... Part I: Analysis of India’s Child Labour Using Maxwell and Young’s Framework INTRODUCTION Child labour has been around since the industrial revolution. There are many different definitions of child labour depending on the organization. The International Labour Organization (ILO) describes child labour as “work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development”. On the other hand, UNICEF describes it as “involved in child labour activities if between 5 to 11 years of age, he or she did at least one hour of economic activity or at least 28 hours of domestic work in a week”. Simply put, it is the employment of children under the minor legal age. The national census in 2011 still found that there were approximately 4.35 million child labourers in India (aged 5-14). By using Maxwell and Young’s framework, I will analyse the child labour force in India. INDIA’S SOCIAL INJUSTICE (MAXWELL) Reading the BBC article on India’s children labour, it is clear that social injustice plays a role. The exploitation, trade, and mistreat of these children all point towards social injustice. According to Maxwell, social injustice is moral unfairness in the division of society’s rewards or burdens. Despite the fact that using children as their labour force is morally wrong, the wage distribution ($2/day) inequity strongly supports the fact that there is social injustice in India. Social justice is important...
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...Question: Research, Analyse and Debate Exists a linkage between the exploitation of children, as a source of labour, and globalisation in both developing and industrialised countries? Table of Content Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………...3 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………... 5 2. Discussion……………………………………………………………………………. 5 2.1 Definition: What is child labour? ..................................................................... 5 2.2 Definition: What is globalisation? ………………………………………….... 6 2.3 Difference between developing and industrialised countries……………........ 6 2.3.1 Facts and background of India and Germany ………………………………... 7 2.3.2 ILO Convention no. 138 …………………………………………………….. 8 2.3.3 Perception of child labour in society ………………………………………… 8 2.3.4 Laws and how they are executed……………………………………………... 9 2.4.1 School attendance rate ……………………………………………………… 10 2.4.1 School drop-out rate ………..………………………………………………. 10 2.5.1 Structural change and the state of economy………………………………… 11 2.5.2 Digression to historical development in Germany………………………….. 11 2.5.3 Deriving historical insight in present India…………………………………… 12 2.6.1 Value of the individuals workforce…………………………………………… 12 2.6.2 Distribution of income………………………………………………………... 12 2.6.3 Poverty and workforce………………………………………………………... 13 2.7 Globalisation and its impact on child labour……………………………………. 13 3. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………... 14...
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...------------------------------------------------- Child labour From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A succession of laws on child labour, the so-calledFactory Acts, were passed in Britain in the 19th century. Children younger than nine were not allowed to work, those aged 9-16 could work 16 hours per day per Cotton Mills Act. In 1856, the law permitted child labour past age 9, for 60 hours per week, night or day. In 1901, the permissible child labour age was raised to 12.[1][2] Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.[3] This practice is considered exploitative by manyinternational organisations. Legislations across the world prohibit child labour.[4][5] These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, and others.[6][7] Child labour was employed to varying extents through most of history. Before 1940, numerous children aged 5–14 worked in Europe, the United States and various colonies of European powers. These children worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories, mining and in services such as newsies. Some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours. With the rise of household income, availability of schools and passage of child labour laws, the incidence...
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...------------------------------------------------- Child labour in India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Young boy stacking plates in Bangalore Child labor in India and rest of the world, per World Bank data. India is colored in green with 10-20% incidence levels, along with countries colored in red (30-40%) and black (>40%). Child labour in India is the practice where children engage in economic activity, on part-time or full-time basis. The practice deprives children of their childhood, and is harmful to their physical and mental development. Poverty, lack of good schools and growth of informal economy are considered as the important causes of child labour in India.[1][2] b The 2001 national census of India estimated the total number of child labour, aged 5–14, to be at 12.6 million.[3] Child labor problem is not unique to India; worldwide, about 215 million children work, many full-time.[4] In 2001, out of a 12.6 million, about 0.12 million children in India were in a hazardous job.[5]UNICEF estimates that India with its larger population, has the highest number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age, while sub-saharan African countries have the highest percentage of children who are deployed as child labour.[6][7][8] International Labour Organization estimates that agriculture at 60 percent is the largest employer of child labor in India,[9] while United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization estimates 70 percent of child labour is deployed in agriculture and related...
