...CHAPTER 4 Early Childhood Early childhood (2 years to 6 years) is a critical period in the development of the human potential. Foundations for all aspects of development are laid during this stage. It is the period of the development of initiative. The child acts on his needs. If these attempts are supported and are quite successful, he develops a sense of confidence in himself. It is also referred to as preschool age. This child’s physical and motor development affects not only his succeeding physical growth and motor development but also his sense of identity and sense of control. His acquisition of language and understanding of concepts influence his intellectual development. His social interactions with his family and significant others determine how he progresses socially and emotionally. The family and the preschool need to be aware of the characteristics and needs in this stage so they can facilitate maximum growth and development of the child. Characteristics of Early Childhood Early childhood is characterized by the things young children do and learn when they are about three to six years old. 1. Activity Age - A healthy child engages in all kinds of tasks. 2. Discovery Age – The young child starts to learn many things about himself and his environment. 3. Exploration Age – The child manipulates his body and his environment. 4. Socialization Age – The child begins to meet people in his neighborhood and community. 5. Imitation...
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...Name: Tutor: Task: Date: Developmental psychology Infancy and Childhood Physical development During early childhood stage, infants begin to drop their roundish baby like display. Their bones grow more proportionate with the lengthening of their legs and arms. They start to obtain fine motor skills. The newfound skills enable them to grip a pencil in a more functional way. This is a good time to provide them with puzzles and blocks, as well as to supervise them while they use paper and scissors as objects (Stern 245). Although it is normal for boys than girls to be more physically active, they will acquire more control over their motor skills allowing for the advancement of new activities such as swinging, jumping, running, and climbing. Children will start to change themselves away from taking a daily nap, but it is vital to give periods to rest. Cognitive development According to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development; the first being the sensory motor stage, It is considered to extend from birth to the age of two years. The development of reflexes, motor abilities as well as senses is rapid. Throughout the initial development stages, infants only perceive and interact with their immediate surrounding through their actions and observations. The preoperational stage stretches from the age of two to seven where the child is not yet able to think logically. With the acquisition of language, the child can express to the world via mental images and symbols. The third...
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...Stages of Development from Early Childhood Through Middle Childhood We can break child development into five separate stages. The stages consist of infancy (birth-2), early childhood (2-6), middle childhood (6-10), early adolescence (10-14), and late adolescence (14-18). For each stage there are different types of developmental achievements that will be reached. This paper will serve as a comparison for the early and middle childhood developmental periods. There will be a detailed comparison of the two age groups for each of the following developmental characteristics: • Physical development • Emotional development • Cognitive development • Intellectual development • Language development • Reading/Writing development • Social development • Interpersonal development Physical Development (Early Childhood) During the early childhood stage children begin to lose their roundish baby like appearance. Their bodies become more proportionate with the lengthening of their arms and legs. They begin to acquire fine motor skills. These newfound skills allow them to grip a pencil in more functional way. This is a good time to provide them with puzzles and blocks, as well as supervising them while they them use scissors and paper. Although it is normal for boys to be more physically active then girls both will show an increase in energy. They will develop more control over their...
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...Childhood Adversity Almost half the nation’s children have experienced at least one or more types of childhood trauma. (Stevens) Childhood adversity is due to a dysfunctional childhood. (Pederson) There are many things that affect children’s childhood. Neglect and abuse, Witnessing domestic violence, Parents with drinking or drug abuse problems, and many other ways. This can change the brain and have lifelong effects on a person. There are ways to help people who have childhood adversity. You can also tell when someone is going through childhood adversity also. How can we aid victims of childhood adversity? So many things can affect children and their childhood’s. Each child can be affected differently in different situations. Neglect...
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...Even at early age children; children are prone to emotional problems such as anxiety, loneliness, and low self-esteem. 5) Purpose of the study – Has the reason for conducting the research been explained? The purpose of this study was to explore the emotional competence and emotional readiness. I found the following themes were proposed for further research were emotional competence in preschool children, what characteristics of the development of socialization appropriate skills. Emotional competence is based on the emotional intelligence model is defined as the interaction of emotion and cognition. It is generally accepted that studies like this contribute to the body of literature related to the topic. my research question directly relates to the research I gathered from the database, on childhood socialization. This has long been a topic of great interest for some time therefore with my study population and my research I will be able to provide a comprehensive view of the topic. Some other questions to consider as I do my research would consist of: What effect of does preschool have on emotional competence/ What role do parents and teacher have in developing both emotional competence and socialization skills of preschool-aged...
