...SEPERATION PROCESSES II DESIGN PROJECT COAGULATION & FLOCCULATION PROCESSES IN THE PRODUCTION OF POTABLE WATER SUBMISSION DATE: 14 August 2012 COURSE COORDINATOR : Dr. Netatollah Rahmanian GROUP MEMBERS’ NAMES: Derek Lai Chai Zern 14233 Derek Lai Chai Zern 14233 Sean Suraj Jeremiah 14286 Nabila Syahira Bt Azizuddin 14295 Hazwan Farid B Muhammad Puzi 14382 Karrthik S/O Subramaniam 15450 Kiveeyashini D/O Govindasamy 17252 INTRODUCTION Human settlements have always been centred around sources of clean drinking water. As the population increases and the quality of fresh water declines, it has become an engineering challenge to supply sufficient potable water to the meet demands. Of the many unit processes and operations used in water treatment, coagulation and flocculation required a unique combination of chemical and physical phenomena for producing water acceptable for human consumption. Aggregation of fine particulate matter into larger particulates by the use of coagulation and flocculation facilities permits cost-effective removal in subsequent solid separation processes. Particulates inorganic origin such as clay, silt, and mineral oxides generally enter surface water by natural erosion processes and can decrease the clarity of the water to an unacceptable level. Organic particulates, such as colloidal humic and fulvic acids are a product of decay and leaching of organic debris and litter which have fallen in the water...
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...FUNDAMENTALS OF SURFACE MODES: ¥ COLLOIDS ¥ means ÒglueÓ in Greek ¥ was coined in 1861 by Thomas Graham. ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ WHAT IS A COLLOID? usually consists of two phases; one continuous phase in which the other phase is dispersed. Size of particles: larger than the size of molecules and small enough for the dispersed phase to stay suspended for a longer period of time. ¥ No strict boundaries for the size limits. OFFICIAL DEFINITION ¥ In 1903 Wolfgang Ostwald formulated the official definition of a colloid: ¥ a system containing entities having at least one length scale in between 1nm and 1µm. ¥ For smaller particles there is no distinct boundaries between the phases and the system is considered a solution; ¥ for larger entities the particles will fall to the bottom due to the gravitational force, and the phases are separated. 1 2 3 MESOSCOPIC PHYSICS ¥ The particle size is in the so-called mesoscopic range in between the macroscopic and microscopic limits. LARGE INTERFACIAL AREA ¥ One very important quality of the colloids is the large interfacial area between the dispersed and the continuous phases. WHAT EFFECTS HAS THIS? ¥ This means that interface effects and hence the electromagnetic surface modes, are very important for the properties of the colloids. ¥ It costs energy to create this much surface and the particles would clump together if this isnÕt prevented. ¥ Usually the particles are charged and hence repel each other. 5 6 4 Four states...
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...distilled water, see distilled water. For the treatment of sewage see sewage treatment Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration,sedimentation, and distillation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon, chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. The purification process of water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria,algae, viruses, fungi; and a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces that water may have made contact with after falling as rain. The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international standards. These standards will typically set minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants for the use that is to be made of the water. It is not possible to tell whether water is of an appropriate quality by visual examination. Simple procedures such as boiling or...
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...preservative during storage and/or distribution in larger systems. Treatment processes are based on the physical removal of contaminants through filtration, settling often aided by some form of chemical addition or biological removal of micro-organisms. Treatment consists of a number of stages, with initial pretreatment by settling or pre-filtration through coarse media, sand filtration followed by chlorination. This is called the multiple barrier principle. This principle is a basis for effective treatment of water and prevents complete failure of treatment due to a malfunction of a single process. For instance, with a system that comprises coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation and rapid sand filtration with terminal disinfection, failure of the rapid sand filter does not mean that untreated water will be supplied. The coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation processes will remove a great deal of the suspended particles, and therefore many of the micro-organisms in the water, and the terminal disinfection will kill many of the remainder. The multiple barrier principle extends back from the treatment stage to the catchment. Proper selection and protection of water sources are of prime importance in the provision of safe drinking water. Effective source protection, careful choice of aquifer or water intake and well designed, well-maintained abstraction structures all constitute effective barriers in the multiple barrier principle. ...
