...M00449801 Ms Maja Savic ECS2295; International Business and Globalisation Word count: What brought rapid technological progress and first industrial revolution to 18th century Britain? In week 1 of our lecture, we were taught about the First Industrial Revolution in 18th century Britain, and what made Britain stand out amongst the other first world countries. Here is my understanding of the question: before the First Industrial Revolution began, I think that there was a big distinction between the upper class and the lower class. The lower class citizens (who worked as servants) had to work in large, lengthy fields that belonged to the Aristocrats (upper class). In addition to working on the fields, the servants were also made to do housekeeping and take care of the Aristocrats’ children. Although there was a divide between the two classes, they had to work together in order to produce their goods. The Putting Out system was invented; this consisted in buying raw materials and going through these stages of production: spinning, weaving, filling and dyeing etc. It was a cheap and quick way for entrepreneurs to produce wool. At the time, there were hardly any forms of transport, which meant that workers had to walk for miles and had to carry heavy raw materials to produce at the cottage farms. The putting out system was proven to be a success, and was spreading throughout England. As more people started to adopt this approach, the demand for more wool grew. This was...
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... CHILD LABOUR INTRODUCTION Child labour (U.S. child labor) refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries. Child labour was utilized to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the advent of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during the industrial revolution, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights. In many developed countries, it is considered inappropriate or exploitative if a child below a certain age works (excluding household chores or school-related work). An employer is usually not permitted to hire a child below a certain minimum age. This minimum age depends on the country and the type of work involved. States ratifying the Minimum Age Convention adopted by the International Labour Organization in 1973, have adopted minimum ages varying from 14 to 16. Child labor laws in the United States set the minimum age to work in an establishment without restrictions and without parents' consent at age 16. * | Historical During the Industrial Revolution, children as young as four were employed in production factories with dangerous, and often fatal, working conditions. Based on this understanding of the use of children as labourers, it is now considered by wealthy countries to be a human rights violation, and is outlawed, while some...
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...the same ethical considerations as in the new country. Determining if the move is a positive opportunity for the company and how differences should be handled. If done correctly the company can advance itself globally. One such company which took manufacturing world-wide is Levi-Strauss. While the headquarters is located in San Francisco, factories are located throughout the globe. The company has a location in more than 110 countries and because of these locations approximately half the profit is made. While this might sound like it would be a positive for the company but the company’s stakeholders began to scrutinize the ethical practices of some factories. The rumors were circulating underage workers were working illegally based on American laws and standards. The working age for a child in the United States is 15 with parental consent. In the Bangladesh culture a child under the age of 15 was of working age, often the children were typically working to help the family financially. The norm for those 15 year-olds is not attending their local high school but to support their extended family solely on wages made. These children at times had no way of determining their age legally as they were not officially issued a birth certificate. Creating a larger problem for determining how old a child is...
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...1700 to 1850 a lot of changes had taken place. Many factories were built many inventions and changes had been made during that time. ” Steam power played a large part in the Industrial Revolution, and without it Industrialisation would have been impossible” Smith (2009, P.20) Thomas Savery patented the first steam engine in 1698. However...
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...thousands of working children in the years before the civil war, especially the turn of the century. America's army of child laborers had been growing steadily for the past century. The nation's economy was expanding. Factories, minds and mills needed plenty of cheap labor. Around 1911, more than two million American children under the age of 16 years of age were a regular part of the work force. Many of them worked twelve hours or more a day, six days a week, for pathetic wages under unhealthy and hazardous conditions. Thousands of young boys descended into dark and dangerous coal mines every day, or worked aboveground in the dust of coal breakers, picking slate from coal with torn and bleeding fingers. Small girls tended noisy machines in the spinning rooms of cotton mills, where the humid, lint-filled air made breathing difficult. They were actually kept awake by cold water being thrown in their faces. Three-year-olds could be found in the cotton fields, and twelve-year-olds on factor night shifts. Across the country, children who should have been in school or at play had to work for a living. By the early 1900's, many Americans were calling child labor "child slavery" and were demanding an end to it. They argued that long hours of work deprived children of an education and robbed them for useful lives as productive adults, child labor promised a future of illiteracy, poverty and continuing misery. Besides, reformers said, children have...
