...The Chinese Cultural Revolution "A revolution is not a dinner party or writing an essay or painting a picture or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous"- Mao said in 1927 to a youth activist The reason for china to trying to become such a new generation was solely the opinion of Mao and his followers. Mao had seen the way the Russian revolution had gone astray and worried China would follow in its path. He mad four goals: to rectify China's communists, replace his successors with one more faithful, provide youth's with a revolutionary experience and achieve policy changes to make education, health care and cultural systems less elitist. Obviously, the goals were purely a show when his real concern was his place in history. When he launched the revolution schools were shut down and officials were publicly humiliated to test them. Elders and intellectuals were physically and verbally abused. Many died of ignorant causes, without a second thought from Mao. So as the revolution tolled on Mao truly only had himself in mind. Mao went through great lengths to make sure that everyone was Maoist. He had Lin Bao his defense minister make his whole army maoist. He shut down schools in August 1966 Mao encouraged his red army to attack all traditional values and the bourgeois. He even publicly criticized officials to see how they would react....
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...differences that separate the United States and Chinese cultures. Because these two diverse countries do not have similar history or geographic location there are both typical and general cultures differences. Even though these countries have very different cultures, they do have some similarities along with a lot of dissimilarities. Both China and the United States have their own distinctive past, which initiated with their diverse cultures and lifestyles. China is a very traditional country, and it was first established more the five thousand years ago. China has a long history of famine and wars, and this is why the Chinese find such enjoyment in food whenever they receive the chance. Food is a very important heritage of China, and every year during the spring they have a Spring Festival. This festival is one of the most important times of the year for the Chinese, and it was created as a celebration of food and family, and it includes colorful and indulgent foods. The Chinese believe that it is a form of disrespect if you do not celebrate this time of the year with a variety of bright and scrumptious foods. Whenever it comes to friendships, Chinese people do not generally go out looking for relationships with people. They tend to have a small amount of close friends, and these friendships are more commonly known as a responsibility because if you cross that friend you will be exiled from being that person’s friend again. Chinese people take relationships very...
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...Traditional Chinese Cultural Review - Draft Traditional Chinese culture must be viewed through the lens of cultural relativism to avoid misunderstandings which would ultimately transpire into ethnographic separatist’s ideals. Marriage, kinship, and family, encased by Confucius ideology, trademarks traditional Chinese culture and its patriarchal society as both intriguing and fascinating. The complexity to understanding marriage in the agrarian-state society of traditional Chinese culture is interpreting the cultural context as it relates to Confucianism, social hierarchy, family lineage, economic status, a division of labor and gender stratification. Agrarian-State Society An agrarian society is one whose socio-economics is based on the cultivation...
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...The Cultural Revolution lasted for a decade and saw the fragmentation of China only ending after yielding seemingly little benefit to anyone involved. Mao Zedong was foremostly, and most successfully, a revolutionary and much of his life had been spent seeking to fundamentally transform China. Mao’s goal, to form a new strong and prospering China, required the creation of a new national sense of being through the Cultural Revolution. To forge a new society and culture, rid of entrenched feudal ways was considered absolutely necessary with the omnipresent shadow of the New Culture Movement, which had been frustrated by the size of the task. Only a mass movement by the entire nation to reform themselves could succeed. Mao found his answer in the political philosophy of Marx and Lenin whose work he synthesised and altered, eventually focusing on the potentially revolutionary aspects of widespread revolution. Mao made a significant contribution to Marxist philosophy by concluding that in order to keep the results of a revolution in place, the revolution too had to be permanent. Mao launched the Cultural Revolution, motivated by this genuine desire to preserve and protect the revolution by making it impossible for China’s leaders to become comfortable and lead the nation to regress to capitalism. The Communist victory in 1949 and subsequent decade of control saw some slow improvements in the life of the ordinary Chinese, and few leaders of the CCP were adamant that a revolution was...