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...early childhood years, and between six to twelve years are considered the middle childhood period. During these two periods there are four kinds of themes: sources of development, plasticity, continuity/discontinuity and individual differences. The sources of development are genetic, social, or cultured development. Genetic known as nature vs. nurture the plasticity is how much the development can be changed or manipulated, Human development during this time has same part continues and same part expect going the sages. Even during expected stages we don’t know for sure exactly when the child will be able to do particular activities. This paper will discuss ten events to expect in their child’s life. Sleep: In the stage of two and twelve-year old many the parents expect a number of physical changes during the early childhood and middle childhood in terms of the child’s sleeping period. Many adults and children do not get enough sleep because the children possible do not have food or enough food and healthy nutrition to sleep well. In early childhood development stage of the wake- up behavior more scheduled and has more hours. The United States was compared with in middle childhood; they do not sleep as much. other countries totally different because in the United States the parents typically put their children to bed at certain hours in a different room but in other countries, children are always with their mother and sleep with her until they are in the middle childhood period...
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...By comparison, both Billy Pilgrim and Dunstan Ramsay experienced terrifying childhood traumas that would have a long lasting effect on their lives. The fact that both boys had a near death experience early on in their childhood (Billy drowning and Dunstan getting beaten close to death) illustrates the impact a parent has on their child’s development. A situation where the parent may view to be a good learning experience for their children (help Billy learn to swim and help Dunstan learn not to lie and quit magic), may have the opposite impact on the child. Instead of being a good learning experience, the experience could have traumatized the children and further alienating from society. As a result of Billy’s early traumas, it caused him to develop schizophrenic...
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...multi-step assignment. I am here to inform you of the two age groups I chose weeks prior to this assignment. I chose early childhood 2-6 and middle childhood 6-10. These two stages seemed very interesting to me, maybe because I am planning to teach the Pre K age group. The first group is the early childhood group consisting of children from age two through six and the next is the middle childhood ages six through ten. In these two groups, you will see several characteristics or developments from physical, emotional, cognitive, intellectual, language, social, reading, writing, and interpersonal. I will begin with the physical development of both groups. This is where you will notice their motor skills. There are two different motor skills, gross and fine. Gross motor skills involve the larger muscles including the arms and legs. Actions requiring gross motor skills include walking, running, balance, and coordination. When evaluating gross motor skills, the factors that experts look at include strength, muscle tone, movement quality, and the range of movement and the other is fine more skills, which involve the smaller muscles in the fingers, toes, eyes and other areas. The actions that require fine motor skills tend to be more intricate, such as drawing, writing, grasping objects, throwing, and catching (Cherry, 2011). Early Childhood ages 2-6 Physical Development By the time, they reach two years old their fine and gross motor skills are developing...
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...thorough reading a juxtaposition of the threads is evident. Through her entire essay, Griffin uses underlying themes that connect each thread and anecdote to one another. One of the main themes that is interwoven through her essay is child rearing and the effect that different styles of parenting have on the child later in life. One relationship between father and son she explores is Heinrich Himmler and his father Gebhard. Gebhard was a tyrannical father, not uncommon in Germany in the 1900s, who strove to instill a complete perfection into his son at a young age. “Crush the will. Establish dominance. Permit no disobedience. Suppress everything in the child.” These are the words Gebhard lived by. He raised his sons to suppress every emotion. They are taught a sense of shame. It is the summer of 1910. Heinrich begins his...
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... A child must develop in one area before progressing to another. In development stages, children experience, cognitive development, social and emotional development, language development, and gross motor skills development. Developmental milestones are talents or skills that children obtain through particular moments in time. Children develop these milestones in a chronological order. One skill must be developed before another skill can be learned or mastered. In normal circumstances, a child normally successfully achieves milestones at certain ages and stages in their lives. We all have our milestones past and future, personal and professional, individual and in common. (French 2012) Childhood Development Case Study Babies develop skills such as bonding mechanisms. They begin to recognize voices, imitate sounds. At about 6 months, they sit up alone, babble and begin making sounds. By toddler ages they walk, climb, and begin to repeat words. They begin to interact with other toddlers. As they grow they begin to develop other skills. By the time they are 4 years old, they develop social skills and begin understanding some friendships. At this age, they also mimic observed behavior from the adults in their lives. By 5 years old children are ready for school. They begin to read and write. They understand rules at this age in development. By age 10, children recognize right from wrong. By 12 years old, children are beginning...
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...Development Process of Premature and Late Adolescence Adolescence is the physical and mental growth from childhood to adulthood. This change can derive from psychological, social and biological modifications. Although it is assumed that teenagers range from 13 to 19, the transformation to adulthood is different for everyone depending largely on how and where they were raised. Among different continents, countries and even within the United States, people hold a different idea of when teenagers become an adult and assume rights and privileges that only adults have such as sexual relationships, driving, voting, drinking and getting a job. Compared to the various stages of infancy and childhood, the adolescent stages are supplied with amplified stages of confidentiality and lessened amounts of parental guidance. Premature Adolescence The early adolescence stage is composed of children from 10 to 14 years of age. Children begin this stage when the hormones in their bodies reach advanced levels and begin puberty. Children in this stage make judgments based on the friends they have made various activities they have decided to participate in. Premature adolescence appears to be mostly about self rule and private inclinations towards the outside world. Late Adolescence The late adolescence stage is found in children from 15 to 18 years of age. Children in this stage are adept at creating self assessments and typically do not seek higher counsel due to a desire to be self...
