...ntain pigments that absorb light energy A. Different pigments respond to different wavelengths of visible light. B. Chlorophyll, the primary pigment used in photosynthesis, it reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light most strongly. In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll. C. Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and contain a third inner membrane, called the thylakoid membrane, that forms long folds within the organelle. D. Chlorophyll A is the major pigment used in photosynthesis, but there are several types of chlorophyll and numerous other pigments that respond to light, including red, brown, and blue pigments. (Bioenergy2012) 4. Photosynthesis consists of two stages A. A series of light dependent reactions, that are temperature independent B. A series of temperature dependent reactions that are light independent C. The light reaction can be increased by adding light, but not increasing the temperature. D. The dark reaction is created by increasing the temperature, but \not increasing the amount of light E. D. 1n 1905, F.F blackman proposed two sets of reactions (Bioenergy2012) 5. C02 + 12H20 C6H106 + 602 + 6H20 A. Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen + water B. The biggest factors that influence photosynthesis are temperature, the amount of carbon dioxide, and the amount of light. C. The temperature affects chlorophyll, and it uses sunlight to convert...
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...over those cells that do not possess a capsule. b. Name two other structures that may be found in a prokaryotic cell and state their imortance. c. Compare the structure of the ribosome and the organization of the nuclear material in the prokaryotic cell with those found in a typical eukaryotic cell. 3. The diagram below represents the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane: www.webanatomy.net a. Identify the structures labelled 1-10. b. Which of these structure(s) is/are responsible for cell-cell recognition? c. What is the purpose of the structure highlighted by the red circle? d. Explain what selectively permeable means and how it applies to the cell membrane. 4. With the aid of a diagram describe the structure of the plant cell chloroplast. 5. Explain the purpose of lysosomes in the animal eukaryotic cell. Which structure in the plant eukaryotic cell fulfills this purpose?...
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...Chloroplast and Mitochondrion in Plant Cells Introduction: Mitochondrion and chloroplast are two organelles that are very important to organisms. Both provide energy and nourishment to the cell. While chloroplast is found in plant cells only, mitochondrion is found in both animal and plant cells. It is believed that these two organelles were once bacterial cells on their own, but then they were engulfed by other bacteria. This theory is called the Endosymbiotic Theory. This theory is proven by the fact that chloroplast and mitochondrion are the only organelles, within a cell, that have their own DNA. They also use this DNA to produce their own enzymes and proteins. Further proof is shown by the fact that both these organelles have a double layer of membrane surrounding them, and that they replicate as a bacteria does. Purpose: * Prepare a supernatant of spinach leaf * Demonstrate proper techniques involved in using centrifuge * Using filtration and centrifugation, separate the chloroplast from other organelles in a spinach leaf * Identify mitochondrion in an onion cell Materials: * Fresh spinach leaves * Grinding solution * 0.33 M sorbitol * 10mM sodium pyrophosphate (NaPO) * 4mMMgCl * 2mM Ascorbic Acid * Adjust pH to 6.5 with HCl * Chopping board and knife * Chilled mortar and pestle * Cheesecloth * Refrigerated preparative centrifuge * Suspension solution * 0.33 M Sorbitol * 2mMEDTA ...
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...The Power of Photosynthesis In this article, they performed experiments on watermellons by storing them in storages to see how light, both dark and light , affect the chloroplast ultrastructure. Also they were trying to to see if the storage increases or decreases photosynthesis proformance, after the seed has been planted. The results in this experiment was storing them in the light compared to dark is 100% better overall. The chloroplasts grana were very distored and the chroloplast also had wierd boundries between the thylakyoids. In conclusion of this experiment, they were able to indicate that the seedlings that were placed in the light had a higher photosynthic performance, and with a normal ultrastructre and organized grana. The article that i've chosen relates to Chapter 7: Photosynthesis. The structure and fuction of the chroloplast is very important to the growth of a plant. The grana that were observed in the experiment look very wierd and distorted compared to the ones in the powerpoint handout. The grana in a well developed chloroplast are very well structred. This helps the light reactions and calvin cycle, abling it to produce ATP efficiently. I choose this article because I thought it was intresting to find that even the way food seedlings are stored, can have an overall affect on the growth and development, weather its a negative or postive effect. Some new information that I have learned from this article was that high photosynthetic ability during storage...
