...Discuss the influence of childhood on relationships. According to Shaver (1988), three behavioural systems developed during early childhood – attachment, caregiving and sexuality – form the basis of romantic love in adulthood. The concept of attachment is derived from Bowlby’s (1969) theory. Bowlby claimed that relationships tend to be a continuation of the attachment style expressed in infancy (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant) due to the internal working model of relationships that infants acquire from their caregiver(s). A child’s experience of attachment to a caregiver informs expectations of future relationships, including romantic ones. The caregiving and sexuality systems are also tied to attachment figures. “Caregiving” involves an individual’s knowledge of how to care for others, as learnt from the behaviour of the primary attachment figure in childhood. “Sexuality” also relates to attachment types. For example, individuals who experienced an insecure-avoidant attachment to their primary caregiver are more likely to pursue sex without love. Fraley (1998) conducted a meta-analysis of studies into the relationship between childhood caregiver attachment and adult romantic attachment to collect sufficient evidence for the claim. Fraley found relatively weak correlations (ranging from .10 to .50). One reason for the weakness of the correlations may be that attachment type changes over time rather than remaining the same post-infancy, as is often assumed. Significant...
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...Social Relationships in Childhood Clarice Booker Kaplan University/ PS 420 – Social Relationships in Childhood February 28th 2015 Unit 3 Assignment Participant #1 Age: 14 Gender: Female 1. What were your friendships like while growing? Did this change from elementary school to middle and then to high school? If so, how? I am in high school now (9th grade) and a lot has changed over the years. I had friends that I was forced to hang out with and some that just grew with me and now we are in same school or classes. 2. Tell about a time when your friends’ opinions were different than your parents’ and how you felt about it. There have been a lot of times where my friends made fun of me because of my parent’s decision to not allow me to do specific things. I had a time where my mother told me “No” I could not attend something because she did not know my friends parents well enough. I was mad but I knew that I had to listen to my mother. 3. How did your ability to manage your emotions change from elementary school to middle and then to high school? Well, I have managed my emotions to be truthful by knowing that I only have a few years left to living with my mom, then I can do anything I want to. I will be 18 and not have to worry about what I am told by my parent or sister. 4. Was your parents’ or your friends’ view of you more important to you when you were a teenager? I am a teenager now and I would probably say that my friends view...
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...Relationships in Middle Childhood Friendships in middle childhood… -Provide information about the world -Provide emotional support -Facilitates the development of emotion understanding and emotion regulation -Are a training ground for communicating and interacting with others -Foster intellectual growth by increasing range in experiences Stages of Friendship (Damon and Hart 1988) Stage 1: (4-7) Basing friendship on others’ behaviors Stage 2: (8-10) Basing friendship on trust Stage 3: (11-15) Basing friendship on psychological closeness What role does popularity have in friendships? More popular children: -tend to form friendships with more popular individuals -have more friends and interact with greater number of children -tend to form cliques What personal characteristics lead to popularity? -Social competence: the collection of social skills that permit individuals to perform successfully in social settings -overall popular children are friendly, open and cooperative -Social problem-solving: the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others. *Social problem- 1.Find and identify relevant social cues- 2.Interpret and evaluate the social cues- 3.determine possible problem-solving responses- 4.Evaluate responses and their probable consequences Social Problem-Solving Abilities Popular children: -better at interpreting others’ behavior accurately -possess a wider inventory of...
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...have long suspected that childhood sexual abuse is a common theme in the back ground of women with bulimia nervosa. This hypothesis has come under much scrutiny and as a result, has been tested and re-tested time and again. Studies have had findings stating everything from, there is no evidentiary support for this hypothesis, to there is a non-specific correlation and yet other studies claim that childhood sexual abuse is a direct risk factor for bulimia nervosa. More recent articles seem to point toward some type of relationship between bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse. The process of finding this information takes some digging. Many search engines (including Medscape, Proquest, and Google’s scholarly article search) were used. Much of the research in this area seems to have been done approximately ten years ago and therefore was not current enough to be used. These older studies also have a common theme in that they tended to lean toward the opinion that bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse are not directly related. The more current articles on this subject agree more with the school of though that bulimia nervosa is closely related to childhood sexual abuse. According to Pearlstein (2002) “Many older studies involved clinical rather than community samples” (p. 5) which may shed some light on why their results showed little to no correlation with bulimia nervosa and childhood sexual abuse. If there is a relationship between childhood sexual abuse and bulimia...
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...Q. Outline the influence of childhood and/or adolescents experiences on later adults relationships (8+16) Individuals differ in their relationships; psychologists have researched whether adult relationships are related to early experiences in life. Bowlby believes that the type of relationship the individual has with their primary caregiver gives a basis of a future relationship. This is called the internal working model. The fear of strangers represents an important survival mechanism, which is by nature, babies display social releasers which helps them ensure contact or proximity with the primary caregiver, as they similarly will with their partner in their adult relationship. Another example of the internal working model is the continuity hypothesis, which is a key theory to explaining childhood or adolescent experiences on later adult relationships, where it states that childhood relationships will affect your future relationships, Mary Ainsworth explores this by looking at our relationships as infants as concluded three types: Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant. Secure is where the infant is in a calm state even without the presence of the primary caregiver, secure avoidant is where shows little distress, avoids contact with caregiver when returns, and insecure-resistant is when child shows a lot of distress, anxious and nervous. This demonstrates the relationship that the child has with the primary caregiver when they are present and not present. This...
