...a look at Coal in India: current status and outlook The world cannot do without coal. This energy source covers more than one-quarter (28.4% in 2006) of all primary energy consumption and is used to generate nearly 40% of all electricity consumed worldwide. All scenarios and forecasts agree that coal consumption will be growing substantially, driven mostly by China and India. According to the IEA reference scenario (World Energy Outlook 2007), these two countries are expected to account for 82% of the increase in global coal demand by 2030. The outlook for India gives cause for concern: despite a strong domestic coal industry, it could eventually become a major importer. If so, what will the economic, industrial and environmental consequences be? India ranks Number Six in the world for the consumption of primary energy (432 Mtoe in 2006). Its appetite for energy is growing extremely rapidly: it averaged 6.7% a year between 2003 and 20061. Given the demographics, consumption per capita is one of the lowest in the world (512 kgep per capita in 2003), but this figure is steadily increasing. Fig. 1 - Trends in the consumption of commercial primary energy and coal in India 450 400 350 Millions of toe Consumption of primary energy Consumption of coal 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Consumption rising fast Coal continues to dominate India's energy portfolio Reporting a figure of 238 Mtoe for 2006, India was the Number Three coal consuming country...
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...High risk, low return Introduction C oal COAL INDIA LTD’s shareholder value is threatened by poor corporate governance, faulty reserve estimations, regulatory risk and macro-economic issues. India Limited is the world’s largest coal miner, with a production of 435 million metric tons (MT) in 2011 -201 2. There is significant pressure on CIL to deliver annual production growth rates in excess of 7%. The company has a 201 7 production target of 61 5 MT.[1 ] Coal India’s track record raises questions over its ability to deliver this rate of growth. In addition, serious governance issues are likely to impact CIL’s financial performance. These pose a financial and reputational risk to CIL, its shareholders and lenders, while macroeconomic issues in the Indian energy economy pose a long term threat to Coal India. • CIL’s attempts to access new mining areas are facing widespread opposition from local communities and environmental groups. With its reliance on open-pit mining, access to new mines are essential for CIL to achieve production targets. • CIL has grown reliant on shallow, open pit mining for 90% of its production, and has lost in-house expertise on deep mining techniques. • CIL has a record of poor corporate governance, manifested in rampant corruption, poor worker safety and repeated legal violations. This has, in the last year alone, led to penalties and closure notices for over 50 mines, threatening both its financial performance and reputation. • CIL’s financial...
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...करल इबडडयह रलरमटन ड (भहरर COAL INDIA LIMITED सरकहर कह उपकम- महहरत कपनन A GOVT. OF INDIA ENTERPRISES-A MAHARATNA COMPANY) ब करल भवन 10, ननरहजन “COAL BHAWAN” ससभहष ररड NETAJI SUBHAS ROAD, करलकहरह KOLKATA 700001 O - 033 2248 8099 / 22424641 गहम GRAM - COAL INDIA फकस फ FAX - 033 22100833/22310578, E-MAIL- mtrecruitment@coalindia.in वनबसहइट WEBSITE - www.coalindia.in पबरधन पतशकक पररकक हसतक पवसश पत / ADMIT CARD FOR THE POST OF MANAGEMENT TRAINEES-2012 (अससहयन Provisional) पररकक तततथ TEST DATE: 22nd JULY 2012 (रतववकर SUNDAY) पररकक 10.00 पपवरह सस पकरर भहहगर TEST STARTS AT 10:00 AM तरपहरर करनस कक समय 09:30 पपवरह REPORTING TIME 09:30 AM ननबअरन स./ REGISTRATION NO. अ रहल नअ./ ROLL NO. जयनत / CASTE 0020974 5208-000537 GEN सअवगर / DISCIPLINE 16 - RAJBHASHA (HINDI) उममकदवयर कय नयम और पतय/ NAME & ADDRESS OF THE CANDIDATE ARVIND KUMAR FLAT NO-M/202, VAISNODEVI TOWNSHIP, NEAR SUBHASH GARDEN, MORABHAGAL, ADAJAN, SURAT, GUJARAT, PIN - 395009 परककय कननव/ TEST CENTRE व K. J. SOMAIYA INSTITUTE OF COMPREHENSIVE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION TRAINING RESEARCH, (B.ED. COLLEGE)2ND FLOOR, VIDYANAGAR,VIDYAVIHAR(EAST), MUMBAI-400077, MAHARASHTRA महहपबबधक (कहरमरक / भरर) GENERAL MANAGER (PERSONNEL/RECTT) उममकदवयर कय हसतयकर/CANDIDATE 'S SIGNATURE नतनथ/DATE नदनयअक सनहत ननरककक कय हसतयकर INVIGILATOR’S SIGNATURE ALONG WITH DATE उममकइदवयरह क नलए ननदर श INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATES व 1. कपयय यह पववश पत और आपकक फफटफ...