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...Introduction Over the last decade, preserving natural resources has been a top priority in society. Among these natural resources, water is among the most popular. In particular, securing safe drinking water has become the general focal point, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has outlined several mandates to ensure safe drinking water is distributed among the public. However, water treatment plants across the United States do not always follow these regulations, and harmful chemicals and byproducts exist in drinking water as a result. According to the New York Times analysis of federal data, more than 20% of the United States water treatment systems do not provide water immune to certain chemicals or harmful bacteria (Duhigg 1). Background When the Clean Water Act was drafted in 1974, its original provision was to clean US waterways, providing “fishable and swimmable” water to the public (“Troubled Waters” 1). However, even after 38 years, this act has not been completely fulfilled, due to lack of enforcement and political entanglement. These factors are discussed more thoroughly in the next few sections. Environmental Protection Agency The Environmental Protection Agency was created in 1972 to do exactly what its title states: to protect all sectors of our environment from harmful treatment, therefore preserving the “green” side of all life. In particular, the Safe Drinking Water Act is most relevant to this report. It was set down to ensure that water...
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...A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERINCE SCHEME (SIWES) AT WATER BOARD WATER WORKS DEPARTMENT KADUNA SOUTH PLANT AND WATER WORKS KADUNA, KADUNA STATE BY ADEJOH SAFIYA (UJ/2007/NS/SLT/0103) SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY CHEMICAL PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY OPTION IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN CHEMICAL/PETROLEUM TECH. OCTOBER, 2012 i DEDICATION This work is dedicated to almighty Allah for the gift of life. To my lovely Mum {Mariam} and my caring Elder brother {Muhammed Awwal} for their love and support both morally and financially throughout my experience. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge my Industrial based Supervisor Engr. Aminu and the entire staff of the Kaduna state water board plant and water works for their guidance throughout the period of my training. I am also grateful to my departmental supervisors for their understanding and support. I would also like...
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...Water may be treated differently in different communities depending on the quality of the water that enters the treatment plant. Typically, surface water requires more treatment and filtration than ground water because lakes, rivers, and streams contain more sediment and pollutants and are more likely to be contaminated than ground water. Drinking water sources are subject to contamination and require appropriate treatment to remove disease-causing agents. Public drinking water systems use various methods of water treatment to provide safe drinking water for their communities. Today, the most common steps in water treatment used by community water systems (mainly surface water treatment) include: Coagulation and Flocculation: Coagulation and flocculation are often the first steps in water treatment. Chemicals with a positive charge are added to the water. The positive charge of these chemicals neutralizes the negative charge of dirt and other dissolved particles in the water. When this occurs, the particles bind with the chemicals and form larger particles, called floc. Sedimentation: During sedimentation, floc settles to the bottom of the water supply, due to its weight. This settling process is called sedimentation. Filtration: Once the floc has settled to the bottom of the water supply, the clear water on top will pass through filters of varying compositions (sand, gravel, and charcoal) and pore sizes, in order to remove dissolved particles, such as dust, parasites...
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...Flocculation- a colloid phenomenon in which the disperse phase separates in discrete, usually visible, particles rather than congealing into a continuous mass, as in coagulation. Acrolein test- Acrolein is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde.It is produced widely but is most oftenimmediately reacted with other products due toits instability and toxicity. It has a piercing,disagreeable, acrid smell similar to that of burning fat, it can be produced by heatingglycerol to 280 Celsius or in this case, by reactingpotassium bisulfate with glycerol. The test thatdifferentiates between cholesterol and lecithin isthe acrolein reaction. When lipids containingglycerol are heated in the presence of potassiumhydrogen sulfate, the glycerol is dehydrated,forming acrolein, which has an unpleasant odor.Further heating results in polymerization of acrolein, which is indicated by the slightblackening of the reaction mixture. Both thepungent smell and the black color indicate the presence of glycerol and therefore fat and/orlecithin. Cholesterol gives a negative acroleintest.Illustrated below is the conversion of glycerol intoacrolein using potassium bicarbonate. Acroleine can be characterized as a substance thatproduces a burnt fat odor. Salkowski’s test- A Salkowski's test is a test for cholesterol. When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to a chloroform solution of cholesterol, the chloroform layer shows a red to blue colour and the acid layer shows a green fluorescence. This test is named after...
