...Healthy kidneys clean the blood by removing excess fluid, minerals, and wastes. They also make hormones that keep the bones strong and the blood healthy. After removing the water and waste from the bloodstream, it excretes them through urine (McDonnell & Mallon, 2005). Various conditions can damage your kidneys, including both chronic kidney disease and other conditions that affect the kidneys. If kidney damage becomes too severe, your kidneys lose their ability to function normally. This is called kidney failure or end-stage renal failure. According to the National Kidney Foundation (2005), more than 378,000 Americans suffer from chronic kidney failure and need dialysis or kidney transplantation to stay alive. End-stage renal disease is the name for kidney failure so advanced that it cannot be reversed. Renal is another word for kidney. The “renal” name is appropriate due to the fact that the kidneys in end- stage renal disease functions so poorly that they can no longer keep you alive (McDonnell & Mallon, 2005). End-stage renal disease cannot be treated with conventional medical treatments such as drugs. In chronic kidney disease only two treatments allow you to continue living when your kidneys stop functioning: dialysis and kidney transplantation, but only one offers a longer chance of survival. Dialysis is the term for several different methods of artificially filtering the blood (McDonnell & Mallon, 2005). Dialysis is a procedure that replaces some of the...
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...Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5104 October 4, 2013 Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure I. Introduction Mr. P. J., a 38-year-old African American male, presented to the Emergency Department by the rescue squad team, with a six day old complaint of increased swelling of the bilateral lower extremities, unusual weight gain, and a feeling of ‘I can not breathe’ per patient. Patient was sent as a direct admit to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and placed on 2 liters NC with hydration and adult special care monitoring. Vital signs were taken by the paramedic enroute revealing the following: Ambulance Vitals: * BP 202/112 * Pulse 101 * Respirations 20 * O2 86% before O2 * Temp. 98.4 * Height 5’10 Patient stating * Weight 222 lbs. Patient stating (weighed the day before) The paramedic started a 20 gauge IV into Mr. J’s right antecubital and started him on 2 liters nasal cannula; due to the “presence of crackles no Procardia was administered” (J. Madden, personal communication, August 14, 2013). The paramedic monitored the vitals and reported to medical control the situation and estimated time of their arrival in five minutes. Mr. P. J. has been married to K for twenty years and they have one child, a twelve-year-old daughter. Mr. P. J. has worked in construction for twenty years; Mr. J stated working on his feet all day he noticed the swelling six days ago...
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...Noncommunicable Diseases: Chronic Kidney Failure Did you know that your kidneys are like a filter for your body as they work to clear out toxins and excess waste from your system? Kidneys play an important role in your body, and it is a major issue when they start to not function properly. When these vital organs fail, it is called chronic kidney failure which is a noncommunicable disease. I chose to research more on this subject as my grandfather suffered from kidney failure and I wanted to learn and grow awareness about this common disease. As mentioned, chronic kidney failure occurs when your kidneys fail to do their job of filtering out wastes which then exit though your urine. Many individuals do not realize they are suffering from kidney failure until it is in its very late stages, as the symptoms are not definite to the disease and not obvious. Some symptoms can include nausea, shortness of breath, swelling of the feet, changes in urination, and changes in mental status....
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...Scenario A Acute renal failure: Ms. Jones, a 68-year-old female, underwent open-heart surgery to replace several blocked vessels in her heart. On her first day postoperatively, it was noted that she had very little urine output. 1. What is happening to Ms. Jones’s kidneys, and why is it causing the observed symptom? Ms. Jones just had open-heart surgery and her kidneys did not have enough blood flowing to them (possibly because of low blood pressure during the surgery) and are struggling to work effectively now (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). 2. What other symptoms and signs might occur? Confusion, Fluid retention, fatigue, drowsiness, and an ammonia smell to the breath are a few other signs and symptoms that may occur with acute renal failure although some signs may be confused with post-operative complaints (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). 3. What is causing Ms. Jones’s kidney disease? Ms. Jones’s recent open-heart surgery is most likely the cause of her kidney disease. Low blood pressure during the operation caused her kidneys to stop working because of lack of blood to the organ to filter toxins from the body (Leurs, 1989). 4. What are possible treatment options, and what is the prognosis? A variety of medication can be used to treat kidney failure in this case, including temporary dialysis (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). The prognosis for Ms. Jones is good she will most likely recover, and suffer no long term effects. Scenario B Chronic renal failure: Mr. Hodges, a 73-year-old...