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...INTRODUCTION In August 2010, an MOU was signed between Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) and India's state-owned company National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC). The project situated in Rampal, Bangladesh was designated to be completed by 2016. Bangladesh and India shared the implementation cost on a 50:50 equity basis. The remainder cost of 1.5 billion US dollars will be taken as loans from the banks by the Indian based company. Therefore, India is the majority share holder of the power station and India is entitles to receive a major benefit of power supply. Though, the plant has been situated in Bangladesh, India is said to be a part owner of the power station. The proposed project, on an area of over 1834 acres of land, is situated 14 kilometres north of the world's largest mangrove forest Sundarbans which is a UNESCO world heritage site. A coal based power plant creates an alarming environmental pollution. The emission of toxic sulphur gases and nitrogen gases reduces the air quality in surrounding areas. It destroys the vegetation up to 50 kms from the place of the plant. Thus emission of hazardous gases will increase the local temperature. The result of the operation of the coal plant will give to a huge deposit of ash consisting of residue from heavy metals. Surely, the toxic heavy metals contained in this dumped ash will mixed with rain water and leached in to the ground and contaminated both ground and surface water the impact of which will not be limited...
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...What is the contribution of natural gas as fuel for Power generation in India? (10 marks) Consumption of Electricity: The estimated electricity consumption increased from 43,724 GWh during 1970-71 to 6,94,392 GWh during 2010-11, showing a CAGR of 6.98% (Table 6.9). The increase in electricity consumption is 13.34% from 2009-10 (6,12,645 GWh) to 2010-11 (6,94,392 GWh). Of the total electricity sales in 2010-11, industry sector accounted for the largest share (38.6%), followed by domestic (23.8%), agriculture (19.6%) and commercial sector (9.89%). However, it is seen that electricity consumption in domestic sector and agriculture sector has increased at a much faster pace compared to other sectors during 1970-71 to 2010-11, with CAGRs of 9.67% and 8.61% respectively. Power generation in India: According to the MoPNG, gas use in India amounted to 59 bcm in FY 2009/10, up from 43 bcm in FY 2008/09; energy use amounted to 61% compared to 39% used for non-energy purposes. Before the start of Krishna-Godavari in April 2009, consumption was supply constrained and demand for gas could easily have been 30 bcm higher. Indeed, it is important to make a clear distinction between potential demand and actual consumption as these numbers widely differ. In 2007, unmet demand was estimated at 35 bcm.18 Demand has been constrained by the lack of supply as domestic production and LNG imports, even at the recent higher supply rates, were insufficient to meet potential demand. The IEA presented...
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...Despite the improvement, which took place in the power sector in India, during the 11th Plan (2007-2012), the deficit in power supply in terms of peak availability and total energy availability existed at 7.9% and around 10.6% respectively in year 2011-12.Despite the improvement, which took place in the power sector in India, during the 11th Plan (2007-2012), the deficit in power supply in terms of peak availability and total energy availability existed at 7.9% and around 10.6% respectively in year 2011-12. As on April 30, 2012, the installed capacity in the country was 2,01,637.03 MW and some of the achievements in the power sector pertaining to the 11th Plan were, the addition of 50,000MW, reduction in energy deficits, induction of super critical technologies and commissioning of first 1200kV test line centre at Bina, Madhya Pradesh. The Planning Commission has now projected an investment of over Rs.45 Lac Cr. (about US$ 1 Trillion) during the 12th Plan (2012-2017). In this context, it is assumed that at least 50% of this investment shall come from the private sector as against 36% anticipated in the 11th Plan and the public sector investment will need to increase to over Rs.22.5 Lac Cr. as against an expenditure of Rs.13.1 Lac Cr. during the 11th Plan. Thus, financing energy sector for securing energy demands is a big challenge in the coming years and will require some innovative ideas and new models of financing. The energy sector is slowly becoming very complex with...
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... ❖ The power sector in India is mainly controlled by the Government of India’s Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), have 31.34% (54412.63MW) of total installed capacity of 173626.40 MW (as on 31/03/2011) in India is being produced by them. ❖ Major PSUs involved in the generation of electricity include National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), and Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL). ❖ Besides PSUs, several state-level corporations are there which accounts for about 47.49% of overall generation, such as Jharkhand State Electricity Board (JSEB), Maharashtra State Electricity Board (MSEB), Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB), etc. are also involved in the generation and intra-state distribution of electricity. ❖ Other than PSUs and state level corporations, private sector enterprises also play a major role in generation, transmission and distribution, about 21.17% (36761.19MW) of total installed capacity is generated by private sector. ❖ The Power Grid Corporation of India is responsible for the inter-state transmission of electricity and the development of national grid. ❖ India is world’s 6th largest energy consumer, accounting for 3.4% of global energy consumption. ❖ Due to India’s economic rise, the demand for energy has grown at an average of 3.6% per annum over the past 30 years. ❖ At the end of Oct. 2010, the installed power generation capacity of India stood at 171926.40 MW, while...
