...Symbiosis Law School, Pune (Constituent Symbiosis International Deemed University) Accredited by NAAC( UGC) with grade ‘A’ Post graduate department of law Pune Comparative public Law - I First Assignment “DISCUSS THE “EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE WITH RESPECT TO “14 TH AMENDMENT OF THE U.S CONSTITUTION AND ANAYLZE WITH RESPECT TOEVOLUTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS” SUBMITTED BY SHREYA CHAURASIA L.L.M .I ST SEMESTER ROLL NO. 64 PRN-15010143064 [2015-2016] Introduction “No person shall...be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law... Amendment V Article [V] (Amendment 5 - Rights of Persons) No person shall be held to...
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...Konstantin Mereschkowski was born on August 4, 1855 and he died on January 9, 1921. He was a Russian biologist and botanist. From 1875 to 1880, he worked for his degree at the University of St. Petersburg. Upon graduating, he began to travel to places such as France and Germany, meeting famous scientists and studying. In 1886, he and his wife, Olga Petrovna Sultanova, emigrated from Russia to Crimea, where he began work as a botanist studying grapes. In 1898, he, his wife, and his son left Crimea and moved to America. He worked as a botanist in California, until moving back to Russia in 1902. As curator of zoology at Kazan University, he began to develop his ideas on the symbiotic origins of complex cells. He argued that the cell organelles, the nucleus, and the chloroplast are all descendants of bacteria that evolved into an intracellular symbiosis with amoebae. His ideas...
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...W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington could be considered the “twin towers” when it comes to black history in America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Although from different generations, their attention focused on the African-American struggle for political, social and economic equality. However, they sharply disagreed on strategies for black social and economic progress; to better understand their opposing philosophies, it is helpful to also consider their radically different backgrounds, which influenced their world-views. W.E.B. Du Bois was born in Massachusetts, three years after the end of the Civil War. His great-grandfather had fought in the American Revolution and his family had been part of the community for generations. Du Bois learned of his African roots from his grandmother, and was given a sense of destiny from his mother, who raised him after his father left home. Du Bois was a brilliant young man, working as a correspondent for New York newspapers while still in high school, and, with the help of influential members of his community, went to Fisk University in Nashville. His years at Fisk changed his life – there Du Bois met sons and daughters of former slaves, who embodied the cultural and spiritual tradition that Du Bois had glimpsed as a child. He also encountered the White South, and saw how they were destroying the achievements of Reconstruction. He saw the suffering of rural blacks when he taught school during the summers...
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...TOPIC: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGAINST THE WORLD DRUG PROBLEM I. INTRODUCTION Today it is generally recognized that drugs, along with organized crime that comes with it, jeopardize the development of many resolutions in our world. It is now clear to several organizations that drug control must become an essential element of our joint efforts to achieve peace, security and development. At the same time, we must reinforce our commitment to shared responsibility and the basic principles of health and human rights. The 2011 World Drug Report documents developments in global drug markets and tries to explain the factors that drive them. Its analysis of trends and emerging challenges informs national and international drug and crime priorities and policies, and provides a solid foundation of evidence for counternarcotics interventions. Drug markets and drug use patterns change rapidly, so measures to stop them must also be quick to adapt. Thus the more comprehensive the drug data we collect and the stronger our capacity to analyze the problem, the better prepared the international community will be to respond to new challenges. Drug use affects not only individual users, but also their families, friends, co-workers and communities. Children whose parents take drugs are themselves at greater risk of drug use and other social problems that harm communities. In some regions, illicit drug use is contributing to the rapid spread of infectious diseases like HIV and hepatitis...
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...Being the most popular and highest earning revenue sport in the United States, football is often a target of criticism and inquiry, both from the general public and from politicians. Most recently, the sport has come under pressure because of concerns that there are long-term health effects resulting from head injuries, specifically the impact of multiple concussions. In fact, a large group of retired professional players has sued the National Football League for allegedly withholding information about this long-term impact. The issue has spread to college football, and is also being discussed at the youth level. In early 2013, President Barack Obama made what many thought was an unprecedented public comment about the ongoing controversy. The President expressed concern about the issue and noted that if he had a son, he was not sure he would allow him to play football due to the uncertainty about long-term brain trauma from continuous hits to the head. As controversial as that statement may have seemed at the time, it still does not compare to a previous President’s involvement in addressing safety issues in football. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt took very active and direct public action to address issues of safety in organized football. The sport was growing in popularity, but was highly controversial due to the uncontrolled violence and serious injuries. Many influential people were calling for football to be banned altogether. President Roosevelt’s support for football...