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...The rapid growth of globalisation and internationalisation of trade in resources, especially human capital, has made managerial of culture differences ever so important as to understanding the different variables (Hofstede G, 2010). In this paper, the Power Distance Index (PDI) of both Chinese and aboriginal traditional cultural value and belief in family, social life and workplace is going to be examined under the scope of Hofstede’s dimensions. To a truthful stereotype, both culture heavily emphasis upon power distance in a form of age-grade social hierarchy, the variance in its operation however made these cultures unique. The value and beliefs of Confucianism has embedded upon every aspect of Chinese life, putting emphasis upon power and relationship (Irwin 2012) and creating a sense of family-centred communitarianism (W Li [Western Kentucky University] 2005, CHIN318 Lecture notes, 8 October). Indigenous aboriginals although maintained their traditional culture emphasis of power distance system through Kinship, but with various elements reduced due to western economic development, allowing more freedom of action ( Bruner 1956). Chinese Power Distance Index under the scope of Hofstede’s cultural variable scored 80 comparing to the world average of 56.5 (The Hofstede Centre) indicating that power are centralised amongst the highest members of the social organisation and a common acceptance of unequal distribution of power. In a stance for family relationship such a high level...
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...Title: Negotiating with the Chinese: A Socio-Cultural Analysis Author(s): Tony Fang and Pervez Ghauri Source: Journal of World Business. 36.3 (Fall 2001): p303. Document Type: Article Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2001 JAI Press, Inc. Full Text: China has been one of the most favorite markets for Western firms for the last decade. However, doing business with China is considered difficult, mainly because negotiating with Chinese counterparts is quite complex. This paper analyses the negotiation process with China from a socio-cultural perspective. A Swedish multinational, Ericsson, is followed for several years and its negotiation process for different Chinese projects in the telecommunication industry is studied in depth. Based on these cases and literature a model is developed and some conclusions are drawn. Finally, managerial implications presented as four Ps: Priority, Patience, Price and People sum up the essence of Chinese business negotiation process. The People's Republic of China (PRC) started to open up its economy to the rest of the world in December 1978. Since then, Western business communities have been enthusiastic about China--the world's largest emerging market with more than one billion consumers. The Western enthusiasm for China decreased somewhat during a period following the Tiananmen Square incident in June 1989. But it rebounded and increased even more vigorously in the 1990s. China's rank in world trade rose from 32nd in 1978 to 9th today. By the...
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...The Cultural Revolution, formerly known as the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement which occurred from 1966-1976. The revolution came to an end when the leader, Mao Zedong passed away, and the other communist leaders, known as the Gang of Four, all got arrested. Mao Zedong led the revolution in China because his position in the government was weakened after his failed attempt at “The Great Leap Forward” (History.com Staff). His way of trying to regain power was to convince everyone that the current leaders were taking China in the wrong direction and not is not going to improve their living situations, so he decided to change and get rid of many of the traditional aspects in Chinese life and tried a communist...
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...Running head: Management of Diverse Workforce by Chinese-based Company Term Project Management of Diverse Workforce by Chinese-base Company Prepared by Yuyi Wang For Professor C.E. Reese In partial fulfillment of the requirements for BUS 673-Managerial Writing & Reporting School of Business/ Graduate studies St. Thomas University Miami Gardens, Florida Term A6/ Fall 2011 10/11/11 Table of Contents Term Project 1 Management of Diverse Workforce 2 1. Introduction 2 a) Objective 2 b) Organization of text 3 2. What is Diverse Workforce? 4 a) The definition of Workforce Diversity 4 b) Diverse Workforce in Chinese-based companies 5 3. The history of Workforce Diversity in Chinese-based companies 6 4. Management of workforce relationships by Chinese-based companies 7 5. Issues we are facing 13 Answers to the issues 16 References 20 Management of Diverse Workforce By Chinese-based Company 1. Introduction a) Objective In recent years, because of the greater level of industry segments, commercial links between different countries such as China, United States and European countries have become closer and closer. As the result of this development, many companies have changed their attentions. These companies have become more interesting in the international business. Owning to this growth of interest, many multinational corporations have been created. Once a multinational corporation has been founded, this company is going...
