...HUMAN CLONING Human Cloning Human Cloning One of the most controversial topics around the world today is human cloning. Knowledge rush defined cloning as “the creation of a genetically identical copy of an existing human or growing cloned tissue from that individual.” Human cloning is also referred to as artificial human cloning. Cloning efforts date back to the 1800s with the attempts to clone sea urchins and frogs. As of today, human cloning has not been perfected or deemed safe. Human cloning should not be legalized due to the high possibility of wiping out the entire population, overcrowding the entire population and the many ethical and medical issues. More advanced research, studies and experiments are needed before human cloning can become a reality. Then we have therapeutic and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning is defined by med terms as “a procedure when cells (typically from the skin), are taken from patients and then inserted into a fertilized egg whose nucleus has been removed.” The stem cells that are extracted are used to grow tissue that could possibly be a genetic match and treat disorders like diabetes, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Keep in mind that this is not 100% accurate and that it’s a big part of the bioethical controversy. Developing cures is a huge one. The effort to find cures for illnesses will become extinct because every scientist and doctor will be too focused on cloning and looking out for themselves. Then...
Words: 3291 - Pages: 14
...Outline for Junior Research Paper on Controversial Issue Title: I. Introduction A. Attention Getter (Question, Startling/Interesting Statistic, Startling Statement, Anecdote, Quotation, etc.) B. Description and definition of the issue (What is global warming?) C. Importance of the issue (How does it impact our society?) D. Applicable law (If you have research on recent laws regarding your issue place it here. If not, delete it.) E. Thesis: Your perspective (argument) on the issue based on three main points. 1. Example Thesis: Human cloning should not be legalized because it is dangerous, expensive, and unethical. II. Brief Overview of Opposing Position A. Describe the basic view point of the opposition 1. Initially, many would argue that cloning should be legalized because it may cure diseases. B. Provide the supporting arguments and facts (supported by references to texts and well-known authorities) 1. For example, some scientists say that cloning may provide clues to genetic mapping and diseases (Bogo 1). 2. Additionally, research seems to show that cloning allows individuals to have a “back-up” of their specific blood, plasma, and even organs (Samson 2). C. Elaborate/Analysis and summary of perspective A: 1. To summarize, supporters...
Words: 645 - Pages: 3
...Cloning for Medical Purposes Nilsa Llanos Eastwick College Abstract The most publicly justifiable application of human cloning, if there is one at all, is to provide self-compatible cells or tissues for medical use, especially transplantation. Some have argued that this raises no new ethical issues above those raised by any form of embryo experimentation. I argue that this research is less morally problematic than other embryo research. Indeed, it is not merely morally permissible but morally required that we employ cloning to produce embryos or fetuses for the sake of providing cells, tissues or even organs for therapy, followed by abortion of the embryo or fetus. (Journal of Medical Ethics 1999; 25:87-95) Keywords: Cloning; transplantation; autonomy; embryonic stem cells; fetal tissue; embryo experimentation; abortion; potential Cloning for Medical Purposes Cloning for survival? It all started back in the fifties when James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA (D’Souza NA). Ever since, there has been talk of human and animal cloning. It all seemed out of reach and basically impossible, but in 1997 that all changed when a sheep, named Dolly, was the first ever mammal to be cloned. She was cloned for the purpose of curing disease and research on animal organs for human transplantation (Gilbert S, Tyler A, Zackin E). Now that scientists know that it is possible to clone literally anything with DNA, the world has become a rather scary place...
Words: 2077 - Pages: 9
...Assignment 1: Biology Article Cinthya Jacobo Professor: Dr. Francie Coblentz Introduction to Biology: SCI115 11/08/2015 The article “Therapeutic Cloning, and stem cell Research” by Gena Smith is about how we can extract stem cells from replicated human embryos and use them for medical and therapeutic purposes. The stems cells are perfect because they are what the article calls “master cells” which with the help of science, can be manipulated to become anything from brain cells to kidney cells. The article also revolves around the amount of controversy over the issue of cloning. The article mostly reviews the medical side of cloning rather than the reproduction side which can one day lead to the cloning of individual people. The article has high hopes for the potential use of cloning stating that “Down the road, scientists believe it will be possible to create complicated structures such as blood vessels, liver tissue, and whole kidneys. In fact, ACT scientists have already succeeded in building tiny cow kidneys that could be used for kidney transplants. It isn't hard to envision, Lanza says, a future where pretty much any kind of organ or tissue could be engineered to replace those damaged by age, injury, or disease.” Overall, this new study of cloning could help clone new body tissues which can help regulate, maintain and potentially replace importance body organs that could then lead to the salvation of millions of lives. According to an article by Norwegian University...