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...UGB247- Responsible Business Report on Corporate Responsibility ‘Fashion Retailing in Europe’ Laura Wallace: 1083579942 Module Leader/ Tutor: Mark Winter 15th May 2015 Word Count: 3,296 1 Contents 1.0 What is Corporate Responsibility? Page 3 2.0 Key Issues of Corporate Responsibility Page 3 2.1 Issues Relating to Outsourcing Page 4 and 5 2.2 Child Labour Page 5 and 6 2.3 The Use of Animal Fur and Environmental Issues Page 6 and 7 3.0 Best Practice Within the Sector Page 7 3.1 Primark, Compensation and Utilitarianism Page 7 and 8 3.2 H&M, Child Labour and Deontology Page 8 3.3 M&S and Virtue Theory Page 8 and 9 4.0 Recommendations Page 9 4.1 Responsibility Auditing Page 9 4.2 Education Page 9 and 10 4.3 Making a Stand Against Animal Fur Page 10 5.0 Conclusion Page 10 6.0 References Page 11 and 12 7.0 Appendices Page 13, 14, 15 and 16 2 1.0 What is Corporate Responsibility? Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is “about businesses and other organizations going beyond the legal obligations to manage the impact they have on the environment and society.” (Lea, 2002) In recent years, the fashion retailing sector in Europe has gained a lot of media interest over its irresponsibility to society and its employees. Some companies which have been under scrutiny around this issue include: Primark, Zara and H&M as well as many other brands which are increasingly popular...
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...for England * Helped with the textile industries * Great competition among manufactures Industrialization and nationalism * Coal and steam replaced wind and water as new sources of energy and power * Cities grew as people moved from the country to work in factories * Did not only happen in England but went until North America * 1780s started in Britain * Normal people could buy manufactured things * Population grew due to the supply of food * Entrepreneurs are wealthy people. Aristocrats in short. Provided things to the poor. * This caused a shift in an economy based on farming to an economy based on machines * Weaving and spinning (Spinning is for thread and weaving for making cloth which would be our clothes) * Cottage system is where people work in their own house by bringing home machines to weave or spin. * Aristocrats built factories which brought the new factory system. Machines were placed there and people went there to work instead of having huge machines at home. * James Wyatt. Steam power could now be used to spin cotton * 1840, cotton was main product of England. * People imported from England all over the world just for cotton to make clothes * Steam engine was critical * Boil water requires coal to boil so that steam can be produced. The coal becomes iron. * This way, they run the machine and retrieve iron from the used coal. * High quality iron was used to build new machines...
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...H&M is well known of retailing fast-fashion clothing at affordable price to various customer groups, including men, women, teenage and children, estimates that 550 millions of garments were sold each year (Fashion and Quality 2017; Siegle 2012). Being one of the world’s largest fashion retailer, H&M Group state that they will operate their fashion business in a sustainable and social responsible way (Sustainable Fashion 2017). However, the fashion giant is under controversy that they had breached social contract where the scandal of poor working condition, human right issue of the workers, low wage pay and utilization of child labor were revealed in the factories which supply garments to H&M Group (Butler 2015). This paper will examine the social performance of H&M Group, as well as analyses several cases regarding human rights, labor and environment conservation. Impacts of H&M’s operations on its stakeholders, including employees, suppliers and customers, will be further analyzed in this...
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...Industrial revolution transformed Western Europe and the United States introducing origins of machinery in the cotton textile industries. However during this time, non-industrial wage labor increased, more children were being forced to work, urban cities grew, and the commercial agriculture from farms transformed into a labor market. Although, it was not only these economic developments being impacted that made the time of the Industrial Revolution significant; changes in family life also occurred, particularly speaking the decline of family size and increase of life expectancy. Therefore, there was a greater role for women in the labor force, allowing them to compete in contemporary politics and reform activities. Dependent on beginning of the transatlantic movement of British immigrants and their technology, the Industrial Revolution in the United States moved forward allowing the textile industry to expand. Long after the American Revolution showed signs of advantage in the marketplace, a flood of British exports took over, replicating inventions from English manufacturers. One of the first inventions reconstructed would be the first permanent cotton spinning mill and an Arkwright water frame restored by Samuel Slater under sponsorship of former merchants William Almy and Moses Brown. With the leadership of Slater, Almy and Brown they expanded a firm in machine production of cotton yarn, giving it a rise to other firms and establishing the basic necessities of business practices. With...
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...The factories in India were mostly made up of men workers and only a small amount of women. As shown in document 7 the percentage of women that worked in factories in India went from 22% to 18% over a period of 25 years. This evidence shows that there were a lot more men then there were women working the factories. While the men were out working trying to support their families the women stayed home and took care of their house and children. Another document that is evidence to support this is document 10 which shows, in the picture, the only people that are to be seen working are men and there are no women. Japan on the other hand was the opposite because they had much more women working than they did men working. The female work population in Japan throughout the years 1920-1930 was at 80% as recorded in document 7. The reason for the high percentage of female workers in the factories was due to the fact that women were skilled at the art of weaving whereas the men did more of the hard physical labor. Proof of more women than men working is shown in the picture in document 8. In the picture there mostly women working and only two men who look like they are just...
