...Clayton Anti-trust Law In the late 1800’s there were some big names in the economy. Two of the biggest trusts out there where the Carnegie Steel and John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company. These two companies and a few others dominated the economy and controlled not only the prices, but the market share for their products. In response, the Sherman Anti-trust Act was passed around 1890 to limit the control. The Sherman Act however, did not cover everything that businesses needed it to cover. In 1914, Woodrow Wilson instructed Congress to pass a new set of antitrust laws called the Clayton Act. (Swenson, 2) The Sherman Act was first passed to ensure that no company “shall monopolize, attempt to monopolize or conspire with another to monopolize interstate or foreign trade or commerce, regardless of the type of business entity” (Abernathy, 4). If a company did violate this act they could face up to three years in jail and up to $350,000 per violation and corporations could be fined up to $10 million per violation (6). Although the Sherman Act provided much advancement in fighting monopolies, there needed to be another act that more specifically and clearly prohibited certain anti-competitive practices. Since the Sherman act needed more clarification, the Clayton Act of 1914 was soon drafted by Henry De Lamar Clayton Jr. Clayton along with many other people though the Sherman Act needed to be strengthened and clarified to work better. When Woodrow Wilson became president...
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...ONE OF CLAYTON COUNTY’S SHERO’S One of Clayton County’s Shero’s Essie Crawford Devry University Abstract Ms. Johnnie is an Outreach Coordinator of the Clayton Center where she heads several groups for grandparents, parents, and children. Ms. Johnnie goes above and beyond the call of duty in order to help those in her community and never asking for anything in return. The impressions that she leaves on children are ever –lasting, just as the impressions that the children leave on her. That is something that no amount of money can buy. It is simply priceless. One of Clayton County’s Shero’s There are people who do so much and never receive the recognition that they deserve. I ran across someone who truly fits this description to the core. She is a very intelligent, warm-hearted woman. People like her should be known about because she is a “silent hero,” and the silent heroes are the people that make the communities better without a second thought. The woman that I am speaking about is Ms. Johnnie Watkins, known to everyone as “Ms. Johnnie,” with her long time nickname of “Queen.” Ms. Johnnie was born and raised in Georgia. She went to Georgia State University where she received her AS and BS in social work. Ms. Johnnie has a 15-year old son who she has raised as a single parent due to the unfortunate death of her son’s father. Ms. Johnnie is the type of person who does a lot for the children and parents within the community and never thinks anything about...
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...Objective The purpose of this report is to analyze the challenge we are faced with at Clayton SpA and to submit my recommendation for our future growth strategy. Background At Clayton SpA sales have been down 19% and we are in our third year of losses. We are accumulating an additional $1million in debt per month. I arrived two months ago to discover great inefficiencies that have been creating this downturn. I am dedicated to this company and to seeing future growth. I have impressed upon my team the great sense of urgency and the need to take immediate action. I have already negotiated with our bank to postpone large payments due over the coming quarter to buy us some time, but we need to act swiftly. Our compression chillers lag behind in innovative features, pricing strategy, and operating efficiency. Our Asian competitors are a great threat with promised lower lifecycle costs through more efficient design. I have also learned that our central air conditioners fit poorly in Italian buildings and our marketing efforts have been insufficient in communicating the function of our products and what our brand stands for. We are over-staffed by 20% - 30% and knowing that a company-wide priority is to reduce capital use and bring costs under control, we need to take serious action. The 27% increase in steel prices is an important factor in my recommendation to reduce our fixed costs. I have also given great consideration in my recommendation to our other company-wide...
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...any other student’s work or from any other source except where due acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by another person. Student’s Signature : _Nishant_kumar______ Evaluator’s comments: _____________________________________________________________________ Marks obtained : ___________ out of ______________________ REPORT ON CLAYTON INDUSTRIES CASE PETER ARNELL, COUNTRY MANAGER FOR ITALY OBJECTIVE The purpose of this report is to analyze the daunting challenges faced by Clayton SpA,the Italian subsidiary of US based Clayton Industries Inc. Peter Arnell has just taken charge of the Clayton SpA to turn around the current loss making status of the company losing around $1 million a month after decades of solid returns. Contents A brief introduction of Clayton Industries and their business operations............................................................................................................................ 3 Description of Proble.......................................................................................................... 3 Evaluation of alternatives...
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...Assignment The Sherman and Clayton Acts Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/assignment-sherman-clayton-acts/ 1. The Sherman and Clayton Acts The Clayton Act of 1914 classifies several business practices as illegal, including price discrimination and tying contracts, if they "substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly." The Clayton Act of 1914 is an example of which of the following? Antitrust laws Price regulations 2. The Clayton and Celler-Kefauver Acts Which of the following activities are prohibited by the Clayton Act when they lead to less competition? A buyer is forced to buy multiple products from a producer in order to get a desired product. Each of these answers is correct. A director from one business sits on the board of a competing firm. A firm acquires a major percentage of the stocks of a competing firm. 3. The Herfindahl index Suppose that three firms make up the entire wig manufacturing industry. One has a 40% market share, and the other two have a 30% market share each. The Herfindahl index of this industry is _________ (a.10,000 b.6,000 c.3,400 d.4,000 e.3,000). A new firm, Mane Attraction, enters the wig manufacturing industry and immediately captures a 15% share of the market. This would cause the Herfindahl index for the industry to ___________ (a.fall b.rise c.remain the same). The largest possible value of the Herfindahl index is 10,000 because: An industry with an index higher than 10...