Words: 705 - Pages: 3
...Human Cloning Table of Contents: Advantages and Disadvantages Human Cloning and Divine Command Theory Human Cloning and Naturalism Human Cloning and Religion Human Cloning and Utilitarianism Human Cloning and Ethical Egoism Human Cloning and Kantianism Advantages and Disadvantages Like any other controversial topic, human cloning has numerous advantages and disadvantages, and based on these, one ought to decide whether to condemn human cloning as ethically right or not. On the one hand, there are several advantages for human cloning. These are mostly medical and political advantages. From a medical point of view, cloning can serve to improve the human condition. As a matter of fact, it provides cures to various diseases. With human cloning legalized, doctors would no longer treat cancer by chemotherapy; they would rather replace the affected cancerous organ by a new cloned one. Another way human cloning can serve to improve the human condition is by improving future generations. Some traits in human beings are unwanted and undesirable and can therefore be genetically dismissed in clones. Thus, future generations will not bear these unwanted characteristics. Furthermore, human cloning can serve to provide solutions to problems such as infertility and aging. Although Human cloning has a good number of advantages, it also has a lot of drawbacks. First of all, human cloning is the act of creating a new human being using technology and not the traditional way. This causes a...
Words: 2326 - Pages: 10
...Prof. Eric Bond EN 102 12/10/2012 LEGALIZATION OF HUMAN CLONING As years pass, more and more gadgets, machines, transportations, and foods are being improved because of the technological advancements. Even the life of humans is improved by the years, where the life expectancy is increasing because of the developed medical research, medicines, and medical equipment. However, developed biomedical methods such as cloning are controversial and in fact 93% of all Americans oppose cloning (Pynes). Cloning is a technique used by researchers and animal breeders to split a single embryo into two or more embryos that will have the exact same genetic information. Because of the controversies against this practice, the United States would not open the door to human cloning and this has led to a debate between the government, and scientists and bioethicists. Cloning is a very controversial topic since it relates to moral values of human beings. Human cloning has become a hot topic for debate as we progress one step closer to successfully cloning and developing a human being. Legislators and the general public have become more concerned about the medical, ethical, social and moral implications of this procedure. The risks involved in human cloning outweigh the benefits, for that reason, human cloning should not be legalized in the United States. Human cloning will cause serious medical issues. Technically, the human gene grows older with age. According to Gary Wickman, an author at...
Words: 2213 - Pages: 9
...Cloning is paradigmatic because it signifies both a specific medical technique and the mode of operation of modern technique. As a specific technique it allows the reproduction of biological organisms, including humans. As a mode of operation it signifies the turning of given phenomena into human-induced processes, and in doing so seeks to control, if not outright eliminate, otherwise given differences. In the latter sense, cloning is equally applicable to biological organisms and cultural artifacts, including law. Seen from this perspective the homogenization of international law in the field of biotechnology is a telling case of the cloning of international law. The essay will begin with a science fiction account of cloning through a brief discussion of Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World.17 I will then move to discuss two case studies of genetic regulation, which simultaneously address the problem of cloning and reproduce the problem on a different level. The first concerns human cloning and the 2005 United Nation Declaration on the Human Cloning.18 The second concerns stem-cell research and a more recent decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the case of Brüstle v. Greenpeace (2011), to impose a blanket prohibition on patenting the outcome of stem-cell research. The two cases represent the growing international governance of biotechnologies. Both regulations set limits on the use of specific biotechnologies either by an outright prohibition of...