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...How Insecure Attachment in Early Childhood Impact Romantic Attachments Later in Life Anna Crosby Introduction to Psychology How Insecure Attachment in Early Childhood Impact Romantic Attachments Later in Life The fact that early childhood experiences have significant impacts on later human developments is undisputable. The childhood experiences account for adulthood differences in many aspects of life such as behavior, social skills, cognition, personality, emotional response and romantic relationships among others. Some psychoanalysts argue that early positive childhood experiences play a pivotal role in determining the long term developmental outcomes in adulthood. It also guarantees children protection against subsequent trauma. Early childhood experiences, especially those related to emotions or affection received from other people, induces a sense of organization or a pattern in structural growths that enhance and expand functional capabilities later in life. According to Amato & Keith (2001), these early childhood experiences cultivate development of unique characters and personalities, leading to thriving of adaptive capacities that build resistance of the individual against vulnerabilities and other forms of future pathologies. A certain empirical research revealed that, children, immediately after birth, are endowed with competence as well as social...
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...related with a given age group to provide attachment and bonding. The rest age group is of early childhood and the stage of development includes Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt. This development task, for this group is to have potty training and self-maintenance. Subsequently, the next age group of schooling includes initiative vs. guilty and the related development tasks are academic success, making friends, social competency and friendship....
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...Poverty and Welfare on Childhood Obesity1 Poverty and Welfare on Childhood Obesity Paul D Stasiak Self Study Childhood obesity has become a growing concern in the eyes of many Americans, yet not every parent can identify if their child or one they care for is overweight. Understanding dietary intake for our children is a very important. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), childhood obesity has more than doubled and young adult obesity has quadrupled in the last 30 years (p. 1). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention define being overweight as having an excess body weight for a given height, specifically as having excess body fat. The number of obese children today is higher than it has been in the past. However, times are changing and the fast food companies are growing more and more popular each and every day. This paper will examine the research which states that a child is more likely to be obese as an adult if they were obese all throughout their adolescent years and poverty’s effect on childhood obesity. According to Feeding America (2013), 45.3 million Americans were living in poverty (p. 1). This number is very high considering the 318.9 million that are living in America. The unemployment rate in January of 2015 was 5.7%. As a result of unemployment or living in poverty conditions, some families have resorted to buying less expensive food options for their children in order to...
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...John Bowlby’s theory of attachment asserts that in childhood attachments are formed between the infant and the caregiver. It also asserts that these attachments form the basis of adult relationships. This qualitative thematic analysis of an interview with Chloe attempts to show how early attachments form a framework of later development. This study shows some support for Bowlby’s theory of the continuity of attachment behaviour but also shows that the nature of attachments can change throughout life in particular due to adult relationships and life experience. Introduction The field of developmental psychology is concerned with understanding how our mental outlook can change over the course of a lifetime. It considers both the effects of cultural and environmental factors and the internal motivations of the individual. One of the main area of research is understanding the degree of continuity in how behaviour is formed and to what degree it can be influenced by past experience. In the area of human relationships, Attachment theory (as cited in Wood et al., 2007) explores how relationships develop. Bowlby (as cited in Wood et al., 2007) proposed that we have a basic biological drive to form an attachment to a ‘mother figure’ at birth. The nature of the attachment gives rise to a ‘internal working model’ in the mind of the child that has three components, a model of the self, the mother figure and a model of the relationship between the two. Bowlby considered that this model...
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...Dorothy, M. Castille, KristinaMuenzenmaier, & Bruce Link Topic of the study: Childhood Abuse and the Content of Adult Psychotic Symptom Fathimath Shafa (3249) Abnormal Psychology -PSYCHOLOGY 4501 Missouri University of Science and Technology Dr. Mojgan Shadbash Psy.D., Clinical Psychology, Germany 1. Introduction Childhood sexual abuse and childhood physical abuse have been regarded as to cause psychotic symptoms or schizophrenia. The symptoms of previous trauma starts to display in adulthood. This particular research explores the connection between childhood abuse and the content of adult psychotic symptoms. The researcher managed to explain this relationship in multiple pathways despite the complexity of the body. About 54% of the schizophrenic patients reported having sexually abused during childhood and it is important to know how the psychotic symptoms might be related to early traumatic events considering the high prevalence rate. This research accommodates some of the other researches done on this area, in one of the research, they have mentioned specific approaches that were used to investigate the association between psychotic symptoms and the two subjects. Psychotic symptoms have been linked to range of severe experiences of childhood sexual abuse such ass malevolence, sexual themes, and olfactory sensations. Moreover, it contains subordinate relationships. This research further investigates this approach by two paths. They are, comparison...
