...The first article I will be looking at is: Ferrari, A. M. (2002). The impact of culture upon child rearing practices and definitions of maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(8), 793-813. The features of this design were the independent variables(culture) were: cultural factors, machismo, familism, valuing children and parents’ childhood abuse. The dependent variables (parenting) were the use of physical punishment, use of verbal punishment, use of reasoning use of nurturing behaviors, and severity ratings of vignettes. The participants were 75 fathers and 75 mothers, who were “non-traditional students” that were enrolled in evening and week- end classes at local universities and community college. Randomization was implemented by them being...
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...Holly Nichols CHFD225 I002 Sum 12 Social Class and Child Rearing September 15, 2012 Social Class and Child Rearing "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" is one of the most recognized phrases in the United States Declaration of Independence. This phrase is meant to illustrate the "inalienable rights" with which all human beings are awarded by their Creator for the protection of which they institute governments. It is because of this right to pursue happiness that America is a country where people have the distinct ability to move between the ranks of social class. There are four branches of social class that exist in America; lower class, lower middle class, upper middle class and upper class. Class is a social relationship between the haves and the have nots; this social hierarchy influences much of the way parents choose to raise their children. Understanding the differences between social classes enables one to appreciate how families in such diverse social classes place different emphases on education, social etiquette, health, parent child relationship and child discipline. Since the beginning of recorded civilizations there has been an evolution of the class system. Through this evolution of the class system, America has grounded itself on four distinct classes of people. It is first imperative to understand the class system we have in America. The first branch of social class is upper class which is defined as those with power, prestige, and influence especially...
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...child rearing Many parents have their own ways of rearing the children they bring into this world. And many will argue whether one’s way of rearing a child is valid or not when compared to another’s method of child upbringing. One of the biggest challenges of being a parent is the upbringing methods of a child. Child rearing methods have changed somewhat in the past several decades. Some will agree that it has since become more challenging as time goes on for every new generation. But what could be the cause of this change, and why would people agree that it has become more difficult to rear a child in this world now, than if it had been 50 years ago? The answer can be summed up in one word: technology. Times are changing they are. And as time goes by, new technologies are introduced into the world. Because of the advances in technologies, the world has become a more demanding and fast-paced place to live in. Economies have since been impacted through out these technological advances… And one can only presume that such technologies are what move our economies. For the most part, depending on what part of the world you live in, has an affect on how parents enforce their child rearing methods. To pin-point a more common ground on this subject, I will focus on child rearing in the United States. And what a better place to focus in on than the U.S. The U.S. is probably the most technologically advanced country in the world. But more...
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...Child Rearing the Caribbean Jacob Davis ANT101 Professor Henninger April 21, 2014 In society people tend to believe that child rearing can best be described as a term to best say "raising up a child" but it is more than having food to eat, a place to rest your head at night, or even that last piece of clothing to wear, it’s a term used to shape and mold the child's character, physical and emotional beings. Growing up I've always been fascinated by the culture and different cultures’ family views which sometimes make me wonder as to why they are different and how it affects their parenting styles and practices, behavioral expectations, affection, education, and physical punishment in child rearing practices. In this paper I intend to discuss the differences and similarities between the Belizean culture of Central America and the Trinidadian culture of the West Indies ways of child rearing. The two cultures follow two separate ways of rearing children in a study done by Annette Lareau; concerted cultivation and natural growth. Each of the two cultures I have chosen rear children in one of the two rearing styles discussed by Lareau. To begin Lareau provides evidence that not only parents but the social class of parents play pivotal roles of childrearing; due to the cause that the social class of the parents assist in the manner in which a child is raises. In Lareau’s 2003 study she provided evidence and theories of two specific types of child rearing: concerted...
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...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND As presented, this chapter discusses the problem and its background. This will help the reader to have an overview of the study specifically on the introduction, statement of the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation. I. INTRODUCTION Teenage pregnancy is formally defined as a pregnancy in a young woman who has not reached her 20th birthday when the pregnancy ends, regardless of whether the woman is married or is legally an adult (age 14 to 21, depending on the country). In everyday speech, the speaker is usually referring to unmarried minors who become pregnant unintentionally. The average age of menarche (first menstrual period) is 12 years old, though this figure varies by ethnicity, and ovulation occurs only irregularly before this. Whether fertility leads to early pregnancy depends on a number of factors, both societal and personal. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under fifteen and those living in developing countries. For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors. In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are associated with many social...