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...The Innocents, a film directed by Jack Clayton, adapted from Henry James’ short novel The Turn of the Screw by John Mortimer, William Archibald and Truman Capote, can be argued to have subject matter of either a supernatural or psychological nature. The same can be said for Henry James’ original, but having digested both texts it is made clear to me that there are some very noticeable differences between the two, that both hinder and enhance our understanding of the stories. In both the film and the novella, the principal story is narrated, somewhat unreliably, by Miss Giddens, the governess appointed to care for the two children by their uncle. In Henry James’ version however, the story is framed in the prologue by an unknown character, Douglas, who introduces the story to a few friends at a house party. In the film, we see Miss Giddens crying with her hands together as if praying, emotionally exclaiming: “All I want to do is save the children, not destroy them. More than anything I love children. More than anything.” It then fades into the interview scene with the uncle, soft focus, to suggest a flashback. Both these openings elicit an anachronistic or nostalgic feel, and with The Innocents, this sensation is strengthened by the black and white cinematography. The cameraman, Freddie Francis, used a special filter which darkened the edges of the frame similar to the ‘vignette’ effect. This had practical uses for characters walking of screen but it also gave the impression that...
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...motivates them) Motivation is the purpose or psychological cause of an action. For example, best employee of the week award for bonus & commission for individual motivation. As for group motivation we have informal group dinners with the staff when the sales of the week crosses the targets. SLIDE NO 3 BASIS OF THEORY Clayton P. Alderfer in 1969 based the theory on the following point – * Alderfer's ERG Theory condenses and simplifies Maslow's five Hierarchy Of Needs into three categories. * There is a value in categorizing needs and there is a basic distinction between higher order and lower order needs. * Alderfer considered that people could move around the hierarchy meeting their needs Alderfer's ERG theory is a simplified version of Maslow's hierarchy of needs that suggests that all human needs can be accessed and satisfied simultaneously, rather than from the bottom up. Either way, as needs are satisfied, employees are motivated to strive to satisfy a new need. Slide 5 Clayton is a phyco who gave the theory of ERG SLIDE NO 6 – ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY An attempt to simplify Maslow's needs theory was put forward by psychologist Clayton Alderfer with his ERG theory. Both theories see needs as the motivating force behind behaviour. People are motivated to do things by different needs, of which Alderfer identified three: Existence Needs - those which give us physical well-being Relatedness Needs - the need for social relationships Growth Needs -...
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...Case Analysis Report Clayton Industries: Peter Arnell, Country Manager for Italy (HBS Case # 4199) 1. Evaluate Peter Arnell’s first two months as general manager of Clayton SpA. What are the main challenges he faces? How well is he dealing with them? The biggest challenge Peter faces is the stagnant growth that Clayton SpA has experienced in recent years, especially with a 5.3% decline in 2008 and 19.4% drop in the first quarter of 2009 for Italy. This lack of sales directly affects receivables and inventory. Coupled with a strong union in Italy (FILM), these two forces directly contribute to the difficulty of fulfilling the 10/10/10 plan. Based on these trends, a “top four in four” years is unlikely unless SpA can significantly increase its European sales in the chiller market. So far, he has taken some necessary steps in understanding the situation and has made some necessary changes to prepare for a comprehensive overhaul of the division. However, he has yet to make any decisions for the long term future of the company. 2. Review the three possible courses of action outlined on the last page of the case. As Arnell, which plan would you recommend to Dan Briggs and Simonne Buis next week? What problems and constraints might limit your strategic recommendation? How could you deal with those issues? The 3 possible courses of action are as follows: 1) Continue to do what they have been doing, except better – increase efficiency, improve product...
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...Assignment The Sherman and Clayton Acts Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/assignment-sherman-clayton-acts/ 1. The Sherman and Clayton Acts The Clayton Act of 1914 classifies several business practices as illegal, including price discrimination and tying contracts, if they "substantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly." The Clayton Act of 1914 is an example of which of the following? Antitrust laws Price regulations 2. The Clayton and Celler-Kefauver Acts Which of the following activities are prohibited by the Clayton Act when they lead to less competition? A buyer is forced to buy multiple products from a producer in order to get a desired product. Each of these answers is correct. A director from one business sits on the board of a competing firm. A firm acquires a major percentage of the stocks of a competing firm. 3. The Herfindahl index Suppose that three firms make up the entire wig manufacturing industry. One has a 40% market share, and the other two have a 30% market share each. The Herfindahl index of this industry is _________ (a.10,000 b.6,000 c.3,400 d.4,000 e.3,000). A new firm, Mane Attraction, enters the wig manufacturing industry and immediately captures a 15% share of the market. This would cause the Herfindahl index for the industry to ___________ (a.fall b.rise c.remain the same). The largest possible value of the Herfindahl index is 10,000 because: An industry with an index higher than 10...