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...Levels of Neutrophil Gelatinase- Associated Lipocalin for Early Kidney Disease. Student’s Name University Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction/Background of the Study………………………………………………...3 2.0 Problem………………………………………………………………………………..3 3.0 Significance to Nursing……………………………………………………………….4 4.0 Purpose………………………………………………………………………………..4 5.0 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………..4 6.0 Research Questions……………………………………………………………………4 7.0 Methods of Study……………………………………………………………………...4 8.0 Quantitative or Qualitative…………………………………………………………….5 9.0 Research Design……………………………………………………………………….5 10.0 Sample………………………………………………………………………………..5 11.0 Procedures/results of Study…………………………………………………………..5 12.0 Findings………………………………………………………………………………6 13.0 Implications for Nursing……………………………………………………………....6 14.0 Contribution of Findings to Nursing Knowledge…………………………………….6 15.0 Ethical Considerations………………………………………………………………..6 16.0 Study Approval…………………………………………………………………….....7 17.0 Patient Privacy Protection………………………………………………………….....7 18.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….7 References……………………………………………………………………………….…8 1. Background of the Study Neutrophil Gelatinase also known as Oncogene 24p3 is associated with Lipocalin, Coresh et. al(2007). NGAL is a protein that is in humans and is always associated with the genes of LCN2.Lipocalin abbreviated...
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...Kidney Failure HCA/240 Instructor: October, 2011 Axia College of University of Phoenix Kidney Failure I was given two scenarios to look at and answer questions about. This paper will show what the scenarios are. It will also include what I feel are the correct answers are by the research that has been done. Scenario A: Acute renal failure A 68 year old female named Ms. Jones underwent open-heart surgery to replace blocked vessels in the heart. The first day of her postoperatively the notes showed that Ms. Jones has had very little production of urine. What is happening to her kidneys and why it is causing the observed symptom? According to the symptom that was noted for Ms. Jones it looks like her kidneys are failing and leading to kidney failure. Kidneys filter the human body’s blood, producing about one milliliter of urine a minute and when the urine changes it is due to shutting down of the kidneys. This could be because the body is in shock due to the surgery that was preformed, and the abnormal amount of urine is also known as oliguria. What other symptoms and signs might occur? There are other systems and signs that might occur due to the kidney failure. One is due to accumulation of compounds containing nitrogen in the blood the smell of ammonia in the mouth. Others can include headaches and gastrointestinal distress. In some cases an elevated level of potassium in the blood known as hyperkalemia. Some other...
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...Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein Early detection and prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Contents page Definition of key terms used in the assignment Abbreviations used in the assignment Introduction Chronic Kidney Disease, a condition characterised by a gradual loss of kidney function. CKD is often misdiagnosed owing to the lack of knowledge about the disease. With early detection and prevention of the progression of the disease CKD patients can still enjoy life to the fullest while they manage their disease, however if the healthcare professionals fail to identify the disease on time the patient can suffer dire consequences. Besides the financial implications associated with the disease, there are the emotional implications together with physical and psychological. This assignment seeks to explore such implications in an effort to highlight the importance of early detection and prevention of kidney disease, with the best interest of the patient at heart Background Normal kidney anatomy http://doctorstock.photoshelter.com/image/I000096SqkYwaLhE The bean-shaped kidneys lie in retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region. Extending approximately from T12 to L3, the kidneys receive some form of protection from the lower part of the rib cage (E.N. Marieb, K Hoehn, 2010) The kidneys functions can be divided into two, non-excretory functions and excretory functions. Under excretory we have Glomerular filtration, Tubule...