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...Topic 5: Power in India Introduction For any country to achieve sustained economic growth, the most important is the growth of infrastructure sector and hence the development of power sector. Energy in general and electrical energy in particular is the basic need for any kind of socio-economic developmental activities. There is direct causal relationship between energy consumption and G.D.P. growth in India as shown in the figure - 1. Figure [ 1 ] Per Capita Electricity consumption vs. GDP (Source: Sajal Ghosh, 2000. Electricity consumption and economic growth in India.) Various studies have shown that reducing electricity consumption lowers the income also. Therefore, for a country to become superpower, first and the most important thing is to become energy sufficient like USA and other developed countries. Electricity: Demand and Supply in India India has achieved an increment of 5.6% in energy availability and 6% in peak demand met as per FY 2010-11 data but at the same time our country faced an energy deficit of 8.5% and a peak deficit of 9.8% in the same year. The expected values of these deficits are 10% and 13% respectively in FY 2011-12. Figure 2 Energy Requirement vs. Availability (Source: CEA Load Balance Report 2011-12) Figure [ 3 ] Peak Demand vs. Met Demand (Source: CEA Load Balance Report 2011-12) India is among the countries having very low average per capita consumption of electricity. Though it has grown steadily at 1.3% CAGR yearly...
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...Energy India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 January 2014 Copyright © 2014, by McKinsey & Company, Inc. India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 January 2014 4 India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 Introduction India is the world’s fourth largest economy1 as well as the fourth largest energy consumer. India imports a substantial portion of its energy — 80 per cent of its oil, 18 per cent of its gas, and now even 23 per cent of its coal. As the Indian economy continues to grow, so will its energy consumption, especially as the growth of its manufacturing sector catches up with services and agriculture. With domestic resource production facing various challenges, the general expectation has been that Indian energy imports will continue to grow, and energy security concerns will intensify. The outlook and options for Indian energy independence therefore becomes an important topic. A 2030 outlook is particularly relevant since it is difficult to significantly change energy policy in 5 or 10 years, but almost any boundary conditions can be changed over a 15-year period. Moreover, there have been few if any, in-depth perspectives on this topic for 2030. This white paper builds off the ‘2030 Global Energy Perspective’, McKinsey’s substantial body of research on energy demand and supply, and our understanding of the evolution of the global and Indian energy sectors. We have tried to address some of the basic questions that arise about Indian energy in 2030: Is India’s...
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...Key Challenges facing the coal Sector The critical issues facing the coal sector are highlighted below: • Lack of Investments in Mining In spite of the economic liberalization of 1991 the mining sector has not seen major investments. This is possibly due to the problems such as government policy, land acquisition, development of infrastructure, transportation system, social engineering and community development involved in major green field site projects. There is a need to re-look at the total management solution for attracting investment in new mines. The solution has to lead to the creation of joint venture institutions with central government, state government and private sector as partners. The facilitation for the project through provision of land, infrastructural development, community development etc, can be done by the government agencies whereas the investment in the mine and the associated technological inputs can come from the private sector. In addition, the private sector must have the freedom to run the mine in a cost effective manner. This may be a long term solution for future mines in India and it will have unique opportunities for both the government and private sector to work together for India's development. • Historically, opencast mining has been favored over underground mining. This has led to land degradation, environmental pollution and reduced quality of coal as it tends to get mixed with other matter. • In addition, current economic mining practices...
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...to deal with their increasing demand requirements. The comparison of India was made with China because, India, when just independent, was much similar to China in terms of demographics and infrastructure availability. The power sectors of both the countries are studied and the differences are probed into. Much of these differences come in as a result of the way in which reform bodies were instituted and the reforms were carried out in both the countries. China has surged far ahead of India in its quest to satisfy the demand for power. Through this study, the authors wish to draw out the underlying methods through which China has achieved considerable success in power sector reforms. There are four ways in which China went ahead of India and which can be replicated in India. These are the way in which the power monolith was broken down in such a way that there was coordination among various bodies concerned, the way in which various projects were financed and approved through BOT, the way in which China has been emphasizing on production and conservation of power efficiently through market based incentives and the way in which it has been sensitive towards environmental issues by research and adoption of clean, less polluting technologies. The authors feel that these are the significant learnings, which one can take home and apply in India. Introduction The East Asian region including China and India is projected to experience stronger growth in electricity consumption...