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...Child Rearing Practices BY Ken Robertson This paper is going to compare the practices of childrearing among two cultural groups Cuban Americans and Latin Americans. The childrearing practices of Americans have been extensively documented. The picture which comes to light in this paper is that of a permissive and affectionate parent. Who relies more on psychological techniques of discipline that, on direct methods such as corporal punishment. There are several comparisons of childrearing practices of American parents and those of parents from other cultural groups. Childrearing patterns of Hispanic and Latin American groups haven’t been extensively studied. The few studies that do exist generally portray the Hispanic family as one where warmth and affection are readily dispensed to the child, obedience is emphasized at the expense of self-reliance, and physical punishment is overtly threatened but inconsistently used. And perhaps because they constitute conveniently accessible populations, most existing cross-cultural childrearing studies have Compared Mexican-Americans and Mexicans. The absence of studies involving other Hispanic American groups make it difficult to estimate the extent to which the obtained results are descriptive of Hispanics in general or Mexicans and Mexican-Americans in particular. Second, most cross-cultural research has focused on the mother, child, and dad. Finally, there have been few efforts to systematize the use of instruments...
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...Conditioning and How it Can be Applied to Child Rearing Operant conditioning can be defined as, learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. When we say that a response has been strengthened or weakened, we mean that is has been made more or less likely to occur (Feldman, 2009). We can achieve such conditioning by using reinforcement. Reinforcement is the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated (Feldman, 2009). There are three main reinforcements, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment. We will look at positive and negative reinforcement and how they can help in child rearing. Being a parent of two young kids, I know how difficult it could be to get children to do the simplest of tasks. Such as cleaning up after themselves, getting them to stop fighting with each other or just to clean their room. As a parent, it seems more difficult to come up unique ways to have your children complete such small tasks. The two types of reinforcement mentioned above, could aid in this journey. Lets use positive reinforcement for one of the examples I have given. Positive reinforcement is a tool that is used when a pleasant stimulus is added, which increases a preceding response. For instance, if I wanted my children to clean their room, I could tell them that if they clean their room, we will go get some ice cream. This may or...
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...Child-rearing Practices and Parenting Styles January 15, 2013 Child-Rearing Practices and Parenting Styles Every aspect of one’s life has a distinct effect on his well being. This aspect can possibly be from emotional, environmental, physical, to social aspects of life. Family is connected and a part of each aspect, hence why the family can never be excluded in everyone’s life. Looking more into the influences of the smallest unit of the society, there are many factors that contribute to the impact brought by this agent that seeks for attention. One of these factors that affect an individual’s personality is the way his parents raise him up. Parenting in the early years is an exciting but challenging time, it is never an easy task. Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a child aside from the biological relationship, it dwells on how a parent or a guardian in some cases brought up a child providing his needs, ensuring safety, disciplining, showing love and affection. Parenting in simple words is guiding and supporting your child into an outstanding life until he is old and capable enough to do it by himself. How is Parenting Usually Occurs Nowadays in Terms of Disciplinary Strategies? The rapid phase of time is slowly changing the customary and conservative practices of raising a child inside a Filipino family. Base from what the elders often told the youngsters, the way of upbringing they had experienced during their childhood into adulthood life was a...
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...Pythagorean Quadratic Diane Todd MAT 221 Introduction to Algebra Instructor Alicia Davis September 29, 2013 Treasure hunts have always been a big deal in our home. Having raised five boys, anything to do with an adventure was exciting. Actually, this past June I planned one of my grandsons birthday parties around the theme of pirates and treasure hunting. I had never considered the math that went behind the maps in which I made up. Needless to say, when I saw the question entitled “buried treasure” in our math book, it brought back numerous memories. Ahmed has half of a treasure map, which indicates that the treasure is buried in the desert 2x + 6 paces from Castle Rock. Vanessa has the other half of the map. Her half indicates that to find the treasure, one must get to Castle Rock, walk x paces to the north, and then walk 2x + 4 paces to the east. If they share their information, then they can find x and save a lot of digging. What is x? Even though Ahmed’s half of the map does not tell him which direction the 2x + 6 paces should go, Ahmed can assume that his and Vanessa’s paces should end up in the same place. If I sketch out this scenario on paper, I see that I have a right triangle with 2x + 6 being the length of the hypotenuse, and 2x + 4 being the legs of the triangle. I now can use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve for x. The Pythagorean Theorem states that in every right triangle with legs of length a and b and hypotenuse of c, these...
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...“Child rearing practices in other cultures” In Chinese cultures parents bring their children to the preschool and the government takes the responsibility for teaching them and bringing them up. The government's policy of one child per household has caused the Chinese family to be more focused and careful about child rearing. According to the video "Preschool in Three Cultures", the government would prefer that parents leave the education and upbringing of the child to them. This would enable the parents to focus on their work and be more productive for the system, and would provide better education and discipline for the child. Religion, if taught at all, is taught in the home, and is strongly discouraged by the government. Confucianism and Taoism are suppressed, and Buddhism is accepted as a form of discipline and meditation, allowing for focus of the mind. This is socially discouraging the parents aren’t able to be parents but care takers of government issued kids. Americans current child-rearing philosophy in the urban jungle seems to be "Let them have whatever they want as long as they don't have to bother me to get it." In the Heartland, however, parents are still very concerned that their child be raised right; values, morals, traditions, friends, family, good teachers with good hearts, and a place of worship they can attend without fear of personal or political persecution. As for America it’s a free country so it depends on how u raise a child on how their social...
