...“I am one or two days away from death; they will shoot me dead, thus if you give birth to a son please name him after me.” ----An Eritrean victim of human trafficking from The Sinai Desert INTRODUCTION This paper examines the issue of human trafficking as it relates to human security in the Horn of Africa. Trafficking takes place by criminal means through the threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of positions of power or abuse of positions of vulnerability. Further, it relates to all stages of the trafficking process: recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of person. An agreed definition of human trafficking exists under Article 3 of the “Palermo Protocol” on trafficking in persons which went into effect on 25 December 2003. This internationally agreed definition focuses on exploitation of human beings – be it for sexual exploitation, other forms of forced labor, slavery, servitude, or for the removal of human organs. Trafficking is not just a transnational crime across international borders; the definition applies to internal domestic trafficking of human beings. In the Horn of Africa (HOA), both cross border and internal trafficking of women and children is prevalent. For example, in Ethiopia, children are being trafficked into armed conflict where it is reported that over 20,000 of them have been victims. Almost all of the countries in the region have been identified as sources, transit points or destination...
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...LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN KENYA ON THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES INTERNATIONAL LAWS Under The Constitution of Kenya, article 2(5) and (6), treaties and rules of international law are part of Kenyan Law. This essentially means that even without domesticating some of the treaties their obligations apply directly to Kenya. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the first treaty that protected children rights. It guiding principles have a direct impact to children with disabilities. These include; non-discrimination, that these children should not be discriminated on the ground of disability, best interests of the child; under this rubric states must eradicate policy laws which do not place the best interests of the child as paramount, A child’s survival and development; that laws set must aim at ensuring development and survival of the child, and finally, Child participation, i.e. that children with disabilities or organizations representing them be consulted in matters and decisions affecting them. Article 23 of the Convention lays emphasis on the right of these children to special care and support to ensure they live full and independent lives. Most importantly the article guarantees the disabled children all the rights in the Convention. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) through General Comment 5 states that persons with disabilities should be guaranteed all rights under the covenant. On education, the...
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...exploitation and forced labor. The greatest threat of trafficking facing Indonesian men and women is that posed by conditions of forced labor and debt bondage in more developed Asian countries and the Middle East. The government stopped permitting Indonesian women to travel to Japan and South Korea as “cultural performers,” to curtail a practice that led to victims being trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation. However, in 2007 traffickers increasingly used false documents, including passports, to obtain tourist visas for women and girls who are subsequently forced into prostitution in Japan, through the unlawful exploitation of recruitment debts as high as $20,000 each. Trafficking of young girls to Taiwan as brides, mainly from West Kalimantan, persisted. Traffickers use false marriage licenses and other false documentation in order to obtain visas and subsequently force the women and girls into prostitution. Women from the People’s Republic of China, Thailand, and Eastern Europe are trafficked to Indonesia for commercial sexual exploitation, although the numbers are small compared with the number of Indonesians trafficked for this purpose. The Government of Indonesia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. While the government made clear progress in bringing sex trafficking offenders to justice, in part through use of its new anti-trafficking law, a pronounced weakness shown...
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...populations exert significant pressure on agricultural land, and infrastructure. Pressure on agricultural land affects farming and agriculture thus low food production and food insecurity in a country. Also, the high population will overstretch existing infrastructures and affect the quality of services in the sectors of education, health, transportation and housing among others. Fourth, developing and underdeveloped countries experiencing population bursts often suffer from high rates of unemployment that breeds many social vices in society. For instance, high rates of unemployment leave many skilled and unskilled persons without sources of livelihood. In practice, a significant number of unemployed persons engage in criminal activities, prostitution,...
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...occurring day after day. Who can stand there and see it happen and still do nothing.., just standing there and let those things happen without feeling pity for those people? This is what happens in some schoolsin Kenya. Quite a number of the children come to school with little or no food for breakfast, just chewing some bush fruits, if they found any on the way to school. Getting in class with an empty stomach surely is not the right start for a day at school; concentration is lacking, attention is drawn to that gnawing feeling inside. These children don’t have the energy for sports; fall sick more often as their resistance is undermined by under-nourishment and drop out more easily from school. What would you do if you saw it happening? Would you just be the bystander or the one that would take action? Surely it is impossible to help the whole world but this doesn’t mean that we don’t have the obligation to help, even with just the little bits we can share. That is why our organization (Mireco Development Organization) has the plan to incorporate a school feeding programme in Migori Primary School, Migori Town in Migori County. This is after we saw the constraints caused by the post election violence that left more people homeless and less fortunate. We want to give every child in Migori Primary school, breakfast and lunch, every school day.., throughout the year....