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...“CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA- ISSUES AND RESPONSES” By Mr. Sandip B. Satbhai (Asst. Prof.) CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA- ISSUES AND RESPONSES “A Child is a father of the Man” -William Wordsworth1. Introduction: We can easily recognize the importance of the Child. The above statement has wide scope for interpretation. Child is very important for the development of the society at large. The development of the Nation is exclusively based on the status of the Child. It is also true that this is one of the vulnerable groups in the society. We can also further add that Children are the Assets of the Nation. Children plays very significant role in the Nation building. All these make obligatory on everyone to protect and provide various safeguards to the children. It is our prime duty to provide care and protection towards children as they are innocent. For the progress of the community at large we need to pay attention towards education of children. In reality there are various social evils with children; one of them is Child Labour. The Child Labour system is in existence in developing and underdeveloped counties. As per the information available, India is one of the Countries where in large number of children below the age of 14 years working in various organizations. If there is no proper distribution of work among the member of the society then children automatically forced to do work for their survival. Unemployment of adult members of the particular family results into Child Labour. In...
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...TITLE OF THE ESSAY : Child Labour : The Abuse of Girl Child * Siddharth Sharma (2ND YEAR B.A.LLB STUDENT AT NLIU, BHOPAL) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. WHY A GIRL CHILD GETS MORE VICTIMIZED? 3. SEXUAL ABUSE AND CHILD LABOUR? 4. DO WE HAVE A SOLUTION? INTRODUCTION “Born to parents who themselves were uneducated child workers, many child worker are forced to continue a tradition that leaves them chained to a life of poverty” Child labour violates a nation’s minimum age laws, threatens children’s physical, mental, or emotional well-being, involves intolerable abuse, such as child slavery, child trafficking, debt bondage, forced labor, or illicit activities, prevents children from going to school and above all, uses children to undermine labor standards. In this regard The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was enacted in 1986. The constitution of India also recognizes the right of children and safeguards their right to survival, protection and development. Article 14 of the constitution bestows right to equality. Article 15(3) empowers state to make special provision in favour of children. Article 23 prohibits traffic in human being. Article 14 prohibits employment of children below 14 years in any factory or mine or hazardous occupation. Article 39 prohibits abuse and exploitation. Article 45 provides compulsory education up to 14 years. India has recently finally left the company of seven other countries that still legally permit...
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...Information about India: Capital: New Delhi Prime minister: Manmohan Singh Official language: Hindi Language, English Language Population: 1,241,491,960 (2011) World Bank Average income: Rs 50,000 Gross domestic product: 1.848 trillion USD (2011) World Bank. Information about India: Capital: New Delhi Prime minister: Manmohan Singh Official language: Hindi Language, English Language Population: 1,241,491,960 (2011) World Bank Average income: Rs 50,000 Gross domestic product: 1.848 trillion USD (2011) World Bank. Statistics Statistics Child labor in India BBB4M Miss Doty 28/03/13 Child labor in India BBB4M Miss Doty 28/03/13 HARRIS, GARDINER. "Children Toil in India’s Mines, Despite Legal Ban." the new York times 25 Feb. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. International labor organization. ILO, n.d. Web. 27 Mar.2013.<http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/ child-labour/lang--en/index.htm#a2>. McDougall, Dan. The Guardian. N.p., 28 Oct. 2007. Web.27Mar.2013.<http://www.guardian.co.u k/world/2007/oct/28/ethicalbusiness.retail> Unicef. N.p., 10 Jan. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. <http://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_58 009.html>. Wisom jobs. N.p., 10 Feb. 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. <http://blog.wisdomjobs.com/child-labour- in-india/>. HARRIS, GARDINER. "Children Toil in India’s Mines, Despite Legal Ban." the new York times 25 Feb. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. International labor organization. ILO, n.d. Web. 27 Mar.2013...