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...Awareness Campaign of Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health problem in the United States and worldwide. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), over 10% of adults nationwide have CKD to some degree. The disease is associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, other health problems, and even death. People diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes are at a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Researchers have determined that people with hypertension or diabetes remain undiagnosed, even though many of these people could undergo treatment at low cost and lifestyle modifications (Plantinga et al., 2010). Kidney Anatomy and Physiology The kidneys...
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...your sources consistent with APA guidelines. Scenario A Acute renal failure: Ms. Jones, a 68-year-old female, underwent open-heart surgery to replace several blocked vessels in her heart. On her first day postoperatively, it was noted that she had very little urine output. What is happening to Ms. Jones’s kidneys, and why is it causing the observed symptom? Acute Kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waster products from your blood.(www.mayoclinic.org). Acute kidney failure fails into three categories such as prerenal, postrenal, and renal. Mrs. Jones suffers from Acute Renal Failure which means that the kidneys itself that prevent filtration of blood or production or urine. Kidneys is what filter the body's blood, it produces roughly about one milliliter of urine a minute and when the urine changes it is expected to shut down of the kidneys. Mrs. Jones body may have went into shock due to the surgery that she underwent, and an abnormal amount of urine is also known as oliguria. What other symptoms and signs might occur? The other symptoms that Mrs. Jones may suffer are breath odor, mood changes, decreased appetite, decreased sensation, fatigue, flank pain, tremor in the hands, high blood pressure, Nausea, nosebleeds, hiccups, seizures, shortness of breath, slow movements, swelling in the ankles, feet, and legs, and Urination changes. What is causing Ms. Jones’s kidney disease? Mrs. Jones's disease is caused by the surgery to fix the blocked...
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...Chronic kidney diseaseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Chronic kidney disease Classification and external resources Uremic frost on the forehead and scalp of a young man who presented with complaints of chronic anorexia and fatigue with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels of approximately 100 and 50 mg/dL respectively. ICD-10 N18 ICD-9 585.9 585.1-585.5 403 DiseasesDB 11288 MedlinePlus 000471 eMedicine article/238798 MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease (CRD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease, anemia or pericarditis.[1] It is differentiated from acute kidney disease in that the reduction in kidney function must be present for over 3 months. Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine. Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys...
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...Shortage of Kidneys for Transplantation Introduction As a health care provider, everyday I see patients presenting to the Emergency Department due to renal failure. For kidney failure patients, we at least have the technology to keep them alive using hemodialysis. For liver failure patients, they are often left without real recourse and their mortality is almost certain. While a more permanent solution in the form of organ transplant is technological feasible, few organs are available for needed patients. The inequality between supply and demand is both expensive and fatal. In this paper, I will focus on the problem with insufficient kidney available for transplant, analyze its social and economic effects in the United States and evaluate the problem and a possible solution using economic sociology principles. Social and Economic Costs Currently, there are over 100,000 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on the waiting list for a kidney transplant in the United States. (National Kidney Foundation, 2014) Patients have to wait anywhere between 5 to 10 years for a deceased organ. While they wait for available organs, most patients endure a four-hour session in a dialysis center three times per week. In 2009, the annual cost of taking care of an ESRD patient is around $70,000. The total cost was estimated to be over $40 billion. (USA Today, 2009) Because of Medicare rules written in the 1970’s, hemodialysis is a covered service, and no politician who desires to be...
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...1. All of GoeGeorge’s has had hypertension for the last five years. Uncontrollable high blood pressure is a symptom of kidney disease. He also has fatigued, his urine output has changed, loss his appetite and he is losing weight. These four symptoms are also signs of serious kidney problems. Acute kidney issues are most often diagnosed during a hospital stay for another cause. Acute renal failure happens quickly whereas chronic renal failure develops over time. 2. The normal RBC in men: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter (cells/mcL). George’s is 3.8 millions cells/mcL which is fairly low. His Hgb is 11.0. This is lower than the normal range of 12.4/14.9. These results from the blood test are symptoms of mild anemia. The low RBC and the low Hbg is usually caused by an abnormality or a disease. Cancer and aplastic anemia can cause the body to produce fewer red blood cells. 3. All of George’s urine test results were abnormal. When the kidneys are damaged, they fail to discharge excess creatinine and urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen level increase. In patients with damaged Chronic Kidney Failure, their glomerular filtration membrane is damaged seriously and large amounts of protein leak into urine, causing proteinuria. For his age, his GFR is low. This shows moderate decrease in renal function. 4. By stage II, 78-80 percent nephron function is lost and replaced by scare tissue. During End Stage Renal Disease only 10%...