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...Magnitude and perceived impact of child fosterage on HIV/AIDS orphaned children: A case study of Mathare a suburb of Nairobi BY JAMES NYANJWA SW/02/10 A research proposal submitted to the department of sociology and psychology for the requirements of the Bachelor of Arts degree in Social Work MOI UNIVERSITY 4TH NOVEMBER, 2013 DECLARATION AND RECOMMENDATION Declaration by candidate I hereby declare that the work presented in this research proposal is my own work Citation from other information sources is given where applicable. No part of this document is to be reproduced in any other form, be it print or electronic without permission from the copyright holder Name……………………….Sig……………….date…………………. Recommendation by Supervisor This proposal has been submitted with my approval as the Departmental supervisor Name………………….Sig……………….Date…………… DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my beloved brothers Victor Onyuka and Philip Ogola without whose caring and financial support it would not have been possible and I would also like to dedicate this work to the memory of my parents, my loving dad Joseph Onyuka and caring moms Pamela Anyango and BeldineAoko who passed on the love of reading and respect for education. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Masinde for impacting us with knowledge on research proposal. I want to thank most profoundly Mrs. Adeli for her guidance on the relevance materials needed in writing research proposal...
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...Child Labor: An Unrecognized Global Issue Abstract There is much knowledge that needs to be gained globally about child labor. Society needs to find ways to increase awareness in this matter. History has shown that child labor was almost necessary for the survival of families through hard economic times. The concept of children rights brought major change to the outlook of child labor. Children have the same large scale rights as adults do. Conventions have been established in place to protect the right of children here in the United States. Although our government has many laws in reference to child labor other nations do not recognize it as problematic and so it continues. In other countries children are being exploited by employers. These children are stripped of their right to have an education, a prosperous childhood, and of other rights. It can affect a child’s health and development. The objective of the following research paper is to raise awareness of the worldwide child labor issue and summarizes what is being done to help battle the issue. Introduction: Any issue that involves the abuse of young children is a sensitive matter. Images exist of children enduring maltreatment and abuse in different work settings. Child labor has been a long existing nationwide issue and although it is seen as a form of child abuse by many there are those that see it as a norm. Cultures in foreign nations believe that by placing a child in money paying work conditions...
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...(John 10:10). Jesus then calls women as well as mento “go and make disciples of all nations” (Matthew 28:19). And in 2016 there is more good newsfor women. God israising up a generation that cares passionately about justice. Today, many are striving to end domestic violence, rape, slavery, and human trafficking. Many are working toward providing clean water to deprived communities. More medical teams are treating women who are suffering from female genital cutting,fistula,and lack of care during pregnancy and delivery. Infant and mother mortality rates are dropping. In some countries, the numbers of abortions are drastically declining. Many parents are sending their girls to school, even up to the university level,resulting in fewer child marriages. Let’scontinue to pray andcelebrate God’s love. Let’s also celebrate that people around the world are speakingup and defending women and girls and helping them prosper....
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...THE RIGHTS OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS IN KENYA: LESSONS FROM THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. GODWIN KIPKIRUI LANGAT LAW/M/0985/09/12 ABSTRACT Many perspectives have been offered in the academic literature to explain the phenomenon of illegal immigration across the world. Unfortunately, most studies fail to adequately account for the rights of immigrants and how they are being violated. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study The purpose of this research is to show all the rights of illegal immigrants and the extent to which they are violated and/or respected in Kenya’s legal system by use of vital lessons from the American legal system. Respecting their rights is important because it shows that we are respecting the rule of law. It is important to note that all people are equal and therefore they should be treated equally without discrimination. People should also be allowed the freedom of movement and also that it should be ensured that the same freedom of movement should be regulated so that it ensures that one single country or state do not suffer the outcomes of immigration. Migration is a fact of life whereby people move to new countries to improve themselves economically and maybe to pursue their educations. Others leave to escape armed conflicts or other violations of human rights. Several statutory laws in Kenya provide means by which certain aliens/illegal immigrants can become naturalized citizens. Immigration law determines who...
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...the Research-------------------------------------------------------------------------1 B. Statement of the Problem------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------3 C. Importance of the Paper------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 D. Definition of Terms ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 II. Body----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 A.Modes of Transmission of HIV/Aids (Direct Factors) ----------------------------------------5 1.Sexual Transmission-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 2,Mother to Child Transmission------------------------------------------------------------------------5 3.Transmission via Fomites-----------------------------------------------------------------------------5 4. Needles--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 5. Blood Traces--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 6. Routine Medical Care---------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 B. Modes of Transmission of HIV/Aids (Indirect Factors)-------------------------------------7 1. Poverty--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 2.Civil...
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...however these small jobs are not harmful to the children and they are not exploited in any way to do this work, for example daily chores. This is ethically and morally wrong, but nevertheless a continuing problem. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) has found that one in six children is involved harmful and exploitative work; this is defined as child labour. These children are ‘engaged in economic activity or in household chores for more than 28 hours in a week’ (UNICEF. 2011). Child labour is a major global issue, with ‘an estimated 158 million children aged 5-14 engaging in child labour’ (UNICEF. 2011). Organisations employ children to work in unfit environments and hazardous conditions, for example working in mines and many children are employed to work in agriculture where they are surrounded by dangerous chemicals used in pesticides and forced to operate the dangerous agricultural machinery. One of the main areas of employment is often the most overlooked; domestic employment. Children are employed to work within houses to do domestic chores, but entirely overworked. ‘Child labour not only prevents children from acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future, it also perpetuates poverty and affects national economies through losses in competitiveness, productivity and...