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...China during the Cultural Revolution was a place where you were told what to do, and what to say. Today I will be speaking to you about Mao’s Last Dancer, the film adaption of the autobiography of Li Cunxin. To begin with, I will speak about the Cultural Revolution in China, where the story is set. Li’s story took place during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution of China, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution. This revolution took place from 1966 to 1976, lead by Mao Zedong, who was the leader of the Communist Party of China at the time. The Cultural Revolution led to millions of people being persecuted and thousands more being killed. Because of the Cultural Revolution, people no longer had freedom of speech and actions. If anyone was found criticising the Government or taking part in anti-communist operations, they would be arrested immediately. Generally, the people of China took to the idea of communism because they had been convinced and continually told that communism would bring great wealth to China. This was great news to the people of China because they had suffered a famine, which lead to the death of millions of people. The Cultural Revolution officially ended in 1976, after Chairman Mao died. Those found to be part of The Gang of Four, a group of Chinese Communist Officials, were arrested for treasonous crimes. In Mao’s Last Dancer, it is shown how Li was taught at school in Shandong that Chairman Mao would end poverty in China. After he arrived at...
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...Liu Shaoqi -Revolutionary, Communist, president of the PRC -1898-1969, died in prison. -The most famous victim of the Cultural Revolution, “the biggest unjust case of the CCP”, he was posthumously rehabilitated in 1980 and given a state funeral Zhou Enlai -A leader of the CCP, Revolutionary, diplomat -1898-1976 -The first Primer of the PRC, most important political partner of Mao, very positive appraise by the history and Chinese people. American Volunteer Group Lin Biao - a major Communist military leader -Leader of the army during the civil war, especially in Northeastern China. - Lin had chance to be the successor of Mao, but his relation with Mao became terrible later in the Cultural Revolution. Lin died in plane crush in Mongolia, and he is also blamed for the cultural revolution Jiang Qing -4th Wife of Mao -Became to be active in Chinese political life in 1960s Cultural revolution. -She is the leader of Gang of Four, also one of the main leaders during the CR. Joseph Stilwell -American General, -US government sent Stilwell to Chongqing in 1942 - The Chief of Staff in China Burma India Theater, left the position because of conflicts with Jiang; Red Guards -A special group of China during the CR. Most RG are students -During the CR -So called “solider of Chairman Mao”, regard the little red book as all the truth, easy to be egged and the main power of CR Hu Yaobang -The General Secretary of the CCP -Took the position during 1982-1987...
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...given by the Chinese government after the violence during the Tiananmen Square conflict in 1989. A more modern example of when a government turns its troops on protesters can be compared to the youth revolt in France in 2006. In France there were students protesting a labor bill that they believed to be unfair and in the case of the Tiananmen square conflict students and residents both protested because they believed their government to be unfair as well not following the Chinese Constitution. There are a few factors that could have contributed such as cultural, economical, or political ones. The main reason that many believe to be what led to the protests is the death of Hu Yaobang. Hu was the general secretary of the Communist party of China. He was considered controversial because he believed that the government should become more western in there policies and was a supporter of democracy. When Hu Yaobang suddenly died of a heart attack on 15 April 1989,students began to organize on the 16 of April. Millions of people joined the march making it as said by the article China-Conflict at Tiananmen Square: “ the greatest challenge to the communist state in China since the 1949 revolution”. The protests lasted for seven weeks until June 3 when the army moved into the area shooting random protesters. Outside governments were horrified but what had happened. UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said she was “shocked and appalled by the shootings”. Three ways that cultural reasons...
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...know yourself, you need not to fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also duffer a defeat...” (Giles, 1910) Ancient Chinese military general, Sun Tzu made this well-known statement. In relation to foreign policy analysis, it is important to consider about the best of one’s strengths and weaknesses. After all, we’re humans and it is in our nature and interest to want the best for ourselves. Humans are greedy and self absorbed. National leaders want to try to maximise national welfare or develop eventual benefits in a system where there are a growing number of states that want to increase control on an international scale, as well as to uphold their own interests. So that when it comes to decision-making, lawmakers are able to take advantage of this knowledge in order to make more effective policy decisions. The aim of the text is to establish the idea that decision making made by national bureaucracies, leaders and individual members of the government body has the capability to influence and impact decision making upon other international decision making systems. Sometimes, decisions are made for the best although it does cause misunderstandings and inconveniences. It is important to understand and accept the cultural and historical reasons of another state as to why they decide to make particular decisions. These decisions can draw meanings and can be used to make sense of other foreign policy decisions...
