...This essay seeks to critically evaluate my role as a child observer. Drawing on two or more theories of child development, I will look at the main theoretical concept and critically evaluate in relation to my observation. First, I begin a brief description of the child I have observed and the setting in which the observation took place. Next I attempt to show my understanding of normal child development, and aspects that can disrupt ‘normal’ child development. Throughout the essay, I will critically examine and reflect on the process of undertaking my observation. And finally, issues of ethics and anti- oppressive practises will be discussed. The child I have observed was three and half year’s old girl called Sara (not her real name), of African Caribbean background and English is the only language spoken at home. All three observations took place at the day-centre she attends. The day-care centre gave me permission to observe her, but not to interact and interfere with her educational activities. As this was my first observation, I was a bit anxious about how Sara might react about me watching her, and while her parents consented about the observations, Sara did not know that I am here to observe her; it is this scenario that made me uncomfortable. I was particularly more concerned about the ethical issues of not informing Sara about the observation. One element of anti-oppressive practice is to make sure that people’s rights are not violated. Social workers must put children’s...
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...empower teachers and staff in their professional development by effectively evaluating the needs, styles, and preferences of the staff. With this in mind, this essay will compare and contrasts two strategies utilized to support teachers in their growth toward professional goals; clinical supervision and peer coaching. Further, this essay will identify the strengths and weaknesses of each model and how they use assessing and planning skills. Each model uniquely contributes to the supervisory process using diverse methods, developed in the educational community over the past six decades. The initial model of clinical supervision was outlined by Robert Goldhammer in 1969, included five steps the pre-observation, conference, observation, analysis and strategy, supervision conference, post-conference. In 1973, Morris Cogan elaborated on Goldhammer's work and described a clinical model of supervision consisting of eight steps, establishing the teacher-supervision relationship, planning with teacher, planning the strategy of observation, observing instruction, analyzing the teaching learning process, planning the strategy of the conference, the conference, and renewed planning. Both designs have been simplified even further by Acheson and Gall to include the following three steps: a planning conference, classroom observation, and a feedback conference (Clifford, Macy, etc., 2005). The model’s strength lies in its goal-oriented, collegial approach to improving instruction. This...
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...In this essay, I will be exploring the role of social experiences in child development. It is important to consider and define what social experience is when taking it into account in the terms of social development. For the purpose of exploring the ideas in Book 1, Chapter 2; social experiences is physical and mental interaction between other children and adults either directly or through observation by watching social interaction and feeling socially involved. So, with that in mind, for a child’s environment to not contain some sort of social experience, they would have to be socially isolated by either being alone or by ignoring their surroundings. Throughout this essay I will be assessing the role of social experience in each theory and evaluating the extent it has played in a child’s development. ‘Behavourism’ is a conditioning theory, which involves consequences for behaviour. Depending on the desired behaviour, the child is either rewarded or punished for how they behave according to the particular behaviour. The ‘Constructivism’ theory is a school of though that children build their own learning depending and through their own experiences and activities. In the ‘constructivism’ theory, children follow a set of stages in development. The ‘Social Learning Theory’ teaches that children learn by example, by observing others they understand and learn how to behave. The last theory I will be exploring is ‘Social Constructivism’ theory believes that children build their development...
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...“Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue” In this essay I am asked to evaluate one aspect of Freudian theory. I will begin by first describing Freud’s psychosexual theory and demonstrate an understanding of its relationship to adult neurotic behavior. Having done this I will examine some of the criticisms that have been levelled at Freudian theory in order to evaluate it. In 1905 Freud published ‘Three Essays on the theory of Sexuality and other Works’, one of these essays was titled ‘Infantile Sexuality’. In this essay Freud sets out his theory of psychosexual development. He asserts that there is in all humans an innate drive (or instinct>another theory to be debated) for pleasure, a sort of psychic energy, which he calls the libido and this energy needs to be discharged. He then goes on to describe how this drive finds outlet at the earliest stages in life, as babies, toddlers and infants and describes the oral, anal and phallic stages and the psychological effects of fixation at these stages. It is important to note that Freud separated sexual aims and objectives. What Freud meant by sexual in his own writing in German, was ‘life force’ or ‘emotional energy’ (Bettelheim 1983). While this concept has a sexual aspect to it, it is unfortunate that the English translation focuses mainly on this aspect. His work on sexuality and perversions led to the wider theory of sexuality whereby he differentiated...
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...argument is slightly weakened because she only uses her personal experiences, future statistics, and inappropriate comparisons. To support her claims, Quindlen incorporates her personal experiences into her essay. First, Quindlen describes a part of her childhood: “Television advertising… made me want a Chatty Cathy doll so much as a kid that when I saw her under the tree my head almost exploded… but I didn’t even really like dolls, especially dolls who introduced themselves to you over and over again when you pulled the ring in their necks” (1). Her personal experience during her childhood gives an example of how people buy products that they may not like or need. Her personal experience is also relatable because many readers have experienced losing interest in toys that they persistently begged their parents to buy for them. In addition, Quindlen mentions that she knows a family in rural Pennsylvania (1). The members of this family have little desires and only possess items that have “real meaning” (Quindlen 1). Quindlen uses her observations of this family to demonstrate how people can be happy if they live simply with things that truly matter to them. Although she attempts to support her main ideas, Quindlen focuses too much on her personal experiences and observations. She does not cite outside sources, quote experts, or give examples of people who...