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...INTRODUCTION Child labour is an emotive subject,especially when young children are concerned,it evokes images of maltreatment and exploitation.According to the International Labour Office ,any activity other than study or play,remunerated or unremunerated,carried out by a person under the age of 15 years is defined as child labour (Cigno et. al 2002).Consolidated global statistics on child labour are elusive,because of the differing definitions and perceptions about what constitutes a child,child worker or child labour.For a large number of children who are forced to work in situations that compromise their developmet,child labour is an abuse of their fundamental human rights.The principal reason why such work is seen as morally and socially unacceptable is that such work hinders ‘the harmonious physical and mental development of the child’ (Murshed 2001).Child labour is mostly concentrated in Asia and Africa,which together account for more than 90 % of the total child employment.Asia is led by India which has more than 44 million child labourers and the largest child workforce in the world(Siddiqi & Patrinos n.d). The research is aimed at exploring factors that perpetuate child labour in India and study the policy implications for the international community with respect to trade,labour market regulation and legislation,role of international agencies and multinational companies and the need for increasing international awareness.The study elabotrates the demand and supply...
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...CHILD LABOUR: MENACE TO EDUCATION “There can be no keener revelation of a society's soul than the way in which it treats its children.” – Nelson Mandela From this quote we can understand that children are future citizen of the nation and their adequate development is the utmost priority of the country. Progress of a country depends upon the education of the children which they are getting and the type of atmosphere in which they are being brought up. Children are the foundation stones of a country. But in a country like India education is not available to all the children many of the children remain illiterate because many parents do not have money to spent it on the education of their children, rather they send their children for work so that they could earn some money and this work done by the children for their family is not a help for them rather it should be known as child labour. We can define child labour as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. All the work done by children should not be classified as child labour that is to be targeted for elimination. Children or adolescent’s participation in work that does not affect their health and personal development or interfere with their schooling is generally regarded as being something positive. This...
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...A Study on Child Labour in Indian Beedi Industry By Dr. Yogesh Dube, Member NCPCR Assisted by Dr. Godsen Mohandoss Senior Technical Expert, NCPCR National Commission for Protection of Child Rights 5th Floor, Chandralok Building, 36- Janpath New Delhi – 110001 August 2013 Child Labour In Indian Beedi Industry Beedi Industry in India Beedies are made up of tendu leaves hand rolled with shredded tobacco. The beedi enterprises in India were established initially as cottage or family business houses, and grew into a massive industry with high turnover and enormous employment potential. In India, beedi industry is a major revenue source in many parts of the country where five lakhs million beedies1 are manufactured every year which worth nearly 65 million. States like Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha are involved in both manufacturing of beedies and tendu leaves growing. Nearly 4.5 million workers are engaged in beedi industry in India with largest number in Madhya Pradesh (18.3 %), followed by Andhra Pradesh (14.4 %) and Tamil Nadu (13.8 %)2. Majority of the beedi workers are engaged in beedi rolling in home based work from the organized factories which has only ten percent of the workers involved in beedi rolling. Mostly the economically and socially backward populations are involved in beedi industry. It is to be noted that the tendu 1 Government of India, Report Circulated in the National Workshop on Beedi Workers Housing, Ministry...
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...CHILD LABOUR is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on part or full-time basis. The practice deprives children of their childhood, and is harmful to their physical and mental development. Poverty, lack of good schools and growth of informal economy are considered as the important causes of child labour in India.[2][3] In 2001, an estimated 1% of all child workers, or about 120,000 children in India were in a hazardous job.[10] UNICEFestimates that India with its larger population, has the highest number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age, while sub-saharan African countries have the highest percentage of children who are deployed as child labour.[11][12][13]International Labour Organisation estimates that agriculture at 60 percent is the largest employer of child labour in the world,[14] while United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates 70% of child labour is deployed in agriculture and related activities.[15] Outside of agriculture, child labour is observed in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy. CHILD LABOUR ACTS AND RULES After its independence from colonial rule, India has passed a number of constitutional protections and laws on child labour. The Constitution of India in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive of State Policy prohibits child labour below the age of 14 years in any factory or mine or castle or engaged in any other hazardous employment (Article 24). The constitution also envisioned that...
