...learning be it hands on or from learned experience from a situation. This paper is going to describe a single informal learning experience that I have had broccoli. It will discuss three types of conditioning or learning, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive-social learning. This paper will show how each type of conditioning could have been the reason for the response that shaped view of broccoli to this day. As a young child I was never one to eat too many vegetables. My mother would make meals with some type of vegetable on the side because as we all well aware of is that we need a good diet that includes vegetables. However this is something that is hard to enforce into young children and in my case I was no different. One evening my mother cooked a meal with broccoli as the vegetable of choice. Just like most vegetables I did not want to eat it. The smell, color, taste, and texture was not something I enjoyed. After sitting for a long time starring at this frightful food my mother forced me to eat it. What happened next would forever shape my thinking on broccoli, I threw it all up. Fast forward 36 years and to this day I cannot smell broccoli without my stomach turning. Broccoli and I from that one day are as incompatible as oil and water. Classic conditioning according to Carpenter and Huffman (2010) is learning that occurs when neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired (associated) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR)...
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...led Watson to consider psychology a science of behavior. Rather than focusing on methods like introspection, Watson strongly suggests that psychological research involve examinations of the measurable and observable behaviors. In his classic study of Little Albert, Watson demonstrates how learning of fear can occur through the principle of classical conditioning. Watson and other behaviorists like B.F. Skinner also emphasize that environmental factors affect and determine behavior. Skinner took the study of behaviorism to the next level by proposing concepts like mind, consciousness, and feelings were neither measureable or observable and were, therefore, not necessary in explaining behavior. Skinner claims that one can explain behavior by analyzing the conditions present before a behavior occurs and by analyzing the consequences that follow the behavior. The principles associated with Skinner’s operant conditioning suggest personality as a function of environmental influences rather than unconscious thoughts and feelings. However, this belief faces criticism for paying little attention to emotions and internal processes. By examining the theories of Watson and Skinner, one can better understand by classical and operant conditioning by explaining their major themes and evaluating their effectiveness in explaining behavior. Watson’s and Skinner’s Theories Identified John B. Watson is typically considered the founding father of behaviorism. Current psychological...
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...ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING: Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning. One important type of learning, Classical Conditioning, was actually discovered accidentally by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who discovered this phenomenon while doing research on digestion. His research was aimed at better understanding the digestive patterns in dogs.During his experiments, he would put meat powder in the mouths of dogs who had tubes inserted into various organs to measure bodily responses. What he discovered was that the dogs began to salivate before the meat powder was presented to them. Then, the dogs began to salivate as soon as the person feeding them would enter the room. He soon began to gain interest in this phenomenon and abandoned his digestion research in favor of his now famous Classical Conditioning study. Basically, the findings support the idea that we develop responses to certain stimuli that are not naturally occurring. When we touch a hot stove, our reflex pulls our hand back. It does this instinctually, no learning involved. It is merely a survival instinct. But why now do some people, after getting burned, pull their hands back even when the stove is not turned on? Pavlov discovered that we make associations which cause us to generalize our response to one stimuli onto a neutral stimuli it is paired with. In other words, hot burner = ouch, stove = burner, therefore, stove = ouch. Pavlov began pairing a bell sound with the meat...
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...philosophy at the University of Chicago where he met two men a psychologist by the name of Henry Donaldson and a functionalist psychologist by the name of James Rowland Angell. (Cherry, 2014). Watson respected and admired the theories of these men, taking what he learned from them he came up with his own thoughts and theories which drove him to the theory of behaviorism; this theory is what began Watson’s career where he founded the psychology school of behaviorism. (Cherry, 2014). Watson’s behaviorism is the “learning perspective” of all organisms that deal with the act of feeling, thinking, and acting. (Cherry, 2014). His theory related to that of classical conditioning in which his belief was that people reacted to different forms of stimuli rather than emotion. His drive was to take his theory of classic conditioning and turn it into a scientific objective. Watson’s most famous experiment was that of a 1 year old boy by the name of Albert. (Goodwin, 2008). Albert was...