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...Installed Generation Capacity (As on 31-07-08 ) All Thermal India Coal Gas Diesel MW 77198.88 14716.01 1199.75 %age 53.03 10.11 0.82 **Based on data as on 31.03.2008. b Capacity Addition Target during 11th Plan Hydro MW %age c 15627 19.9 Thermal 59693 75.8 Nuclear 3380 4.3 Total 78700 100.0 Hydro (Renewable) 4120.00 36158.76 2.83 24.84 Nuclear RES** Grand Total (MNRE) 12194.57 145587.97 8.38 100.00 Total 93114.64 63.96 Generation Capacity Addition Target/Achievement (2008-09) Hydro Target (MW) 1097.0 Achievement up to JULY' 08 (MW) 250.0 %age 22.8 Thermal Nuclear Total 9304.2 1319.8 14.2 660.0 0.0 0.0 11061.2 1569.8 14.2 d Electricity Generation Programme/achievement (2008-09) Hydro Programme MU 118450 Achievement up to JULY' 08 MU 41420.4 %age 34.97 e Thermal Nuclear Bhutan (Imp) 5624 2357.28 41.91 Total 631270 191002.85 30.26 19000 5352.86 28.17 774344 240133.42 31.01 Status of CEA Concurrence to Hydro Schemes Period Project report received Carry forward from Prev. year Under Accepted for Prelim. Exam concurrence 3 3 - Concurrence given by CEA Project reports returned to Developer 2007-08 2008-09 up to JULY' 08 13 4 3 4 2 10 2 f All India Thermal PLF (%) 2001-02 69.9 * Provisional 2002-03 72.2 2003-04 72.7 2004-05 74.8 2005-06 73.6 2006-07 76.8 2007-08 78.6 2008-09 ( UP TO JULY' 08)* 75.99 ENERGY SAVED IS ENERGY PRODUCED g All India Annual per Capita consumption of Electricity Year Per...
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...Indian Steel Industry India is among the top producers of all the form of steel in the world. Low cost manpower and the abundance of iron ore and coal reserves makes India highly competitive. India became the 4th largest producer of crude steel in the world in 2010 as against the 8th position in 2003 and is expected to become the second largest producer of crude steel by 2015. The country has acquired a central position on the global steel map with its giant steel mills, acquisition of global scale capacities by players, continuous modernization and up-gradation of old plants, improving energy efficiency and back integration into global raw material sources. A new research report Indian Steel Industry Outlook to 2012 says that the, Indian crude steel production will grow at a CAGR of around 10% during 2010-2013. The demand for steel is a derived from the demand from other sectors like automobiles, consumer durables, and infrastructure. With the government proactive incentive plans to boost economic growth by injecting funds in various industries, such as construction, infrastructure, automobile, and power will drive the steel industry in future. Led by strong demand for autos and engineering services, the domestic steel demand in India remains robust, as per Moody's sectoral analysis on Asia's steel sector. According to the analysis, the outlook for the domestic operating environment is positive, driven by robust growth in infrastructure, autos and construction and constrains...
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... PROCESSED SOLID WASTE COMBUSTION a. REFUSED DERIVED FUEL - PROCESSES b. REFUSED DERIVED FUEL - PREPARATION c. REFUSED DERIVED FUEL - CLASSIFICATION d. REFUSED DERIVED FUEL - CHARACTERSTICS e. REFUSED DERIVED FUEL - HIGHLIGHTS 3. WTEE – SOCIO ECONOMIC PROJECT 4. DEVELOPMENT & FUTURE OF WTEE 5. CONCLUSION 6.BIBLIOGRAPHY What happened on May, 2004 in Mumbai? Due to failure of local grid. The business capital of India jammed for hours. Being largest railway network city, even the locals also stick to tracks. This incident shows the human connection with electricity. Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for all activities, as well as the lifeblood of economies throughout the world. It plays a vital role for economic growth and quality life improvements: with the increase in population of the world. The demand for power has gradually increased. Hence the burden on the countries, especially developing countries like India have increased to meet the demands in the present day. Most of the demands are met by conventional sources such as fossil fuels, hydal, nuclear power etc. The use of these sources have not only resulted in their depletion. But also increased the population. Hence there is a great need for improving technology in the use of non-conventional sources of energy which could greatly decrease the environmental needs and which would assure the future needs particles to rural people at affordable...
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...(124) 4253488 +91 (124) 4294239 www.iquestsolution.com Contents CURRENT STATUS – POWER INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA . 3 GROWTH EXPECTED ................................................................ ........................................ 3 Generation ................................................................................................ ...................................... 3 Transmission & Distribution ................................................................ ............................................ 4 INVESTMENT EXPECTED ................................................................ 4 ................................ PRESENT POWER GENERA GENERATION MIX .......................................... 5 ................................ Wind Power ................................................................................................ 6 .................................... Hydro Power ................................................................................................ 7 ................................... Nuclear Power................................................................................................ 7 ................................. KEY CONCERNS ................................................................ ................................................... 7 Dependence on Thermal Sources Especially Coal ............................................ 8 ................................ Land Acquisition and Clearance...
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