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...living conditions such zoning and restrictive conditions. Between 1845 and 1875 the Public Health Acts were introduced to regulate health related issues and to implement building restrictions/bylaws. In 1909 the Town Planning received the legal recognition and it gave power to local authorities to control development. In 1909 it was amended, and in 1925 the Town Planning Act became fully fledged with statutory significance (Van Wyk, 2012:22). Van Wyk, 2012:23 believed that the 1925 Town Planning Act (London) was the “basis of the South African town planning guidelines” (Van Wyk, 2012:23). The evolution of South African planning will be discussed in details...
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...NONE, ONE OR SEVERAL? PERSPECTIVES ON THE UK’S CONSTITUTION(S) DAVID FELDMAN* An inaugural lecture is the occasion when the University of Cambridge can look its gift horse in the mouth, weighing the new professor in the balance against his or her distinguished predecessors. The Rouse Ball Professorship of English Law has been held in the past by a long series of distinguished scholars, from Sir Percy Winfield to my immediate predecessor, Sir Jack Beatson whom we are delighted to welcome back today. Their work has influenced generations of lawyers. They certainly influenced me. Before I encountered Criminal Law: The General Part,1 a great little volume by Professor Glanville Williams, Learning the Law, was my ‘Guide, Philosopher and Friend’ (as it still says on the cover of the latest edition, now edited by my colleague Professor Tony Smith)2 as I approached the study of law. Another Rouse Ball Professor, the late Sir William Wade, had a formative effect on my understanding of land law and administrative law both through his famous books, Megarry and Wade on the Law of Real Property (now edited by a former Fellow of Downing College, Dr. Charles Harpum)3 and Administrative Law (now in the hands of my colleague Dr. Christopher Forsyth),4 not to mention the lectures that I attended as an undergraduate in (softly be it said) the University of Oxford. Two wonderfully stimulating and enjoyable books by the Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor and * Rouse Ball Professor of English Law in...
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...A TEACHER’S GUIDE TO THE SIGNET CLASSIC EDITION OF BOOKER T. WASHINGTON’S UP FROM SLAVERY By VIRGINIA L. SHEPHARD, Ph.D., Florida State University S E R I E S E D I T O R S : W. GEIGER ELLIS, ED.D., ARTHEA J. S. REED, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, EMERITUS and UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, RETIRED A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of Booker T. Washington’s Up from Slavery 2 INTRODUCTION Booker T. Washington’s commanding presence and oratory deeply moved his contemporaries. His writings continue to influence readers today. Although Washington claimed his autobiography was “a simple, straightforward story, with no attempt at embellishment,” readers for nearly a century have found it richly rewarding. Today, Up From Slavery appeals to a wide audience from early adolescence through adulthood. More important, however, is the inspiration his story of hard work and positive goals gives to all readers. His life is an example providing hope to all. The complexity and contradictions of his life make his autobiography intellectually intriguing for advanced readers. To some he was known as the Sage of Tuskegee or the Black Moses. One of his prominent biographers, Louis R. Harlan, called him the “Wizard of the Tuskegee Machine.” Others acknowledged him to be a complicated person and public figure. Students of American social and political history have come to see that Washington lived a double life. Publicly he appeased the white establishment...
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...The right to a clean environment is a guaranteed fundamental right. As, a proper and healthy environment enable people to enjoy a quality of life which is the essence of the right guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Correspondingly, the state and the citizens are under a fundamental obligation to protect and improve the environment, including the forest, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have a compassion for living creatures. The right to have a human atmosphere congenial to human existence is a right to life. The State has a duty in that behalf and to shed its extravagant unbridled sovereign power and to forge a policy to maintain the ecological balance and hygienic environment. Development and the protection of the environment are not enemies. If without degrading the environment and minimizing adverse effect thereupon by applying stringent safeguards, it ispossible to carry on development activity applying the principle of sustainable development, in that eventuality, development...
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...------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form A Guide to India’s Legal Research and Legal System By Dr. Rakesh Kumar Srivastava Dr. R.K. Shrivastava is presently Chief Librarian at the Supreme Court of India, New Delhi. He has more than twenty-four years of experience in the field of law librarianship in India. He has a degree in Law, a Postgraduate degree in Library & Information Science and a Doctorate degree in Library & Information Science. He has been a guest faculty member in many institutions, an academic counsellor of Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and the Rajarishi Tandon Open University, Allahabad. He has been an Honorary Principal of School of Law of Library Science, Lucknow for more than 15 years. He is a member of many professional bodies, including his service as the General Secretary of the U.P. Library Association and the Vice-President of the Indian Library Association. Due to his work in the field of law librarianship, he has been awarded by the U.P. Government. He is presently a member of the Academic Council, Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur. He recently delivered lectures on legal research methodology in National Judicial Academy, Bhopal and Karnataka Judicial Academy, Bangalore, Academic Staff College, Jamia Milia Univesity and in Ranganathan Research Circle, New Delhi. He has published more than fifty papers on various aspects of library and information science and law...