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...Learning and Cognition Paper Salma El Gharabawy PSY 390 University of Phoenix Everyday, people tend to learn something new in their lives; whether through watching other people or through their own experiences, people learn. We all “know” things, and naturally perform a lot of actions, meaning we exhibit in a lot of behaviors. Ever stop to think where all of this came from? Some are innate, while others are only acquired actively; therefore, any knowledge or behavior that we have now and were NOT born with, was one way or the other, “learned”. Learning is an integral part of all living things’ lives; some certain behaviors we are born with, innate (genetically predisposed at birth or maybe even during conception) such as certain reflexes and some specific species behaviors; while others are only gained through learning. Learning, in the field of psychology has been best described as “ . . . .a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs” (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). That said, in order to get a complete understanding of the mechanism of learning, in regards to the psychology field, it is really important for a person to first understand the specific role that is played by behavior, in learning, the different types of learning as well as the relationship between the two; learning and cognition. Needless to say...
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...OPERANT CONDITIONING, A THEORY DEVELOPED BY B.F. SKINNER Dating back to the 1800’s, many theories have developed in reference to Child Development. There have been theories that have become classics and those that continue to cause controversy. Doing research on these theories one of them really stood out to me and that is the one of B.F. Skinner. Skinner believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning. The main principles of operant conditioning, as defined by Skinner, are reinforcement, punishment, shaping, extinction, discrimination, and generalization. Reinforcement is the key element in Skinner's theory. A reinforcement is any characteristic in the environment that serves to increase the probability that a person will repeat a behavior in the future. It could be verbal praise, a good grade or a feeling of increased accomplishment or satisfaction (Cook). An example of a positive reinforcement is a child receives their report card and brings it home to mom and dad. The child received four “A’s” and one “B”. For every “A” received the parents reinforce that child with money. In middle school “A’s” are worth twenty dollars each but moving into high school they are worth fifty dollars each. This child will be highly motivated to bring home as many “A’s” as they can! What happens when that reinforcer does not work? That is when the next element in Skinner’s theory comes...
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...only concern itself with the study of behavior, and he was not concerned with the mind or with human consciousness. This paper will discuss the history behind behaviorism, the components of the theory, and how behaviorism develops new behavior. Behaviorism is conducted by stimuli and it decides to select one response instead of another due to the conditioning. It assume that the learner is passive and starts off with a clean slate. The behavior then goes threw and positive and negative reinforcement. Behaviorists study stimulus events that cause behavior to occur, stop occurring, or change in some way as a function of antecedents or consequences to behavior. Behavioral scientists recognize, however, that environmental events that affect behavior as antecedents or consequences often vary from person to person. John B. Watson and B.F Skinner originated the behaviorist approaches to learning. Watson thought that human behavior resulted from specific stimuli and certain responses. His view of learning was based upon the studies of Ivan Pavlov (1849- 1936). Skinner developed the term operant conditioning he believed in satisfying the responses are conditioned while unsatisfying ones are not. The...
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...Conditioned Learning There are 3 types of conditioned learning classical, operant, and cognitive/social conditioning. Classical Conditioning can be voluntary or involuntary, and is defined as “learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response” (Wiley, 2000-2010, Chapter 6). Operant Conditioning is “learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences” (Wiley, 2000-2010, Chapter 6). The final cognitive/social conditioning is defined as “A perspective that emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning in behavior” (Wiley, 2000-2010, p. 6). Starting as a very young child I often had to be in the back seat of the car with my older brother Troy while my mother ran errands. We often found ourselves very bored. Creating some kind of a game to entertain ourselves seemed the normal thing to do. Although our games may include hitting each other every time we saw a certain kind of vehicle, or laughing loudly, often the end result of our games would be arguing. This would intensely irritate our mother and whoever was in the front passenger seat (usually our grandmother). At this point, they would tell us if we are good for the remainder of the trip we will get ice cream or get to stop at McDonalds. We were always rewarded with some kind of food. Soon we learned to ask when it was announced that we would be stuck in the back of car all day if we could go to whichever food establishment...
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...behavioral theory Teacher: Miss Wendy Jeremie Question: Three kinds of learning are of particular importance to psychologists, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. Discuss these using appropriate examples. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought also known as behaviorism came to dominate psychology and sought to explain the process of learning. Behaviorism was a school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors. It was founded by John B. Watson. The behaviorist view held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that the internal mental processes should not be taken into consideration because they could not be directly observed and measured. The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychologists are classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, posited the theory of classical conditioning. This is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. It involves placing a completely neutral signal or stimulus before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral stimulus was the sound of a tone or bell and the naturally occurring reflex was the salivating of the dogs...
