...How the development of cognition is facilitated in the Bronfenbrenner and the Super and Harkness models? Cognition is a defined as the way a person thinks, reason, remember, solve a problem and make a decision. Factors of culture and their beliefs are found in the collaboration among Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems and Super and Harkness model contribute in a variety of ways to cognitive development across the lifespan. Cognition development occurs as a result of children’s attempts to adapt to their environments and to make sense of the many experiences taking place around them. The ability to adapt to the environment depends on the process of assimilation and accommodation. In the Super and Harkness model, cognitive functioning is understood through the context cognition. Development of cognition includes not only evolutionary and biological limitations and affordances but also the cultures that nurtured the mind. The different influences of the cultures in the development of cognition may include the culturally shared ideas, anticipations, and habits of mind, communication patterns, and technologies. This model holds that variations in cognitive functioning especially in the aging mind may well be explained by studying the meanings, artifacts, practices and institutions as strongly influenced by culture. In Bronfenbrenner 's Ecological Systems Theory, he specified four types of nested systems crucial to the development of cognition in humans. These are microsystem...
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...Meta-Cognition and Social Cognition Amy L Walker Grand Canyon University: PSY-354 September 27, 2015 Meta-cognition and social cognition both influence interpersonal behaviors by using knowledge, personal beliefs, and views and beliefs of others around us. Meta-cognition is how we view our own self and process to create the best me that we can be. Social cognition is what we perceive about others around and how it affects how we view ourselves and others. Every person needs to have both to complete the person they are. Meta-Cognition Knowledge and beliefs about one’s own cognitive processes, as well as efforts to regulate them cognitive processes to maxing learning and memory ( McDevitt, 2013). Each person has their own view of who they think they are and what they can and cannot do. Regardless of where you come from or your families’ background and beliefs we all have personal thoughts about who we are and how we are successful and create memories. As children age they learn their strengths and weakness when it comes to education. This belief plays a role in how they complete and work at a task. One way teachers can help them is getting them to look beyond their beliefs when starting something new. When starting a new task a student can ask themselves; what do I already know about and what do I need to learn? KWL (what do I already know, what do I need to know, and what did I learn) charts are great examples to help a student asses this. It gives them...
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...Social Cognition ECE: 353 Cognitive Development of Infants and Young Children Instructor: Sandi Levinson August 14, 2012 Social Cognition Social cognition refers to the awareness of one’s own and other people’s mental states (i.e., acquiring a theory of mind), including emotions, motives, desires and feelings. Socio-cognitive skills, such as the ability to understand, describe and predict people’s mental states, allow children to develop a strong social cognition (Moore, 2010). Developing social and cognitive awareness is especially important during infancy to prepare children to interact properly with the social world prior to school entry. For example, it is through group activities that children gradually learn the importance of sharing. This crucial ability originates from children’s understanding that other children may have a desire to play with the same toys (Moore,2010). Along the same line, recent evidence indicates that children’s socio-cognitive skills may have a direct impact on the quality of their relationships and school success. Children with a more developed social cognition tend to be better communicators, socially competent, popular with peers, happier at school, and academically more advanced. In contrast, those with poor social cognition are more likely to have difficulty making the transition to school, to react more violently in face of harsh parenting, and to experience difficulties in school that may be misread as conduct problems...
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...Relating language and cognition Axia College Kristin Allen When a mother hears her baby cry she automatically responds even though there may not be a clear form of language present, there is still communication. When we hear our pet dog cat meow or bak, we know what they want. Even though they are not speaking in what we would consider a language. It has been agreed upon by many that language is one of the hardest areas to study by both linguists and cognitive scientists. Language is a vital part of communication. Words carry with them heavy meaning and if not carefully monitored can cause much damage. Language is often viewed as a window in to the mind of the one who is communicating. Much can be told about a person by the way they communicate. In this essay I will attempt to define both language and lexicon along with the many stages of language and how it relates to cognition. What is language? How is language related to cognition? Do we think with words or do we use words to express ideas. These are questions that have been studied for ages. If we were to go by the standard dictionary definition, language is communication of thoughts and feelings. However language is so much more than that. In order for us to have meaningful dialog with one another we must first understand the language . It is the way that language...