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...findings, the following conclusions can be drawn: (on child labour in the export-oriented garment and gem polishing industry of India) 1. For both, the garment export industry in Tirupur and in Bangalore as well as the gem polishing export industry in Jaipur, it has been found that their expansion, due to an increased international demand by European countries and the US for garments and (semi-)precious gem stones, caused an increase in the number of economically exploited child and adult labourers. When children are concerned this caused more school drop outs and illiterate children. It has been found that the labour of children who work in the above mentioned industries interferes with their mental, physical and social development. Especially in the garment industry as compared with the gem polishing industry the children are physically and economically exploited. Though the children in the garment industry earn higher wages than the children in the gem polishing industry, they are forced to work more hours per day and also in the nightshift because export orders have to be completed in time. This puts a tremendous stress on the children. The majority of the children in the garment industry of Tirupur suffers from exhaustion. This is even more the case for the children who have to combine work with education in the evening in non-formal education centres. 2. Employers of both the industries have a vested interest in child labour because they can pay the children a fraction of...
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...AIR 348 RESEARCH ESSAY In what ways have Transnational Advocacy networks (TAN’s) altered the principles and practices of international relations? Discuss in context of Child Labour in India The past century, the century of transformation and changes, which transforms a map of the world. World politics not only alongside with states, many non- state actors work together to form a new world order. Since the World War II, we saw a series of uncertain modification to delimit world order (Pollis, 2000, p9). In this perspective, the human rights issue is widely contested notion emerge over time. Wider gap between access and resources has started super power rivalry. Under these circumstances International community come forward to form new social and cultural norms, which has raised new arguments against the notion and principals of International Relations (Polis, 2000, p9) In this assessment we will explore briefly, how International Non-governmental organizations put their influence, while states are attached with realist principal of international Relations. Even if there are legitimate arguments, what barriers Transnational Civil society may face to achieve their goals and how reformed the principals and practices of international politics. From the view point of International politics, we saw that realism occupies a complex place. In general, it’s a principal pattern in International politics (Synder, 2012, p.17). The key principal of this idea contains the small concept...
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... Right to Education Child labour & illiteracy are basically two sides of a same coin, as one inclines to raise the other. Maximum of child labours are either illiterate or partly literate. Generally parents of these children are also illiterate and thus does not understand the importance of education in one’s life. Children of illiterate parents are more prone to child and bonded labour. This is the only irony of the life that poor child in inida is born without education and dies without it. Government is trying to curb illiteracy and making ways for children to earn to live and study to progress. In leading case “the court held that the engagement of children in the match factories can be done but they cannot be directly connected with...
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...IMPLICATIONS FOR CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA. INTRODUCTION • According to the International Labour Office, any activity other than study or play, remunerated or unremunerated, carried out by a person under the age of 15 years is defined as child labour. • 90 % of the total child employment is concentrated in Asia & Africa, with more than 44 million child labourers in India alone. REVIEW OF LITERATURE • Economic Impact of child labour- a) Micro family level- Short run effect on house hold income, long run effect on house hold poverty through human capital. b) Macro variables- Long run growth & development, FDI & Labour market. • Forms of Child Labour- a) Hazardous and non-hazardous activities b) Agricultural and non-agricultural work c) Jobs in the modern and traditional industries d) Economic and non-economic activities e) wage earners and unpaid family workers • Effect of Child Labour- a) Loss of human capital. b) Slows down technological progress. c) Health problem. • Causes of Child Labour- a) Lack of enforcement of minimum age requirement (confusion regarding description of age limit of child) b) Poverty & schooling problem (inaccessibility of school & lack of quality education). c) Rigid cultural & social role limiting educational attainment. d) Acceptance of social class separation.(lower castes expected to perfirm manual labour and hence do not...
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