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...PROSTITUTION IS NOT A CHOICE LEARN A BOUT TH E TRA FFI CKING OF WOMEN AND GIRLS WORLDWIDE, AND FIND OUT WHAT CAN BE DONE TO END THIS WID ESPR EAD PROBLEM … Soroptimist International of the Americas-1709 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 - 215 893 9000 - www.soroptimist.org SOROPTIMIST WHITE PAPER Prostitution is Not a Choice I think so much about what has happened to me. Why these men did what they did to me. Old, disgusting men. It was horrible. They knew I did not want to be there, but they paid their money. They used me. I was their property for the night. They destroyed me. (14-year-old girl at Casa Hogar, a shelter in Costa Rica for children rescued from the country’s sex trade1) OVERVIEW Prostitution has been called the world’s oldest “profession.” In reality, it is the world’s oldest “oppression” and continues to be one of the most overlooked human rights abuses of women on the planet today. 2 Prostitution of women is a particularly lethal form of violence against women, and a violation of a woman’s most basic human rights. While society attempts to normalize prostitution on a variety of levels (discussed later in this paper), prostituted women are subjected to violence and abuse at the hands of paying “clients.” For the vast majority of prostituted women, “prostitution is the experience of being hunted, dominated, harassed, assaulted and battered.” 3 It is “sexual terrorism against women at the hands of men and little is being done to stop the carnage...
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...Introduction The concept of gender has become a debatable issue in the contemporary society and an important dimension in the design and analysis of social and economic development policies. These development concerns have brought about gender issues at the forefront of national and international agenda. During the 1990's, the gender issue continued to follow the historical trend by being one of the most popular themes of debates. The Human Development Report, (1995) posits that the number of women is greater than or equal to that of men, in today's society, yet females are still considered as a minority segment of the population. As a measure to redress gender inequalities, approaches by feminist movements, such as Women in Development (WID), were crafted but not much was achieved. Later, it was Women and Development (WAD) and lastly Gender and Development (GAD). It seems deep-rooted gender inequality still exists globally, despite substantial national and international measures that have been taken towards gender equality. This essay deliberates on the assertion that, “Gender equality is debatable: what is undebatable is the attempt to make it universally applicable.” The writer agrees to a greater extent that gender equality is a controversial issue basing on the multiplicity of societies that it is applied to. The fact that there is no universal culture, universal religion or universal ideology makes the whole issue arguable, ence, the need to degenderise gender...
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...According to the World Health Organization, “It is nearly always carried out on minors and is a violation of the rights of children. The practice also violates a person’s rights to health, security and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death.” (WHO, 2014) In some countries, elders of the community, most of whom are women carry out the procedure. Procedures in rural areas are often carried out without the use of anaesthetic and with the use of a non-sterile razor blade or knife. In other countries such as Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Nigeria and Guinea, FGM is carried out by professional health practitioners, which decreases the risk of infection but does not account for the long lasting physical and mental health effects of the procedure. If a child survives the brutality of the procedure, which includes bleeding, the risk of infection and severe pain, there can be longer-term consequences, which can affect a woman throughout her life. Physical effects include pain during sexual intercourse, infertility, childbirth complications (including newborn death), difficulty urinating and menstruating, and even death for the female is not uncommon. Women who have experienced FGM are at higher risk of HIV (AIDS) (EndFGM, 2009). Although the practice can be of great cultural significance, the consequences of the procedure have both short-term and long-term effects and can also lead to...
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...Child Labor: Threatening the economy and well-being of children Child labor has existed throughout American history and throughout the world for many years. A quote from Lewis Hine in 1980 states: "There is work that profits children, and there is work that brings profits only to employers. The object of employing children is not to train them, but to get high profits from their work.” As factories started to assemble, most owners preferred children as their workers because the owners thought them as “more manageable, cheaper and less likely to strike.” The industries children usually worked for were mines, glass factories, textiles, agriculture, canneries, home industries, newsboys, messengers, bootblack and peddlers. During the Industrial Revolution, children at four years old were employed and dealing with dangerous and sometimes fatal working conditions. Now, because of new child labor laws in the United States, industries are going overseas to produce their product in countries that still use child labor. Developed countries consider these actions to be human rights violations and are illegal, while some undeveloped countries will allow or tolerate child labor. These children who are in these factories in different countries are costing the company less because of their wages, when they could have their factories in the States, producing jobs and cash flow in our economy. Child labor violates the common good by threatening the long-term growth of the economy and the well-being...
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