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...Presentation, The child health awareness can be done with the relationship with the family as well as the physical activity carried out by them in an effective way. Then the health must be maintained by the family in order to safeguard the children from the infant to the adult stage in an effective manner. The various Stages of motor development are Infant hood Early childhood Later childhood At the age of 3 months the child will voluntary reach and improves its accuracy. By the 5 months the reaching is reduced as they will have the object to be moved within their reach. The at 9 months the infant can easily redirect the reaching to obtain a moving object which changes direction. The child health awareness can be done with the relationship with the family as well as the physical activity carried out by them in an effective way. Then the health must be maintained by the family in order to safeguard the children from the infant to the adult stage in an effective manner. The various Stages of motor development are Infant hood Early childhood Later childhood At the age of 3 months the child will voluntary reach and improves its accuracy. By the 5 months the reaching is reduced as they will have the object to be moved within their reach. The at 9 months the infant can easily redirect the reaching to obtain a moving object which changes direction. The child health awareness can be done with the relationship with the family as well as the physical activity carried out...
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...CLC Yellow Team Health Issue Analysis: Childhood Obesity Yellow Group Grand Canyon University: NUR- 508 August 20, 2014 Cultural Beliefs and Influences Relative to Childhood Obesity According to Opalinski, (2013), childhood obesity is increasing in all racial groups. Cultural beliefs play a unique contribution in relation to this chronic condition. Evidence shows that place of origin is one of the factors contributing to having kids who are not as healthy as people were just a few decades ago. Based on the literature, minority populations specifically Hispanics (Hispanic) and African American children are at higher risk compared to other ethnicities. Pulgaron et al., (2013), explains the relationship of Hispanic children and cultural factors affecting the rate of obesity among this population. The literature shows that Hispanic children who have grandparents helping in their caretaking had a negative impact on food choices and feeding habits due to the fact that in the Hispanic culture bigger means being healthier. The perception applied to the African American culture generally believes that a larger body size is equal to being healthy. Opalinski (2013) also reported that further investigation must be performed to better understand the relationship of cultural beliefs and childhood obesity. Religious/ Spiritual Beliefs In the United States a few studies were performed to investigate the association of religion and obesity. Based on the literature, social...
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...The Analysis of Childhood Obesity Obesity is the accumulation and storage of excessive fat in the body. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Obesity is any weight that is bigger than what is typically considered healthy for a given height. (CDC, 2009). The imbalance between caloric consumption and expenditure is what causes obesity in children and adults. There are factors that affect obesity. Such factors are biological, behavioral, and environmental in nature. When more calories than the body is required are taken, the body stores the excess calorie in form of fat resulting in obesity. The analysis that was researched will focus on a span of about 50 years (1963-2010) with childhood obesity being the dependent variable influenced by the independent variables of age, family median household income, and gender, which will show the correlation to childhood obesity. There were eleven samples of years used in the analysis. The years were inclusive of two or more so an average of the years was used for the data in the eleven observations. The most important variable in this research is how the parent’s income level has been a factor in child obesity, because from research, children from lower income families showed a relation to cause of obesity. The...
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...Harvard Graduate School of Education HARVARD FAMILY RESEARCH PROJECT NO. 1 in a series SPRING 2006 Family Involvement IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION The family seems to be the most effective and economical system for fostering and sustaining the child’s development. Without family involvement, intervention is likely to be unsuccessful, and what few effects are achieved are likely to disappear once the intervention is discontinued.1 —Urie Bronfenbrenner This brief is dedicated to Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) whose pioneering research influenced the work of Harvard Family Research Project. Introduction Family involvement matters for young children’s cognitive and social development. But what do effective involvement processes look like, and how do they occur? This research brief summarizes the latest evidence base on effective involvement—that is, the research studies that link family involvement in early childhood to outcomes and programs that have been evaluated to show what works. The conceptual framework guiding this research review is complementary learning. Harvard Family Research Project (HFRP) believes that for children and youth to be successful from birth through adolescence, there must be an array of learning supports around them. These learning supports include families, early childhood programs, schools, outof-school time programs and activities, higher education, health and social service agencies, businesses, libraries...
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...Middle Childhood and Adolescence Teenage years are times for developing maturity. At this stage, teens are usually excited because they are exploring several features in the environment. The youth struggle to identify themselves from other children as adulthood is the next big thing to them. Peer pressure in most cases supports individual development among adolescents. However, influence of significant others may not allow individual peer pressure to take effect in a teen’s life. Adolescence stage is characterized by immense influence of age-mates. It involves high levels of self-consciousness and self-centeredness. These two groups can be disturbed greatly by social pressures like drug use and abuse, sexuality and opposite sex relationships. When such pressures creep in the only remedy to these teens is normally close family guidance, which aims to mitigate stress and depressions (Jack W. Finney, 1998). There are several changes in children. Teens at this age attempt to fit into a specific social group. Peer relationships provide better social and moral climates in the society. Such climates will enable development of peer interactions within the society. The interactions lead to social support and friendships that play a vital role in middle childhood development. Adolescents develop significant relationships called peers. During these two stages significant friendships and even relationships developed normally last for very many years. Children aged four years or more usually...
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