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...points total for entire homework CEE 371 Fall 2009 Homework #6. Coagulation, Flocculation, Sedimentation The design flow for a water treatment plant (WTP) is 1 MGD (3.8x103 m3/d). The rapid mixing tank will have a mechanical mixer and the average alum dosage will be 30 mg/L. The theoretical mean hydraulic detention time of the tank will be 1 minute. Determine the following: a) the quantity of alum needed on a daily basis in kg/d, b) the dimensions of the tank in meters for a tank with equal length, width, and depth, c) the power input required for a G of 900 sec-1 for a water temperature of 10 oC – express the answer in kW 1 point for #1 Answer: 1. a) the quantity of alum needed on a daily basis in kg/d, 3.8 10 114 114 30 1 10 1000 b) the dimensions of the tank in meters for a tank with equal length, width, and depth, 3.8 10 2.64 1 1 1440 2.64 For a tank of equal length, width and height, L=W=H, so: 2.64 1.4 1.4 c) the power input required for a G of 900 sec-1 for a water temperature of 10 oC – express the answer in kW . 1 So 1.307 10 Note that: 2.64 900 2795 2.8 2. Flocculation tanks are to be designed for a total flow rate of 49,200 m /d. The following conditions apply to the design: water temperature of 10 oC, total mean detention time of 45 min, basin depth of 3.5 m, 3 parallel trains of flocculators (each train receives one third of the total flow), 3 flocculation stages of the same dimensions for each train (so a total of 9 flocculators)...
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... 2016 Abstract The water treatment experiment gives insight on how water can become contaminated by everyday products such as vinegar, oil, and detergent which we tested by seeing how well the soil can filter the chemicals before it reaches the groundwater. We put the compounds through the treatment process which consisted of pouring each mixture of each chemical/water through a filter containing soil placed in cheesecloth which resulted in the oil being the only product to filter through the soil. Our water becomes polluted with dangerous chemicals which are why it is important actually to filter contaminated water. We used a filtering method that consisted of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. We used soil and water to create a contaminated solution than the coagulation process took place by adding alum to the settlement. After we had solidified the filter, it was by pouring the infected content in the filter which contained sand, charcoal, and gravel which resulted in purified water that we disinfected with bleach. Drinking water could be contaminated with chemicals such as ammonia, chloride, and phosphate, and iron which are why we tested the quality of bottled water and tap water using test strips. After dipping each test strips in the Fiji water, Dasani water, and tap water, it resulted in Fiji water containing the most amount of chemicals. Introduction In this lab that contained various experiments, we explored the theory of...
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...Upgrading Water Treatment Plants E. G. Wagner and R. G. Pinheiro ISBN 0-419-26050-1 (pbk) 0-419-26040-4 Published on behalf of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION London and New York First published 2001 by Spon Press 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Spon Press 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2001 World Health Organization The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Publisher's Note This book has been prepared from camera-ready copy provided by the authors. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record has been requested Foreword The availability of safe water, and in particular...
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...Environmental Pollution – is any alteration in the physical, chemical, or biological properties of the environment (air, water, and land). Water Pollution • Physical Pollutants o Color o Temperature o Odor and Taste o Turbidity • Chemical Pollutants o Acids and alkalis (pH, such as sulphuric, HCl, NaOH, and others) o Dissolved Inorganic Substances (other non-Carbon based) o Organic Chemicals (Carbon-based, foods, and others) o Refractory Substances (bricks, cements, and others) o Radioactive materials (uranium and others) • Total Solids o Settleable Solids – is the measurement of solids through a 1-liter sample that will settle at the bottom. [pic] o Dissolved Solids – are materials that pass the filter or it is called residue (for water: TDS or Total Dissolved Solids are function of Water Conductivity, for wastewater: TDS are not function of Conductivity, due to some organic wastes present). o Total Solids – TSS + TDS = Total Suspended Solids or Settleable Solids plus TDS Measurement of Pollutants • Dissolved Oxygen (DO) – relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is dissolved in water (mg/L) • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD or BOD5) – amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to breakdown organic material present in a given sample of water at certain temperature over a specific...
