of population are the two main causes of child labor in our country. Some children are involved with their traditional family jobs like clay-modeling. Scarcity of money those children are not enjoying their childhood fun and ignored from the education also.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City
In developing Bangladesh most of the peoples live in under the poverty. For this

cause, large number of child working at difference sectors to income. They are employed in many Service sectors, industries and trades, including garments, footwear, brick kilns, stainless steel, hotels, textile shops and bus contractor etc. A dense population, limited resources, and frequent natural calamities complicate the poverty situation in Bangladesh and children are the worst victims.

When children, especially young ones are exposed to long hours of work in harsh and dangerous environments, which threatens their lives and limbs as well as jeopardize their normal physical, mental, emotional and moral development, it is

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Child Labor In Dhaka City termed child labour. As a result, they cannot imagine better something. So, most of the lower level of peoples is involving in service-oriented sectors to earned money. Most of the children they are doing very little domestic business. As a result, they do not get educationally facilities. They do not go to school due to poverty and their parents also do not encourage them to go the school. They have no money to buy food, so how they can provide school fee for their children. Better they train their child for house work or any other place for work to earn money. But those children are not enjoying their rights and they don’t get the real child life which is full of fun and enjoyment. It’s really a painful scenario for Dhaka city and also the whole country.

Child Labor and Beggar Business
Some time one will find children are begging around the street. In Dhaka city it’s a kind of business people use to bring children from different part of the country and use them for egging business. However girls are use as prostitute. Some time children become criminal through this process. In addition these children’s are not getting the light of education and they are being separated from their family and for this reason their physical and mental situation is hampering. Moreover some of these children are becoming criminal and involved in different Illegal work like selling drug. In Dhaka city one will find them everywhere they are in street, footpath, flyover, underpass,

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Child Labor In Dhaka City over bridge. They use to disturb predestine and always ask money by using different way.

Profile of the Children
Jainal:
works in silver cooking pot factory. He is 11 years old. He has been working in this factory for three years. His work starts at 9 a.m. and ends at 6 p.m. For his work he gets 700 taka (10 USD) for a month. His parents are so poor that they cannot afford to send him to school. According to the factory owner, the parents do not care for their children; they send their kids to work for money and allegedly don't feel sorry for these small kids. Dhaka 2008

Liyakot:
13-year-old Liyakot Ali works in a silver cooking pot factory in Old Dhaka. The children work 10 hour days in hazardous conditions, for a weekly wage of 200 taka (3

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Child Labor In Dhaka City
USD). Dhaka. Bangladesh. June 2008

Jasmine:
7-year-old Jasmine collects rubbish from a steaming rubbish heap on a cold winter morning. She earns money to support her family by scavenging for items on the Kajla rubbish dump. It is one of three landfill sites in a city of 12 million people. Around 5,000 tons of garbage are dumped here each day and more than 1,000 people work among the rubbish, sorting through the waste and collecting items to sell to retailers for recycling.

Islam :
Thirteen-year-old Islam works in a silver cooking pot factory. He has been working at the factory for the last two years, in hazardous conditions, where it is common practice for the factory owners to take on children as unpaid apprentices, only providing them with two meals a day.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

How we can stop it
Child-labor is a kind of problem which is already inherited in our society and in our world as well. Totally suppression of this problem seems impossible within a decade or so. But taking some measure can at least minimize the risk level of their life or in some aspect can stop it. But above all to seek the way of prevention it is better to develop the economic situation. Eradication of poverty can uproot the problem of child labor. Bangladesh has signed United Nations save the children paper. According to it children should be considered below the age group of 18 and they cannot be allowed to do any kind of job which makes them earning money. But to really make this happening implementation is required. For that law in force should be very active. They should monitor the situation of the child labor of the city every time and try to control the situation. Media can play a major role in this sector. Creating awareness through advertisement and by other ways can make people stand against it. News and reporters can also revile the name of people who are putting children in some bed working conditions. Medias can make this serious problem as a sin towards the people. But for that aggressive promotion of this idea and attracting and new way of presentation is needed. They can also promote the family planning and schooling towards the illiterate people of the country. Another major way to develop an anti child labor society is involving women into mainstream economic system. If they can involve themselves into economic activities, they will aware of giving birth of children. Despite this the economic situation of the family will be better. Then the parents will not need to send their children into any job. Also that will help to the way of women empowerment which will drive the decision of the family from the male to the female and the decision of taking children will be harmonized decision. Family planning can also solve this problem partially. Children of planned family will never go for work in his early age. They normally lead a healthy childhood life. But government and the NGO’s have to be more cautious on this issue and

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Child Labor In Dhaka City send this idea towards the county people. This could be the long term solution for this problem either.