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...Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislations across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others. Child labour was employed to varying extents through most of history. Before 1940, numerous children aged 5–14 worked in Europe, the United States and various colonies of European powers. These children worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories, mining and in services such as newsies. Some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours. With the rise of household income, availability of schools and passage of child labour laws, the incidence rates of child labour fell. In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working. Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast majority of child labour is found...
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...Industrial Revolution; Working Conditions Starting in the 1750’s many advancements had came to society, effecting Great Britain, France and Germany. The Industrial Revolution encouraged many of new technological advancements as well farmers and new crops. Much food was being grown to feed the people so population has now started to grow. Great Britain has developed advanced transportation and has a plentiful supply of iron and coal resources, which lead into this revolution. Steam powered ships and steam engines were invented, allowing transportation to become more popular. 1850, the Industrial Revolution had entered a new stage, France and Germany started advancing/industrializing rapidly. French government had agreed to support projects to improve transportation. The revolution began to advance in the textile industry, the demand for labor and series of inventions started increasing. New machines such as the flying shuttle, the spinning jenny and water powered looms which sped up weaving. Mills were now built by rivers because machines were now ran off of running water. Due to fast production, many of goods were manufactured which called for workers to run machines in the factories. Wages of farms were cut short due to the rise of machines and factories. Thousands of farm workers were taken to work in mills. Houses and food were provided for the factory workers, especially for children that worked day in and day out. Working conditions were not too pleasant, neither...
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...vastly improved by James Watt in 1769. Watt’s steam engines eventually powered factory machines, locomotives, and steamships. This steam-powered machinery developed the mass-production of manufactured goods, which impacted every aspect of British life. The industrial revolution not only changed the way people lived and worked, but also introduced new social classes. Of course, these radical changes prompted reform forced by political and government intervention. Being the first industrialist nation, England introduced two new social classes, the middle class (factory and mine owners) and the working class (people who worked in the factories and mines). The factory owners operated in an extremely completive economy. Therefore, their main concern was reducing costs and maximizing profits. In order to stay afloat, factory owners kept wages low, got as much labor out of their workers as possible, and avoided spending money on amenities, or safety. Unconcerned with the wellbeing of their workers, factory owners and their managers enforced strict working conditions. Workers were required to labor long grueling hours (at least 12 to 16 hour shifts) six days a week, under strict supervision, and in harsh conditions. Without alarm clocks, or public transportation, workers were expected to come in every day on time, or be punished (physically or by docked pay). Women and children were among the favored to be hired because they were paid less than men and were...
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...Political*Being a Swedish based company means H&M have to follow Swedish legislation. * Like many other brand stores, H&M’s stock is produced overseas. This is because of minimum wage laws which prevent workers in the UK working for below anything else. Employing workers in less developed countries mean H&M can maximise their profits. *Price of cotton has increased rapidly as supplies are becoming limited. H&M promote basic cotton ranges therefore they use mass amounts of cotton. If cotton prices do not start to fall, H&M will have to increase their prices to maximise profits, which will draw away possible consumers that shop there to take advantage of their inexpensive clothing. | Economical *H&M are known for being an inexpensive clothing store that specialises in fast fashion and high quality clothes for low prices. Today’s economical market means that less people have disposable incomes, this is an advantage for H&M and they have marketed strategically to achieve maximum benefit from this. *Their stores are convenient as they stock clothes for all ranges of consumer; women, men, teens, children, babies. Because many parents work in today’s economical market this makes it easier for parents to shop for families together minimising time and exertion. *Promotional sales and student discounts are both offered in store. This promotes sales to the segment of consumers that have less disposable income. | Social*Generally, all of H&M’s stores are...
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...In the factories, the working conditions were unsafe to the working class families. In Dr. Wards interview, he clearly states that it wasn’t safe for children to be working in factories. “The state of the health of the cotton-factories children is much worse than that of children employed in other manufactories” ( Source: Dr. Ward). Dr. Ward is a medical professional who has seen numerous textile mills, his testimony proves the unhealthy nature of these factories compared to others. Some factory owners would beat the children to work harder or even faster. Children would be working 15 hours a day and come in the next day still working under all the harsh conditions of the factories. “That they are often cruelly beaten by the spinners of overlookers...
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