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...------------------------------------------------- Aquatic microbiology & sewage treatment Aquatic Microbiology refers to the study of microorganisms and their activities in natural waters, like lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries(brackish water), and oceans. Domestic and industrial wastewater enters lakes and streams and its effects on microbial life are important factors in aquatic microbiology. Also, how methods of treating wastewater mimics a natural filtering process. ------------------------------------------------- Aquatic microbiology & sewage treatment Aquatic Microbiology refers to the study of microorganisms and their activities in natural waters, like lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries(brackish water), and oceans. Domestic and industrial wastewater enters lakes and streams and its effects on microbial life are important factors in aquatic microbiology. Also, how methods of treating wastewater mimics a natural filtering process. BIO: 212 M7A3 Project 2 Dr. Ilse Silva-Krott BIO: 212 M7A3 Project 2 Dr. Ilse Silva-Krott OUTLINE: Aquatic Microbiology and Sewage Treatment I. Freshwater and Seawater habitats of microorganisms II. How wastewater pollution is a public health and ecological problem III. Causes and Effect of Eutrophication IV. How water is tested for bacteriological purity V. How pathogens are removed from drinking water VI. Compare primary, secondary, tertiary...
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...any type of bacteria. “Basic wastewater treatment facilities reduce organic and suspended solids to limit pollution to the environment. Advancement in needs and technology has necessitated the evolving of treatment processes that remove dissolved matter and toxic substances” (Cushman, 2015). Water treatment is very effective because it is a proficient way to obtain clean drinking water and it sanitizes our future drinking water. It can be reused, which gives the earth an infinite amount of water. When water gets sanitized it goes through a tube that is connected to a lake or river that carries the water to a filter. The first step is preliminary treatment that removes any objects out of the water, next is coagulation, which removes small particles out of the water. Flocculation then occurs, which settles all of the particles to the bottom of the tank and then clarification, softening and stabilization, filtration and fluoridation and disinfection occurs. Once the water has completed treatment, it is transported from the treatment plant in large underground pipes, where it is distributed to nearly 200,000 customers. Only enough chlorine remains to meet state and federal requirements to keep water safe as it travels through pipes to your tap. Used water should not be treated as waste, but as a resource. Another efficient method to solve the precipitation delay is to share as much water with other states as possible. Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado all use the same water from...
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...Research Proposal MSc Part 2 Sem 3 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Akshay L. Shettigar has satisfactorily completed his proposal entitled “Biodegradation study of Triphenylmethane dye Crystal Violet by bacterium isolated from textile effluent.” for the year 2014-2015. Signature of the Project guide Signature of the Examiner (Prof. Mrs Radhika Birmole) Date and college Stamp Signature of the H.O.D. Proposal (i) Project Title: Biodegradation study of Triphenylmethane dye Crystal Violet by bacterium isolated from textile effluent. (ii) Introduction: Synthetic dyes are extensively used in textile dyeing, paper printing, colour photography, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries [1]. Over ten thousand different dyes with an annual production of over 7x105 metric tons worldwide are commercially available [2]. 2% of dyes that are produced are discharged directly in aqueous effluent and 10% are subsequently lost during the textile coloration process [3]. Major classes of synthetic dyes include azo, triphenylmethane and anthraquinone dyes, some of them are known to be very toxic and mutagenic to living organism. With the increasing use of wide variety of dyes pollution by dye-waste water is becoming increasingly alarming. Colour removal, in particular, has recently become a major scientific interest. Although several...
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