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...Over the last few weeks, I have finished the last pages of Meg Waite Claytons book, The Wednesday Sisters. The books plot concluded to be: Linda becoming a breast cancer survivor, Kath not divorcing Lee but finding happiness and peace out of letting go, Brett and her Mrs. Americas book becoming a best seller ,and she got connected with surgeons to get her hands scrutinized, and Ally had her forever mused, baby boy and Frankie has a life of happiness, and peace at how blessed she realized she was. I also read Louis Duncan’s I know what you did last summer. I would describe this book as a mildly intense thriller with some suspense. The book starts off with the group of four close friends (Julie James, Barry Cox, Ray Bronson, Helen Rivers), who...
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...A. Sherman Act (1890) is meant to prevent activities that a business may do that the federal government regulators believe to be anticompetitive. The Act maintains that the federal government is to examine and track trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in violation. It was the first federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies. (Sherman Antitrust Act, 2014) Clayton Act provides clarification to the Sherman Act of 1890. It is meant to encourage competition with businesses within the United States, discourage formation of monopolies, and prohibit price discrimination, price fixing and unfair business practices. (Clayton Antitrust Act, 2014) Robinson-Patman Act (1936) prohibits a business from selling the same item to one company for a different price while selling the same item to another company for a different price. This protects smaller businesses by limiting the large company's ability to command discriminatory discounts through its purchasing power. (Robinson-Patman Act, 2014) Federal Trade Commission Act enforces the other three antitrust laws by preventing unfair competition and deceptive practices. This act discourages businesses from entering into unlawful competition. B1. Industrial regulation deals with the government regulation of a business pricing in certain markets. It helps to decrease the control of oligopolies, prevent conspiracy and increase competition among companies. This regulation helps the consumer know that oligopoly...
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...The Clayton Act and the Sherman Act worked together to improve business practices. The Clayton Act helped with various situations within businesses. This Act outlawed price discrimination, exclusive buying contacts, and tying contracts. This Act also outlawed anticompetitive mergers and interlocking directorates. In the 1912 presidential election, all three parties agreed that Congress was being too nice to corporations with the Sherman Act 1890. The Democratic nominee won the elections and he wanted to strengthen the antitrust laws so they created the Clayton Act 1914 to replace existing laws. With price discrimination, it prevents companies from participating in predatory lending which might lower competition or create a monopoly company....
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...created by investors who are trying to capitalize on this innovation with for-profit companies (cf. Coursera, 2013). Signing up for a MOOC is done in less than 5 minutes, all it takes is a valid email address, a password and everyone with an Internet connection can do so. However, looking at MOOC completion rates, it shows that “although thousands enroll for courses, a very small proportion actually complete the course” (cf. Oreilly, 2013) as educational researcher Katy Jordan noted in her recent enrollment statistic. Underlying this statement is the fact that the completion rate of MOOCs is less than 10 % on average (cf. Oreilly, 2013). With this in mind, are MOOCs likely to disrupt anything? The term disruptive innovation was coined by Clayton Christensen....
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...Antitrust Laws and Competitive Business Practices The fair, balanced and competitive application of U.S. laws as applied to business practices Introduction Several laws have been enacted to provide protection to businesses in our free-trade market. There are times when trading within the free market does not demonstrate the fair, balanced and ethical conduct deserved in competitive business. Trying to compete in a market where practices aren’t regulated deprives businesses the benefits of competition, resulting in higher prices for products and services which in turn affect the economy. Unfair trade practices have been around for as long as trade itself. Unfair practices were under scrutiny as early as 470 B.C. Grain was so vital to Greece’s population that trade laws were enacted. A percentage of grain was taken by the state therefore taxes were applied to anyone not importing directly to Athens. Death applied to anyone restricting imports (http://www.ancient.eu/article/115/). The latter was definitely extreme but regulations now cover a broader range of violations with less severe consequences. The federal government enforces three major antitrust laws. These laws address unfair practices that deprive businesses the benefits of interstate and international trade. Federal antitrust laws apply to virtually all industries and to every level of business, including manufacturing, transportation, distribution, and marketing. The Sherman Antitrust...
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...companies in various industry groups were attempting to eliminate their competition in the marketplace, thus hurting the economy.” (Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime, 2004, p. Introduction) The Sherman Act has two provisions in place to prevent this. The first stops the restraints of trading between states or foreign nations and the second makes monopolies illegal. The penalties for violating the Sherman Act are severe and include prison time of up to 10 years and a $1 million dollar fine for Individuals and $100 million dollar fines for businesses. The Clayton Act was passed by congress in 1914 to clarify and strengthen the Sherman Act. As stated by Britannica, “…the Clayton Act defined as illegal certain business practices that are conducive to the formation of monopolies or that result from them.” (Clayton Antitrust Act, 2014, http://www.britannica.com.proxy.devry.edu/EBchecked/topic/120766/Clayton-Antitrust-Act) Although the Sherman Act has severe consequences, when implemented, it...
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