Education can also develop the situation in some extent. But the education should be mass education and the elderly people also should be come under this workshop. This is one of the major ways to prevent children to work. If the parents are educated then they will never allow to send there children into any risky job. In regular curriculum things like child labor and the way of its prevention should be discus more widely and effectively. Skill based education need to be promoted by government also. This will help them to get job and make people skilled which will minimize unemployment problem which is root cause of unemployment. This might resulted in long term awareness. Children are reading them will never allow his children to go for any job before age. The information system and the availability of information should be friendly towards the people, so that they can make access at any point of time they needed. Also in the education system the family education and society system should be preferred. They should design such a way so after getting these information people will egger to send their children send school. But to get a totally child labor free country economic development is needed. And that development should be in a harmonized way. Because when every family can effort food clothing and will be educated they will be aware of sending their child into a risky job. Only then the schooling and a safe childhood of every child can be ensured. To do so new investment is needed to make more employment need to be removed. Government should take the measure to make people skilled and well educated so they can earn good amount of money to support their family. If the standard of living and the urgency of using products can be developed the market will get bigger and people will get more job and more new corporations will start working in the country. People can also be attracted by the opportunities of business. These are the ways how people will get more job and have enough money on their pocket to support their family and protect their children from an uncertain future.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Role of NGOs
There are many NGOs who are against the child laboring in principle although they are unable to create any job opportunities for them, even are not able to come up with the alternative proposal for children those who come out from the poor family. It is fact that poor children have to work for their livelihood if they do not get any alternative way of living. Since long, local NGOs with the help of their donors or western NGOs have been playing game in different social dimensions of the third world countries like Child Labor, Gender issues, Human Rights areas etc. But they are not willing to improve those areas rather they want to alive the issues for their gambling. we all of aware that distress families are not able to send their children to school as most of them go out for finding job at the age of 14 and 15 in generally. Therefore, before providing any theoretical suggestions, we need to arrange alternative ways of living for the poor families, who send their children to get jobs, in connection with the Income generation or earning regularly.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Conclusion
Children are the most vulnerable part of the society. They determine how well the future will be of a country. There development for a countries future is essential. If the next generation of a country cannot get a chance to have a good time in their childhood, if a country cannot secure proper education and treatment for them how they will do the well being for the nation? Developed countries give their utmost priority to their children, who will build their future. Then make them physically as well as mentally strong and brought up them without any kind of harassment. Most of the countries provides them free schooling and medical facilities. Now if have look at the poor countries. The children are sometimes using in war. Some are working in street and in other lots of offended job. These are making their future insecure and present lifeless. In most of the time the reason behind these short of problems poverty is responsible. Poverty compels them to do so or their parent’s lake of knowledge about the harmfulness of this consequence. Population expansion and slow growth rate of economy are also highly responsible for this situation. The consequences of child labor are very alarming. A country’s future goes dark by this problem. The children lose their most precious time of early age by doing risky jobs and earning money. They might have mental and physical pressure on them. A wide number of children misguided and become drug addicted and do a lot of crimes when they grow up. Awareness among the people of the society and the education can minimize this problem. But to make child labor a history government should seek the way of economic development and should control the population explosion.

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Acronyms
BBS: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BIDS: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies CEPZ: Chittagong Export Processing Zone CPA: Chittagong Port Authority CSE: Chittagong Stock Exchange DEPZ: Dhaka Export Processing Zone DSE: Dhaka Stock Exchange EIU: Economist Intelligence Unit EPB: Export Promotion Bureau EPZ(s): Export Processing Zone(s) FDI: Foreign Direct Investment GDP: Gross Domestic Product GNP: Gross National Product GOB: Government of Bangladesh NBR: National Board of Revenue NRB: Non-Resident Bangladeshi RMG: Ready Made Garments

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Bibliography
♦ Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ♦ World Bank ADP ♦ Online journals ♦ Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 1/ Data based on 1995/96 benchmark and prices; 2/ Preliminary estimate. Fiscal year ending June 30. ♦ Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ♦ ADB QUARTERLY ECONOMIC UPDATE (2002) ♦ Diminishing of Agricultural Output in BANGLADESH ♦ Bangladesh Bank ♦ Spencer Krane ♦ INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE ♦ http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/abstract/122/rr122.pdf

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Child Labor In Dhaka City

Work Distribution

Name

Work
Concept development, Data collection, organizing Data, Writing, adding picture, designing, Developing presentation.

Chowdhury, Aiman Jan

Chowdhury, Naim

Relating graph, typing, building new contents, modifying downloaded contents. Writing speech for presentation.

Das Subrata

Maintaining report format with business communication, Calculation of graph chart, Converting currency US$ to Tk., Review.

Chowdhury Irfan Ahmed

Data collection. Writing. Maintaining format, Review and spell-check. Identifying grammatical error.

Juthi Rabbani

Maintaining report format with business communication downloaded contents. Writing speech for presentation.

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