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...are often unaware of, there is no one more influential than the Austrian neurologist and the founding father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. In creating psychoanalytic theory, Freud himself developed various therapeutic methods to establish his central thought process. His analysis of dreams, outlined in his famous work, The Interpretation of Dreams, provided a framework that was used for clinical analysis and diagnosis. He redefined sexuality in his work, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, and formulated the concept of the Oedipus complex. Although Freud’s work dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, he is still relevant and his theories equivocally influential. In this essay, I will outline Freud’s key ideas with regards to dreams and sexuality as seen in his famous works, The Interpretation of Dreams, and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality as well as provide a critical background on both themes along with a assessment of his central concepts based on personal experiences and observations. Freud’s overall framework on dreams is very elaborate. According to Freud, dreams are all forms of “wish fulfillment” at the psychological level, which is that dreams are attempts by the unconscious mind to resolve a problem or conflict that could be rooted in earlier stages of an individual’s life or...
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...2 Sigmund Freud Page 3-4 Erik Erikson Page 5-6 Mr L Page 7 Conclusion Page 8 References Page 9 Bibliography Page 10 Introduction In this essay you will find two psychological theorists who have different opinions on how human behaviour develops. Sigmund Freud believes that we finish developing behaviours in our adolescents while Erik Erikson believes that it is a lifelong process. One believes that we are born with certain behaviours and the other believes that they are developed by our social influences. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud started his career as a doctor treating neurotic patients with hypnosis and became famous for founding a new system of psychology called psychoanalysis, Snowden, R (2010). Freud believes that our behaviour is stemmed from our unconscious mind and that our forbidden behaviours only express how we feel such as the dreams we have and the slips of speech the Freudian slip. Sigmund Freud states that we are driven by the same basic instincts as animals such as primarily, sex and aggression and has many theories of human behaviour, from the psychosexual stages of development; Freud believes that this develops our personality and sexuality and is evident from birth and stops in our adolescents. With this stage our personality development depends on our childhood progression and the different source of sexual pleasure we encounter is split in to several definite stages, the oral, anal, phallic and the latency stage which progresses...
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... and point of view. Also when a writer writes they have a purpose in mind. The writers purpose might be to inform, persuade, or entertain their readers. The writer may also want to describe something to the reader. In both “On Going Home,” by Joan Didion and “Who Will Light the Incense When Mother’s Gone?” by Andrew Lam I consider the theme to be the main element of both essays. In “On Going Home”, Didion’s theme is that of belonging and family. In Didion’s text, she makes use of three of the four main purposes of writing. Didion’s very first sentence is informing the reader as to why she is going home. The sentence reads “I am home for my daughter’s first birthday.” (Barnet, Burto, & Cain, 2014, 20111, 2007, 2005, 2003, p. 636) Didion also describes to the readers what her visits are like when she returns to her childhood house that she grew up in and why her husband does not like for her to take this trip. Didion also preserves the reader attention by keeping them entertained with her choice of particular dialect that transpires when she gets together with her family. Throughout her essay, Joan Didion notes the...
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...Young 1 Virginia Young Dr. Lawrence Wheeler Honors 101 13 November 2013 Informal Fictive Kinship in Japan: A Summary of Argument This essay will review the use of informal kinship within Japanese culture, as explored by Edward Norbeck and Harumi Befu. Through careful examination I shall analyze the central arguments as presented by Norbeck and Befu, the evidence used to support these arguments, how the evidence and argument complement one another, and the previous training and experience had by the authors that allows them to write a successful article. Together Norbeck and Befu examine how the Japanese use of kinships terms can often give non-relatives the status of relatives. Their process of exploration on this topic of the range for the usage of kinship terms are examined throughout four distinct sections in the article, with subsequent sections found within each. This use of division helps to frame the argument of Norbeck and Befu in a manner that allows the reader to clearly understand the cultural usage of the varying forms of kinship and how it helps to define relationships among people. The first section, “Background Consideration” describes the methods in which Norbeck and Befu gathered information - personal experiences, fieldwork, and thirty informants. Further reading introduces the general rules of kinships and how the method of kinships has been obtained from other cultures. Based on the research conducted by Spier, the Japanese system of classification is similar...
