...study of adolescent depression and it's characteristic features has gained a lot more attention and research in recent years, especially due to the fact that the rate of adolescent depression has seemed to have increased of late. A great deal more research has been done on adult depression in the past, thus the study and interpretation of adolescent depression is a relatively new research field in comparison as discussed by Crowe (2006) Adult criteria was used to diagnose adolescent depression in early studies of adolescent depression, which was in the 1970s and 1980s era. The variations in the comparative rates of the presence of particular symptoms between adolescence and adults was found to be rather small by the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project found by Roberts et al. 1995, cited by Crowe (2006). Although there is evidence that children meet adult criteria for depression, there are still uncertainties about the validity of the concept of depressive disorder in children and adolescents found by Harrington (2001) as cited by Crowe (2006) The DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association2000; p. 353) suggests that ‘the core symptoms of a major depressive episode are the same for children and adolescents, although there is data that suggest that the prominence of characteristic symptoms may change with age’ as discussed by Crowe ( 2006) This essay will aim at discussing problems related to identifying, diagnosing and the assessment of adolescent depression, taking into account...
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...the first article supported 4 out of the 5 hypothesis set for this study using the CDI (Fránová, Lukavský, & Preiss, 2008). User Fránová, Lukavský, and Preiss (2008) observed, without the use of the best predictors, the association between other CDI factors and scholastic achievements decreased. The results from the second article shared that a single cutoff score could not be produced or use as a solitary method of predicting depressive disorders. According to Timbremont, Braet, and Dreessen (2004), “This cutoff score is adequate in general screening because it is un-desirable to incorrectly diagnose child problems” (p. 155). Each articles use of the Children’s Depression Inventory concluded that the test was reliable in indicating depressive symptoms in children. Both articles used the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) to identify correlations between the inventory and other factors specific to each articles’ study. The first article’s results detected that there is a CDI factor associated with school achievements but had the potential to influence obtained results, concluding that the CDI and insufficient method for this study (Fránová, Lukavský, & Preiss, 2008). The results from the second article suggested that CDI should be used as an additional tool in the diagnosing process and not as used as the...
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...Psy 475 May 18, 2015 Psychological Measure Paper It is well known fact that people suffer from various kinds of depression. They might be from some health problems that they have developed and some issues associated with factors that are attributed to the way they feel about themselves. There are many ways to measure depression or how to scale it on the degrees of danger. In our Paper we are analyzing depressions psychological measures. The measure that is analyzed by us is the Depression Inventory for adolescents. The Depression Inventory for adolescents is an auto- report tool that employs a twenty seven item questions. We will be choosing 2 articles that explain the use of the Depression Inventory for adolescents. In our paper, we will be describing who are qualified for administering and interpreting the setting and measure. This means academic, counseling or occupational in which we optimize the usage of the measure. At the end of our paper, we will classify among the populations for whom the Depression Inventory for adolescents is valid or not valid as a psychological measure. Article One Becks Depression Inventory is used to measure many different depression circumstances. Above it (what is it?) discusses how the inventory is used and the measurement of how deep depression can go based on Becks inventory. The following article on Becks Depression Inventory involves the connection between two epidemics including depressiveness among disability retirement among unemployed...
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... Effects of Precocious Puberty on Development One of the process that typically begins in late childhood, before the onset of adolescence is puberty. Puberty is characterized by the appearance of secondary sex characteristics; growth in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonadal glands; a significant increase in growth; secretion of testosterone in boys; and also the capacity of fertility. Puberty often begins between 10-13 years of age depending on gender. However, there are cases in which a variety of factors may cause an individual to begin puberty before the age of eight years in boys, or the onset of menarche in girls before the age of nine (Cesario & Hughes, 2007). Early maturation and onset of puberty can cause many psychological and developmental complications for children at such a young age. For example, a girl who may physically mature early may have to deal with schoolmates teasing her for breast development and other secondary sex characteristics. The early onset of puberty does not have a single cause. It can be caused by a variety of factors, or even a combination of multiple factors. One of the factors that may be involved is a genetic mutation in a Lutropin Hormone receptor gene. The mutation in the LH receptor gene results in continuous production of testosterone, which causes early onset of the secondary sex characteristics to begin in young males (Heger, Partsch, and Sippell, 1999). There are many environmental factors that may lead...