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...the volumes shown in Table 1. Tube 1 was capped and inverted several times. The was calibrated using Tube 1, which contained chloroplasts and sucrose only, as the blank, to ensure that any changes in ____________ for the other treatments could be attributed to the ___________ of the dye DCPIP. At time zero (mins), absorbance was recorded for all treatments immediately after addition of __________ and mixing of contents. Immediately following the time zero reading, tube 2 was wrapped in foil and tubes 6 and 7 were placed into larger tubes covered in red and green cellophane respectively. Tubes 1-5 were also placed into larger tubes. All tubes were then placed horizontally on ice, under lights. At fifteen minute intervals, readings of absorbance were taken for all treatments, except for the dark tube which was kept wrapped in foil for 60 minutes, after which its absorbance was measured.” Table 1. Experimental design for the electron transport experiment. | | | | | | TREATMENT | | | | | BLANK 1 | DARK 2 | LIGHT 3 | BOILED 4 | DCMU 5 | RED 6 | GREEN 7 | A | chloroplast suspension (ml) | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | - | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | B | buffered sucrose (ml) | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | C | boiled chloroplast suspension (ml) | - | - | - | 1.5 | - | - | - | D | 0.01 M DCMU (ml) | - | - | - | - | 0.10 | - | - | E | DCPIP (ml)...
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...INTRODUCTION The human population relies heavily on the oxygen in the air in order to survive every day. The oxygen that humans rely so heavily on is produced by plants in a process known as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis can be understood by simply looking at its equation. The equation for photosynthesis states that the reactants of carbon dioxide and water, with the use of solar energy, produce carbohydrates and oxygen. Photosynthesis is broken up into two types of reactions, the light reaction and the Calvin Cycle reaction. During the light reaction, pigments located inside plants absorb solar energy and convert that energy into chemical energy. The light reactions represent the portion of the photosynthesis equation where water converts into oxygen. As the energy is converted to chemical energy, an hydrogen atom is lost and oxygen bubbles are emitted into the air. The amount of oxygen bubbles released variy based on the certain color of light the pigments are absorbing. Therefore, the rate of photosynthesis will also vary based on the color of light that is being absorbed. Elodea are aquatic plants of a dark green color, also commonly known as waterweeds (TAMU). The dark green color of the Elodea demonstrates that the pigments in Elodea reflect green light rather than absorbing that color. In order to get its green color, the pigments in Elodea and many other plants reflect the green wavelength of light to give the plant its green complexion. Therefore, the leaves in these...
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...kitchen gardens where you both grow tomatoes. His blotchy green and red tomatoes taste much sweeter than your perfectly uniform red ones. Could the sweetness of the tomatoes be effected by the green chloroplasts in the fruit? Hypothesis I personally think that the green chloroplasts do play a part in the sweetness of the tomatoes because it doesn’t state how ripe the tomatoes were when they were eaten, what type of soil was used to plant them and if the same type of tomato seeds were used. Controlled Experimental Method Scientists planted tomatoes and put a batch in sunlight and the others in full shade to find out how the tomatoes would grow and which ones would taste better. They found that the tomatoes in the shade, did not grow very well and did not taste good, whereas the tomatoes that had sunlight, grew to a standard size and had a sweeter taste. Results “The discoloration (ranging from a few millimeters to the top 1/3 of the fruit) is caused by a failure of green chloroplasts in tissue affected by YSD to develop into red chloroplasts. This modification is accompanied by a more random cell orientation and smaller cells relative to mature green fruit, these changes begin early in fruit development and cannot be reversed by delaying harvest.” (Tomatoes, 2015) Chloroplasts use sunlight and turns it into sugar in the fruit which means that the tomatoes that have more sunlight would be sweeter than the tomatoes that are not in as much sunlight. That process is known...