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...Comparison of Child Rearing Practices Donna Sarvis ANT 101 – Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Instructor – David Jenkins September 2, 2013 Comparison of Child Rearing Practices The purpose of this paper is to express the different ways culture affects child-rearing practices. Culture and child rearing are both essential in child development. Culture and ethnicity can have a deciding effect on the child-rearing techniques that families implement throughout the world. Differences such as methods of discipline, expectations regarding acceptance of responsibilities and transmission of religious instruction will vary among different cultures. The paper will include facts and information from three very different cultures about child-rearing practices. Culture is the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group (Greenwood, 2013). Child rearing practices are ways in which children in a society are raised (Greenwood, 2013).. Regardless of their cultural orientation, parents play a significant role in helping their children become honorable and contributing members of society. They accomplish this by nurturing their children, engaging in problem solving with them, and modeling by example of culturally acceptable ways of living and solving problems. A culturally evaluative theory called neo-Freudianism focuses on personal development in that it puts much importance on early childhood experiences being crucial to the development...
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...Operant Conditioning and Child Rearing Most people consider that learning takes place as a natural response from animals to diverse experiences. Nevertheless, learning is part of a more complex process that takes place when humans experience diverse events. Classical and operant conditioning are basic learning forms by which diverse patterns of behavior are acquired when a well-defined stimuli is present in a life experience. This paper discusses how the concept of operant conditioning may be applied in educating a child. Prior to discussing the concept it deems pertinent defining “operant conditioning as a form of cognition in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences" (Feldman, 2009). The concept contrasts with classical conditioning as the later deals with biological responses to stimuli while operant conditioning relates to voluntary responses performed to generate a desired outcome. In sum, operant conditioning emphasizes the notion that organisms operate on their current environments to produce a wanted result. BF Skinner, the most influential proponent of the concept of operating conditioning wanted to confirm that human behavior changes as a result of the environment changes. In this notion, Skinner attested that operant conditioning is learning in which behavioral responses differ depending on the outcomes such behaviors produce. Consequently, humans are able to willingly control the choices of...
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...Psychology Used In Child Rearing Name Course College Tutor November 8, 2013 1.0 Introduction There are various explanations as to why children exude appalling and deviant behaviors that contradict the dominant social norms. The root of these improper tendencies could be traced to family background, personality disposition, child socialization and genetic make up. Research spawned by Tamminen (2006), Shows that early lack of people skills could aggravate violent, rude and arrogant tendencies amongst children later in life. These skills include empathy, impulse control, problem solving, and anger management (Cole & Cole, 2003). In order to combat dissipation and bad behavior in children, parents must device complete long-term programs to teach children social skills and align their characters in accordance with the social norms. Many theories have been hypothesized to postulate why children behave in reprehensible discourteous and uncouth manners. This paper will offer biological, psychological and social explanations as to why children exhibit unexpected behaviors and how their mannerism is related to their parents and family background. There are numerous fundamental assumptions that cut across all psychological theories for explaining abnormal child behavior. To begin with, psychologists believe that the individual with the deviant behavior are responsible for their abnormal acts. Secondly, the individual’s temperament and disposition contributes towards...
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...This chapter starts by talking about how at the turn of the century there became a recognition concerning anger and its place in society. Between 1860 and 1940 new realities began to emerge about the human personality and anger control. Strategies in the subject of anger control began to emerge as they discovered avoiding anger was an unrealistic expectation than previously believed. Child rearing brought on a new emotionology and how an individual expressed oneself emotionally began to evolve in turn. A new uncertainty arose concerning anger in child rearing began to emerge in society. Once believed to ignore anger then a came the Victorian period, was a disapproval of anger without considering the reasons behind the anger was the belief. Toward the end of the nineteenth century especially in males, a...
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...opinion, I still think that a child should be raised in a home with both parents. I would like to explain my reasons here. Firstly, to bring up a child, there are so many things to do. Therefore, just one parent, however hard he/she tries, will encounter many problems in managing to do all these things. In daily life, we can witness stressed single parent who becomes bad-tempered and shout at their children although they don't do anything wrong. On the contrary, both parents can divide work efficiently between each other and so they will have less pressure and less stress, which in turn can help to maintain a happy family life. Secondly, I think that having both parents will provide the child's development with better balance because each parent has their own irreplaceable characteristics. For example, a father is in general stronger and braver than a mother and conversely, a mother is softer and more carefully. Consequently, lacking one parent will take from the child an example of the corresponding qualities. I know this very well from my own experience. My father went away when I was a child. My mother has been trying extremely hard to bring me up and I am so grateful for her devotion and her care for me. However, I have to admit that I can not develop completely some manly qualities such as determination, braveness and my capacity in sport is limited. To sum up, a home with both parents will have less pressure and stress and will give a child sufficient conditions to develop...
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