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...Do you know that about 20 percent of teens will experience teen depression before they reach adulthood? According to Teen Depression: Teen depression can affect a teen regardless of gender, social background, income level, race, or school or other achievements, though teenage girls report suffering from depression more often than teenage boys. Teenage boys are less likely to seek help or recognize that they suffer from depression, probably due to different social expectations for boys and girls – girls are encouraged to express their feelings while boys are not. Teenage girls’ somewhat stronger dependence on social ties, however, can increase the chances of teen depression being triggered by social factors, such as loss of friends. (teendepression.org) There are many symptoms of teen depression. Some of the most common symptoms of depression include: Loss of interest in daily activities or hobbies, change in personality, changes in appetite, lack of energy, feeling of worthlessness, guilt and low self-esteem, sadness, isolation from family and friends, poor performance at school and work, and suicidal thoughts (teen-depression.info). In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger, Holden Caulfield, the main character, is suffering from depression and has difficulty dealing with his own life. Holden is depressed because of many things such as: his failure in life and school, his loneliness, and also because of the death of his brother, Allie. As he tells more stories,...
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...Risk and Protective Factors for Depression: Implications for Prevention Depression in Children and Adolescents Linking Risk Research and Prevention Judy Garber, PhD Abstract: The National Institute of Mental Health has called for translational research linking basic knowledge about vulnerabilities that underlie mood disorders to the development of effective preventive interventions. This paper highlights research about risk factors for depression in children and adolescents and links it to current knowledge about interventions aimed at preventing depression in youth. Basic epidemiologic and clinical research indicates that increased risk for depression is associated with being female; a family history of depression, particularly in a parent; subclinical depressive symptoms; anxiety; stressful life events; neurobiological dysregulation; temperament/personality (e.g., neuroticism); negative cognitions; problems in self-regulation and coping; and interpersonal dysfunction. These vulnerabilities both increase individuals’ chances of encountering stress and decrease their ability to deal with the stress once it occurs. Although several existing depression-prevention studies have targeted one or more of these risk factors, the efficacy of these various prevention programs for youth with different combinations of these risk factors needs to be investigated further. Most existing depression-prevention programs in youth have used cognitive– behavioral techniques, with some success...
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...applied in clinical tests to measure the psychiatric problems related to personality disorders of college going students. MMPI is effectively used in the diagnosis of girls and boys that reflect its ability of measuring personality disorder like OCD. The instrument can also asses and handle the psychological tests related general population. It can be used to analyze personality problems faced by general population like a group and target population like females and males. With the help of its validity and clinical variables, it makes differentiation between the target population and general population. For example, MMPI is used in a randomized control study to measure the recovery of patients from OCD related problems. Contrary to this, it is also used to measure a college student boy to measure his pretreatment and post-treatment conditions. So, it can be analyzed from these implications of MMPI in psychological tests, that this inventory is quite competent in differentiating the diagnosis between general population and target...
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...Professor Tobin Hart Adolescent Depression Experts estimate that 5% of all teenagers will suffer from depression. Unfortunately, only 20% of depressed teens are appropriately diagnosed and treated. It is a disorder that disturbs their mood, causes a loss of interest or pleasure in activities they should enjoy and makes them irritable to almost any aspect of life. It is very difficult to diagnose depression among teens because of the normal sporadic mood swings that are included in the teenage years; nevertheless, persistent unhappiness or moodiness is not normal in anyone. Therefore there are many key factors in looking for depression among teens. There are multiple things correlated with depression among adolescents. Some examples include the normal process of maturing and the stress that occurs with it, influence of sex hormones, conflicts with parents, and the death of a friend or relative. Also teens who are most likely to become depressed when they experience stressful events have a factor of low self-esteem , are very critical of themselves and have feelings that they have little or no control over negative events (T. Rogge & D. Zieve (Eds.), 2012). In this paper, I will investigate the numerous symptoms and signs of depression among teens, the treatments taken to cope with depression, and the prevention and consequences of depression in adolescents. It is hypothesized that female adolescents will display higher levels of depression related symptoms and behaviors...