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...Plant pigments and the absorption spectrum relate to photosynthesis because there are various pigments in a plant and this is because of each absorbing light more or less in different parts of the spectrum. Plants have the tendency to absorb all of the colors in the light spectrum. Plant pigments and the absorption spectrum relate to photosynthesis because there are various pigments in a plant and this is because of each absorbing light more or less in different parts of the spectrum. Plants have the tendency to absorb all of the colors in the light spectrum. Plant pigments and the absorption spectrum relate to photosynthesis because there are various pigments in a plant and this is because of each absorbing light more or less in different parts of the spectrum. Plants have the tendency to absorb all of the colors in the light spectrum. Plant pigments and the absorption spectrum relate to photosynthesis because there are various pigments in a plant and this is because of each absorbing light more or less in different parts of the spectrum. Plants have the tendency to absorb all of the colors in the light spectrum. Plant pigments and the absorption spectrum relate to photosynthesis because there are various pigments in a plant and this is because of each absorbing light more or less in different parts of the spectrum. Plants have the tendency to absorb all of the colors in the light spectrum. Plant pigments and the absorption spectrum relate to photosynthesis because there...
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...Biomass is a term for all organic material that stems from plants (including algae, trees and crops). Biomass is produced by green plants converting carbon dioxide using light into plant material through photosynthesis and includes all land- and waterbased vegetation, as well as all organic wastes. The biomass resource can be considered as organic matter, in which the energy of sunlight is stored in chemical bonds. When the bonds between adjacent carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules are broken by digestion, combustion, or decomposition, these substances release their stored chemical energy (Mckendry, 2002). Biomass has always been a major source of energy for mankind and is presently estimated to contribute of the order 10– 14% of the world’s energy supply (Mckendry, 2002). About 118 countries, of which more than half are developing nations, currently have fixed renewable energy goals and 109 nations have guidelines in support of renewable energy in the power sectors (Timung et al., 2015). Malaysia is currently the second largest exporter of palm oil in the world after Indonesia. Also known as the ‘tree of life’, all parts of the tree can be effectively utilized for various uses. Compared to other types of biomass, palm oil industry leaves a very huge amount of biomass from its plantation and milling activities. In the year 2005, about 55.75 million tons of oil palm biomass was recorded, comprising of empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm pressed fiber (PPF), oil palm shell (OPS), oil...
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...Introducing Photosynthesis: What is Photosynthesis? Animals and plants both synthesize fats and proteins from carbohydrates; thus glucose is a basic energy source for all living organisms. The oxygen released, with water vapor in transpiration, as a photosynthetic byproduct, principally of phytoplankton, provides most of the atmospheric oxygen vital to respiration in plants and animals, and animals in turn produce carbon dioxide necessary to plants. Photosynthesis can therefore be considered the ultimate source of life for nearly all plants and animals by providing the source of energy that drives all their metabolic processes. The discovery of photosynthesis in cells began with the findings of Joseph Priestly. Joseph Priestly, a chemist and minister, discovered that when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar, and burned a candle in it, the candle would burn out very quickly, much before it ran out of wax. He further discovered that a mouse could similarly "injure" air. He then showed that the air that had been "injured" by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant. In 1778, Jan Ingenhousz, court physician to the Austrian Empress, repeated Priestly's experiments. He discovered that it was the influence of sun and light on the plant that could cause it to rescue a mouse in a matter of hours. In 1796, Jean Senebier, a French pastor, showed that Carbon Dioxide was the "fixed" or "injured" air and that plants in photosynthesis took it up. Soon afterwards...
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...question concerning what is going on behind the scenes. It may look like plants just exist, when really they are the reason humans exist. Through the process of photosynthesis, which is the biological process that can capture radiant energy (sunlight) and convert it into chemical compounds (carbohydrates) that every organism uses to power its metabolism (OpenStax 219-220), plants successfully create energy that is used to fuel the processes of all living things. The Purpose of Chloroplasts & Mitochondria Inside all plants are two organelles, chloroplasts and mitochondria. The two organelles serve a very important purpose in the creation of energy for plants. The name chloroplast explains that these structures contain chlorophyll. In reference to the mitochondria, chloroplasts have their own unique DNA and are responsible for the production of energy, and they reproduce independently from the rest of...