Words: 2667 - Pages: 11
...The Human Cloning Debate its Benefits Potential and Controversies Charles J. Butler Devry University ENG 135 Professor Norton Abstract This paper explores the vast science and medical research that has gone into cloning, specifically human cloning. It focuses mainly on internet websites and articles posted on to the internet. The articles focus mainly on the history of cloning and the various ways that nature has used cloning and how mankind has extended natures approach and ultimately advanced cloning methods and the new technology that has been discovered because of these advances. The articles contain proof that further advancements in cloning can develop possibilities in preventing and curing diseases. There is discussion on how continued research into therapeutic cloning can expand the knowledge of how certain diseases and cancer attack the body, and how this knowledge can help fight and even eliminate both these issues. Another topic of discussion is how cloning could lead specific cell production of various organs and tissues through-out the body which can lead to curing failing organs and even the possibility of growing replacements organs thus doing away with then need for lengthy organ transplant lists and the needless suffering of thousands of patients a year. The paper contains the various ethical and controversial arguments that human cloning bring up. Keywords: Therapeutic cloning, The Human Cloning Debate its Benefits Potential and Controversies ...
Words: 3264 - Pages: 14
...Karren 1 Camille Karren Mrs. Robertson English 5A 12 December 2012 Human Therapeutic Cloning Should Be Permitted Human therapeutic cloning has the ability to greatly improve the quality of life. Cloning could be the answer to the end of your pain and suffering, but before you can understand it’s benefits, you have to know the process therapeutic cloning itself. Therapeutic cloning is a procedure in which cells, typically skin cells, are taken from a patient and inserted into a fertilized egg whose nucleus has been removed. Scientists then extract stem cells from the egg, and use those cells to grow tissue that are a perfect genetic match to the patient. It is a break-through in science and the key to curing many diseases including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Elizabeth Foley explains why human cloning should not be banned due to, “the primary objections to human cloning appear to be unfounded, based more on morality, theology, and fear than objective data.” The potential medical benefits of genetic engineering are far too great to let moral concerns about embryonic cell use get in the way of curing diseases. Human therapeutic cloning should not be banned from society because countless lives can be saved through transplantations and genetic research. Therapeutic cloning is the cloning of human tissues for research and transplant, and shows much promise in organ transplantation. Much needed organs grown from stem cells from the patient’s own genetic...
Words: 806 - Pages: 4
...The Next Generation of Cloning Hundreds of countries around the world are scrambling to ban human cloning, but scientists are convinced cloning can be useful in the near future. Cloning is making a replica of an organism or a cell, a copy of a human or mammal and making two or more of them. There have been a majority of people that have appealed to cloning and whether human beings should not be cloned nor should cloning be used. There has been many reasons for whether cloning should be allowed or not allowed. The heated debate over human cloning has changed how society views human life. This issue is dividing American society. Many argue that cloning is risky, unsafe, and can be harmful to mankind. Others contend cloning to be beneficial and...
Words: 1781 - Pages: 8
...Technology DNA research has come a long way since Friedrich Miescher first isolated it in 1869 and the discovery of DNA’s double helix structure by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. Surely they would have never imagined what scientists can do with human DNA today. Cloning, gene therapy, stem cell research, and genetically modified foods all began with the discovery of DNA and probably would have been unimaginable in anyone’s eyes in the 1800’s. But scientist’s today are manipulating genes and DNA in an effort to prevent disease, cure disease, and feed the world. History was made on July 5, 1996 when Dolly the sheep was born. She was the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA. By splitting two-cell embryos apart, scientists were able to produce two genetically identical organisms. Cloning is a process of making genetically identical organisms through non-sexual means. There are three types of cloning, DNA cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. DNA (or molecular) cloning consists of removing a small piece of the DNA strand and uniting it with a plasmid which reproduces itself to create multiple copies of the same DNA code. The copied DNA can then be grown in a suitable host cell where the recombinant vector can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. DNA cloning is typically used in biological experiments and technological applications where large scale protein production is needed. (NRC, 2002) Reproductive cloning is used to create...