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...upbringing had a negative influence on his adulthood and the goals he sought to achieve later in life, particularly the desire to create a creature (Coulter). This thesis is agreeable given the fact that Frankenstein was spoilt and indulged by his parents, friend and the adopted sister to an extent that, he grew to be a misguided and self-centered individual (Coulter). The author’s observation that Frankenstein was bestowed with love and unlimited friendliness by his parents when he was growing up, is reflected in Frankenstein’s assertions that his mother showered him with tender caresses while his father always smiled warmly towards him (Shelley 33). Additionally, his sister would always soothe him whenever his temper turned violent. Moreover, his parents never admonished him for fear of being perceived as tyrants, thereby leaving him to handle things his way (Shelley 37). Similarly, his father does not offer him proper guidance when he comes across the book that ignites his desire to build a creature, thereby leaving him to learn and explore the world on his own (Shelley 38). Lack of proper childhood guidance and supervision subsequently leads Frankenstein into disregarding his lecturer’s guidance, as he is not used to...
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...EDC 018 – 1 The Developing Child Assignment 2 Unit Leader MR Perry Knight Word Count: 2000 Hand In Date: Thursday 17th March 2016 The developing child This essay considers two areas of the learning and development for young children. Therefore I will be concentrating on the social and emotional development. (DfE, 2015:2) “Development is not an automatic process, however. It depends on each unique child having opportunities to interact in positive relationships and enabling environments.” In addition the assignment will explain why it is important for children to use these development, and how it may shape their learning and development. The influences that shape a child’s learning and development. There are many influences that shape a child’s learning development, both in a positive and a negative way in their social and emotional development. (Mooney, 2000, pp. 37-37) “There is in every child at every stage a new miracle of vigorous unfolding, which...
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...disadvantages of this approach. To fully be able to do this we must first outline the different types of observational study and their key differences, i.e. the naturalistic, systematic and structured methodologies. For each of these methodologies this essay will not only provide a definition but also present real life studies extracted from peer reviewed sources and for each of these it will outline a brief description of their aims, methods and findings and will be concluded with the relative advantages and disadvantages of each study based on their method. Finally this essay will conclude by expressing the important role each method plays...
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...Laurel Ulrich once stated “Well behaved women rarely seldom make history”. Throughout history her quote has been proved time and time again. Women who abide to the obstacles placed by society seldom make history or do anything incredible during their lifetime. Women who fight the obstacles accomplish amazing things . Maria Montessori is a prime example of a woman who pushed through the obstacles that society placed on her and made a huge impact on education world wide. Why did Maria Montessori education method impact people worldwide? Her method contributed to the development of education. First, we have to understand who Maria Montessori was and how she improved the educational situation at that time. Maria Montessori was born on August 31, 1870 in Ancona, Italy. Her father worked as a civil servant throughout his life, and her mother who came from an academic family, was well educated for 19th-century European women. When Montessori was five years old, she and her family moved to Rome. Upon turning 12, Montessori decided she wanted to enroll in technical school for secondary education. Her father was not a fan of this decision because he felt that Women should be restricted to only learning certain subjects, but her mother didn’t mind the idea because she believed in letting her child explore her natural inclination to learn. Maria Montessori grew up in Italy during the time when strict rules dictating social customs and practices were prevalent. However, from a young age...
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...Evaluate the contribution psychological research has made towards our understanding of how children from birth to five learn and develop competencies in the processes of observation, problem solving, exploration, experimentation and prediction, thinking and decision making. Introduction The aim of this essay is to evaluate the developmental theories of ‘Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy’ (PSRN) and an ‘Exploration and Investigation’ aspect of ‘Knowledge and Understanding of the World’ (KUW) in Foundation stage children. This essay will explore Piaget and Vygotsky and their points of view on PSRN and issues which arise from development and it will consider current research and documents relevant to practice and the implications and recommendations for early years practice. Furthermore key concepts of emergent numeracy, mark making, counting and number development will be explored. The skills of observation, problem solving, exploration, experimentation and prediction, thinking and decision making fall into all six aspects of children’s learning and development and these skills led themselves to science and teaching as well as PSRN on which this essay is going to focus on. Theoretical approaches Piaget’s constructivist theory saw children as actively constructing their knowledge of the world, for themselves, and as being active seekers of solutions to problems (Martin 2007). It could be agreed as practitioners acknowledge the importance of child-led activity as being...
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...whether students understand the concept being taught and how to move them to the next level. . Teachers use these assessments to see how the student is progressing as well as the understanding of new concepts and skills. The assessment provides information needed for teachers to adjust their instruction and way of teaching if necessary. There are several ways in which the assessment can help teachers gain the necessary information in the classroom. 1. Observations- Gather information of student learning through direct play and classroom involvement. This can also help teachers with instructional planning. 2. Questioning Strategies- Used for teachers to get the depth of student understanding and develop deeper thinking skills in students. 3.Goal Setting and Student Involvement- Students understanding og the goal at hand and whats needed to reach it. Summative Assessments are used at the end of a unit to see how well students understand the overall concepts of an unit . It may be use in the form of essays, short answer exams, or multiple choice questions to check for understanding. It may also be used for part of the grading process. It may be used in the classroom as a form of testing in several different forms. 1. Standardizes testing 2. Benchmarks 3. End of unit chapter test 4. Student report card cards Informal evaluations are play based in a child’s natural environment. It allows teachers to observe interactions between child and their...
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