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...Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. ) HISTORY Behaviourism is derived from the belief that free will is an illusion. According to a pure behaviourist, ( John B. Watson (1878-1958)) human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment. Alter a person's environment, and you will alter his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. Provide positive reinforcement whenever someone perform a desired behaviour, and soon they will learn to perform the behaviour on their own. (Ivan Pavlov: 1891) The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behaviorism was established with the publication of Watson's classic paper "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913). The origins of behaviorism grew out of the ideology of the American...
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...Classical Conditioning Theory ( Ivan Pavlov) Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behavior and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behavior. It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response. In order to understand how more about how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic principles of the process. In reality, people do not respond exactly like Pavlov's dogs. There are, however, numerous real-world applications for classical conditioning. For example, many dog trainers use classical conditioning techniques to help people...
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...Classical conditioning shapes many of society's common, everyday tasks. Whether we know it or not, many actions we do numerous times a day are a direct result of classical conditioning. To better understand why we act the way we do in society, classical conditioning must be defined and described. Classical conditioning is defined as: a process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response. Discovered by Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a form of learning. Pavlov revealed this trait when experimenting with dog's amounts of saliva in response to meat. He started noticing that after many repetitions, the dogs were salivating before the meat was even introduced. Pavlov concluded that some other stimulus that was repetitively associated with the meat was triggering the salivation. This simple concept describes how many actions are carried out in society today. Many times classical conditioning is not something that is purposefully done, but rather an incidental outcome. Conditioning may take a variable amount of time to occur. For example, humans are not born associating red with stop. As we grow, and ride in cars, we begin to consciously or subconsciously figure out that when a stoplight is red-you stop. Stop signs are red, stoplights are red, and brake lights are red. All of these things symbolize stopping. Yes, when you turn sixteen and you get your...
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...Corrales 1 DC 14 June 2012 Instructor Ken Smith PS 1200 | Principles of Psychology | | | | | | | History of B.F Skinner "The consequences of behavior determine the probability That the behavior will occur again"- B.F. Skinner Burrhus Frederick Skinner is one of the most important person's in the history of psychology. He was very popular and well known by seeing humans as no different to animals. He was also well known by his unique and well expressed quotes and by operant conditioning and schedules of reinforcement theories. Burrhus was a young boy that was interested and attracted in observing and spotting the world. To begin with, Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in small town in the hills of Pennsylvania. At that time his father was prestigious lawyer and his mother was a housewife. Skinner grew up in a peaceful home with a warm and stable family. He had one younger brother that died when he was 16 years old from cerebral aneurism, and he had no sisters. During his childhood, he took pleasure of building and experimenting things, an ability and talent he would shortly use in his own psychological experiments in his career path. As a young boy, he build things like roller scooters and steerable wagons that worked backwards. Corrales 2 At later years, Burrhus decided to attend Hamilton College in New York, where he soon graduated with a BA degree in English. His passion was to become a writer, but later he noticed it wasn't...
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...|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Social Science | | |PSY/300 Version 5 | | |General Psychology | | |Group MU13BSP04 | | |8/6/13-9/3/13 | | |Louis Battistone M.A., LMFT, RAS | | |909-239-2496 | Copyright © 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description General Psychology is a survey course which introduces the student to the major topics in scientific psychology as applied to human behavior. Applications of these principles will...
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...In the philosophy of education when it comes down to teaching as a profession, there are things teachers should take into consideration. Teaching as a profession has many codes they have to abide by inside and outside of the work place. The philosophy of education normally promotes a specific type or vision of education, and/or which examine the definition, goals and meaning of education. While you read this philosophy you will see what I have noticed or feel what teachers should do when it pertains to the student and their education. Behaviorism in the psychology sense is a movement in psychology and philosophy that emphasized the outward behavioral aspects of thought and dismissed the inward experiential, and sometimes the inner procedural aspects. Behaviorism in the educational sense is primarily concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In defining behavior, behaviorist learning theories emphasize changes in behavior that result from stimulus-response associations made by the learner. In the book “About Behaviorism” B.F Skinner stated that he believes that certain things about behaviorism or the science of behavior are wrong. For example, 1. Its ignores consciousness, feelings, and state of mind 2. It neglects innate endowment and argues that all behavior is acquired during the lifetime of the individual 3. It formulates behavior simply as a set of responses to stimuli, thus representing a person as an automaton, robot, puppet or machine 4. It...
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