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...Infancy and Early Childhood Development The brain of infants and early childhood development is empty and absorbable like a sponge throughout adulthood. At infancy stage, the brain develops according to exposure to verbal expression exposure and visual physical observation exposure. The human being brain will utilize the exposures throughout the developing stages in life (Feldman, 2010). Parenting interaction with an infant and environmental condition affects the way infants develop. Hence, it is fundamental to set positive structure from the beginning because the exposure cannot be undone when raising a child. It is significantly important to provide a nurturing environment. The Affect Families Have On Infants and Childhood Development From infancy, the brain instantaneously goes through developmental change. The progress is an effect of genes and the environment the infant is exposing to and as an outcome of experiences (Feldman, 2010). Early childhood experiences have two categories; experience-dependent and experience-expectant. Experience-expectant refers to the development of the nervous system and it is predictable to develop in a certain way. Standard cognitive growth is reliant of the positive type of environmental exposure. With the exception of any type of fetal damage to the brain, in order for the experience-expectant to be within usual range of development; when an infant is exposed to a loving gesture (as an example), it should respond cognitively. Experience-dependent...
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...MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES 2 Dr. PDevelopmental Parenting for ages birth through 2 years In this paper I will be discussing one stage of childhood development and the parenting techniques. I chose to write about children from the ages of birth to 2 years old. I chose this stage of development because I am a first time mom to a 3 month old, so I am just learning about the ages from birth to 2 years old. At first infants genuinely require more from their parents (Drago, 2009). During the first 3 months babies do not have any organization and only gradually become more organized (Brooks, 2010). Newborns usually sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day (Brooks, 2010). Normally newborns do not sleep through the night and they require more feedings, diaper changes, and so forth (Drago, 2009). Between the first 6 and 12 months babies start to sleep longer at night, between 8 and 12 hours (Brooks, 2010). Also at this time babies become more alert during the day, and also investigating the world with their eyes (Brooks, 2010). At first infants live in the present but by the age of 8 or 9 months they realize that other people and objects are separate from themselves (Brooks, 2010). At about 9 or 10 months infants look for guidance through their parent’s expressions and emotions (Brooks, 2010). In the middle of the second year infants fantasize and pretend play copying their parents and siblings (Brooks, 2010). Infant’s smiles and cries are early forms...
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...------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Childhood to Adolescence Development ------------------------------------------------- Monica Rodriguez-Sosa ------------------------------------------------- University of Houston – Downtown Introduction As we age and grow in life, we constantly change in many different aspects. It is natural for humans to develop new ways of thinking, being, and feeling. At childhood, we might have show certain behaviors that we do not show in adolescence. Not only does our behavior change, but our physical appearance does too, along with our emotions. This paper will detail three changes that take place in each of the realms of cognitive, physical, and emotional growth from childhood to adolescence. Early Childhood First, physical development of a child occurs at a slower rate than infancy. Boyd and Bee (2009) write that every year a child ages, they grow about two to three in height and about six pounds in weight (p. 177). Both authors also define the motor skills that children gain during childhood. For example, a child at age two can climb on furniture whereas a 6 year-old can walk on a line. As children age, they gain more muscle, giving them the ability to move around easier. Another example is brain growth. This kind of development can...
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...Middle Childhood and Adolescence Louis Gibbs PSY/280 05/18/2012 Michael Johnson The introduction of middle childhood and adolescence, a crucial period of development, for the child and parent can become a time of uncertainty. The parenting styles of the parent makes a difference in the out-come of the child. All children need parents that care about them. The different parenting styles include; authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. In the best interest of the child’s development, parents have to make an evaluation of the parenting methods that work well with the personality of the child. During these years the child’s temperament also begins to have an effect in their lives. “A child’s temperament matters (Kagan & Fox, 2006). If they do not consider the personality of the child, authoritarian parents might terrorize children who are innately fearful or anxious, or permissive parents might watch their impulsive children flail out of control.”(Berger, 2010). Environmental circumstances also have a role in children’s development for example: a parent gaining or loosing employment. There will be many changes that take place for middle childhood and adolescent children. Middle Childhood For many people puberty is a time in their life that will not be forgotten. The ages from 7 to 11 are sometimes called the school years. “The...
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