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...Introduction Out of all the organelles there are two that have fascinated microbiologists for the past hundred years. The first is the mitochondria, nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell." The second is the chloroplast in plant cells that have functions similar to those of the mitochondria. What do these organelles do? untitled Essay of Eukaryotic Organelles ... What are the similarities and differences of these organelles? This essay will help you to understand these two fascinating organelles. II. Mitochondria Mitochondria are small cytoplasmic organelles. They are five to 10 micrometers long and one to .5 micrometers wide. They main function is to provide energy for cell activities. They house the respiratory enzymes that convert oxygen and the products of fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), chemicals that Euka Essay of Eukaryotic Organelles ... have high-energy bonds. They are hollow all except for a folded line of matter that contains the ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the cell. Mitochondrion make use of a process known as oxidation to make fat acids and pyruvate acid into (indirectly) ATP and Pi (inorganic phosphate). The process goes as follows: 1) Oxidation of pyruvate acid into acetyl coenzyme A. 2) Oxidation of fat acids into acetyl coenzyme A. 3) Oxidation of acetyl Eukaryotic Organelles Essay of Eukaryotic Organelles 10/1/96 The mitochondria has an eggshape structure...
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...The most interesting thing I observed in today’s microscope lab was that I was able to view algae from a sample of pond water. The total magnification which I made the observation was 450. Been able to see algae just with the sample of pond water is amazing because whenever I see pond water I never think about what it beholds I just thought of it as water and nothing spectacular. 2. In the plant cell I observed the chloroplast organelle. My observations for the chloroplast organelle was that the shape was a circle and very tiny. I also I learned that the function of the chloroplast organelle is to conduct photosynthesis. In the animal cell I observed the nucleus. My observations for the nucleus was that the shape was a oval. When you look through the microscope it looks like a nucleus inside of the nucleus. I also I learned that the animal cell of the nucleus is to hold genetic code (DNA). 3. If I looked at bacterial cells with the microscope, I would expect to see neither one. Due to bacteria is a prokaryotic cell. Though, bacteria cells is a living...
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...Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to measure the rate of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts. The lab begins with adding solutions to multiple cuvettes, then adding either boiled chloroplasts, not boiled chloroplasts or no chloroplasts. After approximately 5 minute timed sessions in light, tubes are placed in spectrophotometer one at a time and the transmittance percentage is recorded for each test. Boiled chloroplasts are denatured, so photosynthesis cannot occur. Solutions in test tubes with not boiled chloroplasts become clear after light reaction. Light cannot reach to the not boiled chloroplasts in foil test so a very minimum change occurs. When the transmittance percentage increased, photosynthesis had occurred. Introduction: Photosynthesis converts solar energy from sunlight into the chemical energy that is used to fuel the organism’s activities. The process of photosynthesis can be summarized by the following equation: solar energy + H₂O + CO₂ ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂...
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...The purpose of this lab was to isolate the chloroplast from spinach and measure its size while determining if weed killers would inhibit electron transport. This was done by centrifuging homogenized spinach. After re-suspending the pellet in ice-cold 100 mM Tris (pH 8.0), 0.4 M NaCl, some solution was removed to use for examination under a microscope to estimate the number of chloroplasts in the homogenate and the size of the chloroplast. A series of solutions, some with DCIP, some with Diuron, and some with Atrazine were made with the homogenized spinach and kept under various light intensity, some in the dark, and some in normal light. Every 5 minutes the absorbance was taken for each of these solutions. The estimated size of the chloroplast we extracted was 1.8 nm. We had about 400,000,000 chloroplasts in our homogenate. And every cuvette except the blank, 1 and 2, had 400,000,000 chloroplasts. Cuvettes 1, 2, and the blank had 0 chloroplasts. Cuvettes that were places in the light generally had a higher absorbance in the light because the are undergoing photosynthesis at a faster rate. However, some of the cuvettes went down in absorbance that were placed in the light because they had herbicides in them. This would cause the plants that were under going photosynthesis faster to completely stop because the herbicide has more to inhibit. But, the plants in the dark did not have that same problem because they were not undergoing photosynthesis as much as the plants in the light...
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