Words: 640 - Pages: 3
...Purposes of Gene Cloning To study genes in the laboratory, it is necessary to have many copies on hand to use as samples for different experiments. Such experiments include Southern or Northern blots, in which genes labeled with radioactive or fluorescent chemicals are used as probes for detecting specific genes that may be present in complex mixtures of DNA. Cloned genes also make it easier to study the proteins they encode. Because the genetic code of bacteria is identical to that of eukaryotes, a cloned animal or plant gene that has been introduced into a bacterium can often direct the bacterium to produce its protein product, which can then be purified and used for biochemical experimentation. Cloned genes can also be used for DNA sequencing, which is the determination of the precise order of all the base pairs in the gene. All of these applications require many copies of the DNA molecule that is being studied. Gene cloning also enables scientists to manipulate and study genes in isolation from the organism they came from. This allows researchers to conduct many experiments that would be impossible without cloned genes. For research on humans, this is clearly a major advantage, as direct experimentation on humans has many technical, financial, and ethical limitations. Importance for Medicine and Industry The ability to clone a gene is not only valuable for conducting biological research. Many important pharmaceutical drugs and industrial enzymes are produced from cloned...
Words: 5354 - Pages: 22
...cell nuclear transfer utilizes an egg cell and a body cell to create a viable embryo. As part of the studies of genetics and developmental biotechnology, somatic cell nuclear transfer is commonly known as cloning and has elicited a lot of debate and criticism from fundamentalists and bioethicists who feel it is a breech of ethical boundaries. Also called cloning, this process traces its development back to the mid and late 1800’s when scientists discovered that cell twining was possible. By separating embryonic cells, these scientists created twins with the same characteristics teaching them about genetic material and DNA. McLaren & Council of Europe report “it was not until the mid1950’s that scientists manipulated these cells to form new organisms as frogs became the first subjects of embryonic cloning” (pg. 35). By the mid-1990’s, technical knowhow had improved, and cloning moved up the animal chain to more complex vertebrates such as farm animals. 1996 saw the first instance of a cloning process that had utilized an adult body cell. Dolly, a lamb, received a lot of public attention, but that fizzled out with the realization that human cloning was imminent. The cloning procedure Somatic cell nuclear transfer, cloning, requires two kinds of cells. The first is known as the somatic cell collected from the animal to be cloned, known as a genetic donor. This cell could be sourced from any tissue other than sperm as long as...
Words: 1117 - Pages: 5
...Brewington Professor Maria Zaccaria Introduction to Ethics April 27, 2015 Outline THESIS: Is the use of stem cells favorable for healing and or curing human diseases more favorable for healing and or curing diseases more significant than the ethical concerns and arguments? I. What are stem cells? A) An unspecialized cell that can generate to one or more different types of specialized cells regenerated as blood or nerve cells. B) Stem cells are present in embryos and in tissues of adult organisms. II. How are stem cells used? A) Scientific Research B) Potential disease and treatment and or cures C) In vitro fertilization D) Cloning and Genetic Engineering III. Ethical concerns regarding stems cells. A) Scientific research perspective B) Political/Moral Ethics perspective C) Religious/Utilitarianism perspective IV. Conclusion | Stem Cells Risk or Benefit Since the introduction of DNA, scientists have researched many ways to treat and extinguish disease. One interesting way is through the use of stem cells. To get better understanding of stem cells, they are defined as non-specific biological cells capable of differentiating into specialized cells. Stems cells have a unique quality of developing and duplicating cells through the process of cell division. The distinctiveness of stem cells is that they are unspecialized, meaning no specific...
Words: 2337 - Pages: 10
...Medical Ethics PHL 399 Summary # 3 Jeannie Taylor The topics encountered for this week’s readings involved stem cells, cloning of animals, the debate of human cloning, and gene therapy. Some terms that were new to me included: nascent, which basically means to be born; hubris which means full of pride; meliorist, which is a human’s effect on societal improvement; and the term despotism, meaning complete power or authority. In the reading on the President’s Council on Bioethics the council agreed that reproductive cloning was unacceptable. However it was not unanimous on therapeutic cloning. Majority of the council recommended a four year moratorium on research cloning and the remaining members recommended regulations of cloned embryos in research. A moral case for cloning for biomedical research is to provide possibilities of treating diseases. Research is limited to fourteen day old embryos that would be created to provide a good service for life and medicine. A moral case against cloning refers to embryos being treated as raw material solely to fulfill our own needs. There is also great concern of possibly causing harm to society by crossing reproduction margins and/or ruin to nascent human life. The four year moratorium hopes to provide some firm policies on cloning and allow time for a well researched and judicious decision to be attained. The central moral issue from the case of Dolly, the cloned sheep, is whether it is morally acceptable to clone...
Words: 1008 - Pages: 5