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...U.S. Customs and Border Protection From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search U.S. Customs and Border Protection Common name U.S. Customs and Border Protection Abbreviation CBP U.S. Customs and Border Protection patch.png Patch of CBP U.S. Customs and Border Protection logo.png Logo of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection CBP Badge.jpg CBP officer badge Agency overview Formed March 1, 2003 Preceding agencies Some functions of the United States Department of Agriculture Immigration inspectors and the United States Border Patrol Functions of the United States Customs Service Employees 62,450+ (2016) Annual budget $13.56 billion (2016) Legal personality Governmental: Government agency Jurisdictional structure Federal agency USA General nature Federal law enforcement Civilian agency Operational structure Headquarters Ronald Reagan Building Washington, D.C. Federal Law Enforcement Sworn Officers 45,741 Agency executives R. Gil Kerlikowske, Commissioner Kevin K. McAleenan, Deputy Commissioner Parent agency U.S. Department of Homeland Security Website www.cbp.gov Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, and enforcing U.S. regulations, including...
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...been slaves, because they have recourse from abuse. They can quit to seek better employment. Or they are free to join with others to take collective action, forming political movements or labor unions. By the end of the nineteenth century, labor unions and labor-oriented political parties had become major forces influencing wages and working conditions. This article explores the nature and development of labor unions in the United States. It reviews the growth and recent decline of the American labor movement and makes comparisons with the experience of foreign labor unions to clarify particular aspects of the history of labor unions in the United States. Unions and the Free-Rider Problem Quitting, exit, is straightforward, a simple act for individuals unhappy with their employment. By contrast, collective action, such as forming a labor union, is always difficult because it requires that individuals commit themselves to produce "public goods" enjoyed by all, including those who "free ride" rather than contribute to the group effort. If the union succeeds, free riders receive the same benefits as do activists; but if it fails, the activists suffer while those who remained outside lose nothing. Because individualist logic leads workers to "free ride," unions cannot grow by appealing to individual self-interest (Hirschman, 1970; 1982; Olson, 1966; Gamson, 1975). Union Growth Comes in Spurts Free riding is a problem for all collective movements,...
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...Positive law as the ethic of our time. Business Horizons | September 01, 1990 | Fisher, Bruce D. | Copyright Positive Law as the Ethic of Our Time The number of businesspersons, political leaders, TV ministers, sports personalities, educators, and other role models for American society who in recent years have been fined, imprisoned, left private or public office in disgrace, or been denied Olympic medals starlets many. Others not only are alarmed by the rash of apparently unethical conduct by society's leaders, but also wonder if there is some character flaw in the present generation of achievers that dooms their ultimate success - and threatens the commitment of the average member of society to the ethics of work and integrity. It is not unusual to read of self-studies by leading business firms that question the propriety of basic organizational values and ask hard questions about the institution. Certainly it makes institutions such as businesses and governments appear ridiculous to line personnel, who are micro-managed to death by institutional guidelines covering the minutes aspects of their work yet see leaders who appear to violate laws governing major phases of their business. This article advances the notion that the "law on the books" - positive law - has become the basic ethic of our business and social culture today. That is, people have come to accept the notion that if they have followed the law on the books in a democratic society, that is probably all...
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... ♥ But more importantly: background information about some of the critical ways in which the American legal system is unique, and differs from legal systems elsewhere in the world. This is hard: often you will find that your professors or fellow‐students will make assumptions or presuppose certain ways of doing things that aren’t explained in class. A large goal of this course is to explain those assumptions, and make them explicit. >> UNIQUENESS OF AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEMS Briefly, there are four aspects of the American legal system that set it apart: 1) Inherited common law, existing out of three components: (a) judicial power; (b) civil jury trial; (c) law‐equity ; 2) Written Constitution and Bill of Rights; judicial...
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...NORTH AMERICAN FICTION BRIEF INTRODUCTION: Before starting our study of American Fiction we must understand what American Literature is in itself and which pieces of writing we can include within this label. It is believed that when a piece is written in North America, more precisely in the USA, it would automatically be given this epithet. But it should be taken into account that this idea is quite broad and doesn’t reflect the real essence of the term. However, there is also another definition that gathers this essence: American Literature is the one that represents the Americanism, the singularity of the USA philosophy and culture. This way, instead of focusing on who the author is, it is focused on the content of the writing. In that which concerns Fiction, the following documents are the ones considered as narrative: Speeches Letters Short Stories Essays Political Documents Sermons Novels Diaries 1 FIRST LITERARY EXPRESSIONS The first documents in which the idea of Americanism is very present are the Sermons. They respond to the strict Protestantism settled in the New Continent after the arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers and Puritans in the Mayflower (1620) and the Arabella (1630). They established a theocratic community whose main and only point of reference was the Bible. That is why the idea of the ‘city upon a hill’ is still very present in American mentality. As we all know...
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