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...to look at the preventive maintenance in pre-adolescent girls, before they reach puberty. This is a longitudinal study designed to research how preventive maintenance can help lower anxiety and depression in adolescence. This is an ongoing investigation with other research that has implemented other types of intervention models for depression. However, the focus of this study is to help young girls in discovering their true identity when reaching a period in their life where stress from school, social pressure and media have an effect on their way of thinking. Introduction There is a significant difference in depression in adolescent girls compared to that in boys. A lot of research has been developed to find reasons which may explain the increased rate of depression, but very little research has been done on the preventive side to help adolescents in dealing with stress and anxiety. The reason for this research is to help facilitate a better way of coping and managing a young person’s stress and anxiety; by helping minister better alternatives to solutions that they may not be fully aware of. The groups which will be examined are pre-adolescents girls, ages 8 to 11, more specifically the 4th and 6th grade level. Proposal Earlier studies concluded that young girls experience more anxiety/depression then boys around the ages of 13 to 15 years old. (Stephanie J. Cox, 2010). One research concludes that adolescent girls will ruminate more about negative emotions than boys. ...
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...Symptoms & Causes of ADHD According to the American Psychological Association (2015), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD) is a “persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development”. ADHD is a disorder that was initially associated with variations of retardation and has become a diagnosis of millions of children worldwide. This research synopsis will discuss the history of ADHD, symptoms and treatment for ADHD and the potential comorbity issues with ADHD. History of ADHD In an Internet video, Films On Demand (2009) states that is estimated that between 6-7 million children are on prescribed medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although medication is not the only treatment for ADHD, it seems to be the most popular resource. Some families have found behavioral therapy and a change in diet are also successful methods to treat the symptoms of ADHD. Many other issues can manifest itself as ADHD like allergies or long term exposure to lead paint; which makes diagnosing ADHD a controversial issue because like other psychological disorders. There is no physical or diagnosis test available and it is simply diagnosed based on a list of observed behaviors and is usually teacher referred for more evaluation. "A child is liable to be diagnosed ADHD if he or she steps out of line, speaks out of turn. In short, just about any sort of disorderly conduct would beget on the part of...
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...Comparisons of Childhood Depression Measures Depressive disorders are now recognized as a relatively prevalent problem in adolescents as it is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in this age group (Birmaher, et al., 1996). Thus initial detection of depression should be as early as possible in order to mitigate the impact of the disorder in an individual’s life by positively amending the long-term course of depression. Current research of depression in adolescents have introduced various assessment tools in diagnosing the disorder in children and adolescents. However, determining the most appropriate measure of depression involves several considerations rather than merely selecting one as a test that lacks compatibility in its reliability and validity may result to a false positive or false negative diagnosis (Reynolds & Mazza, 1998). This paper aims to draw on three self-report assessments for depression in adolescents, naming the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Beck’s Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II) and Reynold’s Adolescents Depression Scale (RADS) in reviewing, comparing and contrasting their psychometric properties. Conclusion on the most appropriate assessment for depression in adolescents will be drawn. Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) CDI was originally adapted from Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) by altering its format and language, to measure severity of depression in children age 7 and older (Brooks & Kutcher, 2001). CDI...