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...History 103 001 Cultural Revolution in China: views on Mao’s Era. Yi Jie Yang 40223109 Professor: Steven Hugh Lee Chinese culture has had great misunderstandings particularly in the western countries owing to the views represented by socio-cultural scholars, historians and literature writers. This paper reviews two books that explore the Cultural Revolution in China with a major focus on the Authors’ Writing Style and their views on Mao’s Era. Writing Style In the book “Born red: a chronicle of the Cultural Revolution.” The author, Yuan Gao, explores the first violent years of China’s Great Proletarian culture revolution. Gao provides an account of his own experience as a Red Guard in the Cultural revolution bringing out the readers as close as they can get to the political vortex that shaped the views of millions of teenagers behind the national movement that brought China to the blink of civil war[1]. Born Red entails more than the recollection of a political nightmare including a concise narrative of an adolescent torn by conflicting loyalties as the author is called upon to participate in the destruction of the world that has nurtured him. The author’s story provides tribute to the durability of cultural traditions at a time when nihilism was at its best. Gao clearly outlines the Cultural Revolution in China in an attempt to create a way for a more egalitarian and...
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...Research Proposal (Ⅰ) Proposed Title (Ⅱ) Introduction (Ⅲ) Brief Literature Review ·Political, Economic and EMJOS ·Cross-cultural and EMJOS ·Gender and EMJOS (Ⅳ)Methodology ·Pilot and Measurement ·Questionnaires ·Individual Interviews ·Comparative Analysis ·Statistic Analysis (Ⅴ)Proposal Research Time-Table (Ⅵ)References (Ⅶ)Appendix (Ⅰ) Proposed Title The Discussion of Education Migration in Metropolises—Based on Japanese Overseas Students (Ⅱ) Introduction The problem of Education Migration has been becoming an international tendency globally in recent years, especially the Japanese Overseas Students (JOS), particularly in metropolises (this research includes three metropolises: Tianjin, Shanghai and Hong Kong). According to current official statistics, the number of Japanese Overseas Students with a bachelor’s degree at above studying in Tianjin (TJ) accounted for 1,906, 1,681, and 1,971 respectively in 2010, 2011, and 2012, dramatically doubling that of a decade ago. As a result of the above situations, I could not help coming up with the questions like why they are primarily female students and what education migration of Japanese Overseas Students (EMJOS) could bring to the political, economic and cross-cultural aspects of TJ society as well as what attitude we should harbour towards this trend (Appendix 1). I will compare EMJOS with two other metropolises in order to make...
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...Question: What Was the Cultural Revolution? Answer: Between 1966 and 1976, the young people of China rose up in an effort to purge the nation of the "Four Olds": old customs, old culture, old habits and old ideas. In August, 1966, Mao Zedong called for the start of a Cultural Revolution at the Plenum of the Communist Central Committee. He urged the creation of corps of "Red Guards" to punish party officials and any other persons who showed bourgeois tendencies. Mao likely was motivated to call for the so-called Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in order to rid the Chinese Communist Party of his opponents after the tragic failure of his Great Leap Forward policies. Mao knew that other party leaders were planning to marginalize him, so he appealed directly to his supporters among the people to join him in a Cultural Revolution. He also believed that communist revolution had to be a continuous process, in order to stave off capitalist-roader ideas. Mao's call was answered by the students, some as young as elementary school, who organized themselves into the first groups of Red Guards. They were joined later by workers and soldiers. The first targets of the Red Guards included Buddhist temples, churches and mosques, which were razed to the ground or converted to other uses. Sacred texts, as well as Confucian writings, were burned, along with religious statues and other artwork. Any object associated with China's pre-revolutionary past was liable to be destroyed. In their...
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