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...INTRODUCTION * URINARY SYSTEM * WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? | 3 | 2 | RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY * HEAMODIALYSIS * PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 4 - 7 | 3 | RENAL TRANSPLANTATION * TRANSPLANT PROCEDURE * TISSUE TYPING * CONTRAINDICATION OF TRANSPLANTATION * TYPES OF TRANSPLANT * DONOR WORK UP * RECIPIENT WORK UP | 8 - 14 | 4 | PRE OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 14 - 15 | 5 | INTRA OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 | 6 | POST OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 - 17 | 7 | COMPLICATIONS OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT | 17 - 18 | 8 | NURSING PROCESS | 18 - 21 | 9 | HEALTH EDUCATION FOR PATIENT | 22 | 10 | CONCLUSION | 23 | 11 | REFERENCES | 24 | INTRODUCTION URINARY SYSTEM The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary blabber and urethra. The kidneys produce the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system. The ureters convey the urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body. WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? * Remove extra water. * Remove waste products. * Balance chemicals in the body. * Help control blood pressure. * Help make red blood cell. * Help build strong bones. When the kidneys no longer able to perform normal functions and starts to deteriorate, renal failure will occur, this condition may be acute or chronic. Then the following problems will occur: *...
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...Renal Failure and Organ Transplant Andy Nguyen, Pradip Gautam The University of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing In partial fulfillment of the requirements of N4581 Critical Care Mrs. McClellan Clinical Instructor April 09, 2014 Introduction The purpose of this teaching project is to give our clinical group a good review over renal failure and organ transplantation. By the end of our presentation, students will be able to grasp the most important concept of renal failure and transplantations. We have gathered resources from our text books, lecture notes, trusted web pages, and YouTube videos for demonstration. Kidney Failure Overview Kidney failure is the partial or complete impairment of kidney function. It results in an inability to excrete metabolic waste products and water, as well as contributing to disturbances of all body systems. Kidney disease can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute renal failure (ARF) has a rapid onset. Chronic kidney disease usually develops slowly over months to years and renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) is needed for long-term survival (Lewis 1165). ARF is a clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid loss of renal function with progressive azotemia, such as BUN and increasing levels of serum creatinine. ARF is often associated with oliguria and usually develops over hours or days. It most commonly follow severe, prolonged hypotension, hypovolemia, or exposure to a nephrotoxic agent. Chronic...
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...Pathophysiology: Neoplasia and Renal System School of Nursing 1. Cancer Staging Cancer staging describes the severity of a person’s cancer based on the person’s initial tumor, and whether or not the cancer has metastasized (American Cancer Society, 2012, www.cancer.org). Knowledge of the stage is very important in that is can be used to explain prognosis to the patient, and can be used by the doctor and the patient to plan treatment. Staging of cancer is based on knowledge of the way in which cancer progresses in the body. Malignant cells grow and reproduce without any control or order, and they do not die when they should. In most cases the cancer cells will form a mass called a tumor. As the tumor grows it can invade tissues and organs that are close to it. The malignant cells can also break away from the tumor and enter the bloodstream (Lemone, 2004, p. 284). There are five common elements considered in most staging systems: site of the primary tumor, tumor size and number, lymph node involvement, cell type, and the presence or absence of metastasis. A common staging system is called TNM, which stands for Tumor, lymph Nodes, and Metastasis. When staging a number is added to each letter to indicate the size of the primary tumor and the extent of the cancer spread. (Lemone, 2004, p. 284) Infection, immunity and inflammation in cancer patients are all interrelated. They form what could be...
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