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...The Impact of the Media Kayden Drake University of Indianapolis The media has changed drastically over the years and as I have grown older I have come to notice how it is affecting the kids of the generations after me. That is why I picked this study because it explains how media affects kids both physically and mentally. The Impact of Media Adolescents diagnosed as having or not having clinical depression were asked questions about mood and behavior over the course of several weeks. Responses included self-reports of their current mood state, whether they were currently using media (and what the content was), and their perceptions of the media content they were consuming. Data from adolescents with depression were compared with those of adolescents without disorders to determine whether their gender, diagnosis and current mood state acted independently or interactively to influence the content selected. This data also addressed whether the adolescents’ media choice acted independently or in interaction with gender or diagnosis to influence their later mood. Participants, in their home and social environments, received telephone calls from a trained research associate 12 times over the course of 4 days (Friday through Monday). On each call, participants answered questions in six domains: (a) location/activity at the moment of call; (b) media use and perceived emotional quality; (c) social context (presence of other people); (d) mood; (e) anticipated future events;...
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...The Impact of the Media Kayden Drake University of Indianapolis The media has changed drastically over the years and as I have grown older I have come to notice how it is affecting the kids of the generations after me. That is why I picked this study because it explains how media affects kids both physically and mentally. The Impact of Media Adolescents diagnosed as having or not having clinical depression were asked questions about mood and behavior over the course of several weeks. Responses included self-reports of their current mood state, whether they were currently using media (and what the content was), and their perceptions of the media content they were consuming. Data from adolescents with depression were compared with those of adolescents without disorders to determine whether their gender, diagnosis and current mood state acted independently or interactively to influence the content selected. This data also addressed whether the adolescents’ media choice acted independently or in interaction with gender or diagnosis to influence their later mood. Participants, in their home and social environments, received telephone calls from a trained research associate 12 times over the course of 4 days (Friday through Monday). On each call, participants answered questions in six domains: (a) location/activity at the moment of call; (b) media use and perceived emotional quality; (c) social context (presence of other people); (d) mood; (e) anticipated future events;...
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...PSYCHOLOGY August 20, 2011 Nicole Jung Anorexia Disorder Anorexia is a serious disease that is defined as not having an appetite for fear of gaining weight. Most cases involving anorexia, start at the adolescent age of women and if not treated can advance to adulthood and even death. There is no cure for this disorder but there are many different treatments to help those learn to deal with this disorder and eventually find a way to live a normal lifestyle. This paper will discuss the disorder, and comparing the contrast and comparison of three therapeutic treatments for this disorder. Understanding Anorexia Anorexia is a serious psychological disorder that affects most young girls from the ages of 13 to 21 years old. “Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female and most are teenage girls, however, males can develop this disorder as well.” (Gentile, 2010). There is no cause for anorexia, however many studies have been done to find the main cause of this disorder. Studies suggest that a genetic component may play a more significant role in determining a person’s chances of getting this disorder. One evidence that researchers are implying that there is a dysfunction in the part of the brain the hypothalamus which is a contributing factor in the development of anorexia (Gentile, 2010). Another theory is that under feeding an infant, and maternal depressive symptoms tend to be risk factors for developing anorexia as well. Though these are just hypothetical assumptions...
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...role of Head Girl. Once graduated Rowling left Chepstow, enrolling at Exeter University where she studied, her courses including a year of study in Paris. By the end she earned a Bachelor of Arts in French and Classics graduating in 1986. Adulthood Following her graduation Rowling moved to London, starting a job as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International. This was only for a short period of time though. Not long after she and her boyfriend at the time deciding to move to Manchester where Rowling found a job at Chamber of Commerce. On a delayed trip from Manchester to King’s Cross in London the idea for Rowling’s majorly successful book series, Harry Potter, first came to her mind. She started writing the first book shortly after this train journey. Her first relationship ending in 1990, it was then Rowling, intrigued by a news article, moved to Porto, Portugal to find work teaching English as a foreign language. An unfortunate twist in December of the same year, Rowling’s mother died after being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. This affected Rowling deeply, as shown in depth in her writing at that time. In 1992, she married Jorge Arantes a Portuguese journalist. The couple had a daughter, Jessica, born a year later in 1993. Unfortunately Rowling’s relationship deteriorated less than a year after their first child was born leaving her and her daughter. Rowling then moved to Edinburgh, Scotland to live with her sister. Depression With the divorce...
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