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...Car accidents can happen for several different reasons, but one common reason is that people just did not see, or were not aware of what was in their visual field. They could have been so focused on something else that they failed to notice other salient objects in their visual field. This is called inattentional blindness. This takes a significant amount of cognitive ability, and there are things that can make it even harder. Alcohol can impair cognitive functioning immensely, so when alcohol and driving are combined, it can be quite dangerous. Clifasefi, Takarangi and Bergman (2006) wanted to know if people under the influence of alcohol, or people who believe they are under the influence of alcohol, are more or less likely to notice these unexpected objects. The researchers expected that they would find that participants that actually received alcohol, not considering if they were told they had alcohol or a placebo, would find it hard to focus their attention outside of the requested task. They also expected the participants that received the placebo to notice the unexpected object an equal number of times, regardless of if they were told they had alcohol or the placebo. To test their hypotheses the researchers used a 2x2 balanced placebo design. They randomly assigned 47 adult participants, aged 21 to 35, to one of four conditions: told alcohol/ got alcohol, told alcohol/ got placebo, told placebo/ got alcohol, or told placebo/ got placebo. All of the participants were...
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...Social cognition that is as defined in the title is about how individuals think about themselves and their social world; it involves how people make decisions and judgements in their everyday lives (Aroson et al., 2005). This is categorised as either automatic low effort thinking which is automatic or merely effort less or controlled high effort thinking that is controlled thinking processes. Social cognition assumes important roles such as decision making and perception of information in everyday life and therefore comprises of cognitive structures that influence and are influenced by the happenings in the social world. From this individual beings form shortcuts to ease the processing of information this is termed as being social misers towards a cognitive economy. This is due to a limitation in cognitive capacity and the existence of mental structural guides of cognition Examples of this shortcut is schemas. These categories simplify concepts. categorisation is done by grouping similar traits together that forms cognitive economy(Bruner et al.,1956) however it is not always that a common factor exist in a category this is known as the prototypical approach(Barsalou, 1991). Schemas and heuristics shape the categorisation process. This essay will look at schema and heuristics and examples of the same giving examples and evaluation for each. First this essay will look at schemas A schema can be defined as a packet of information containing fixed values and alternative values...
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...Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches In: Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits University of Phoenix Psychology of Personality PSY/250 Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits A changeling habit for keta is impulsive, compulsive, shopping. rketa developed this habit during her teenage years when clothes were important to young people. High school was more of a fashion statement, name brands were important. There may be other family members whose much older and enjoyed dressing and shopping, but no one in the household directly will be the role model for this habit forming. The stamp of approval for Charketa in with this habit is the compliment she receives on the nice clothes and accessories she buys. This motivated the increase and desire for additional spending and filled in the time slot in which boredom began to form. This addiction allowed her the ability to escape from problems at home between family members. The addiction of shopping place Charketa in a world of temporary satisfaction, which removes all of the problems, life bring causing sadness. Habits are developed in stages; the habit starts out as a thought to an action, stimulating the person’s body and mind, which gives the individual the thought process to do this again for stimulating believing (Bandura , 2005). Because most habits occur in stages is why people may not realize...
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...Cognition or Perception is the process of understanding or gaining familiarity of a faculty via thinking, experience or our senses. Are you slowly and gradually losing your awareness? If so, how can you get your perception back? Well, according to Adam Gazzaley, computers; specifically gaming, improves the brain activity in the prefrontal cortex (Smith et al, 2001). The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain associated with cognitive control. Adam Gazzaley is a well-known professor in the field of Neurology at the University of California, San Francisco. He also founded the Neurology Imaging Centre. Gazzaley led a team in a study that attempted to prove that when particular cognitive abilities were targeted in the game ‘NeuroRacer' they increased the multitasking ability in elderly individuals (Tun & Lachman, 2010). Another point is, Gazzaley discovered that the effects of this cognitive training lingered around for a while, sometimes over six months even without regular practice. These effects on the cognitive activity of the test subjects spilled over to their day to day activities. Gazzaley observed that the elderly people even scored higher than the youths who had no training in the game. This exposure also improved their speeds in task accomplishment and switching and also enhanced their executive control functions especially on persons with fewer logical and scholastic advantages (Small et al., 2008). Though, the Gazzaley study is criticized on the basis that despite...
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...Cognitive Dissonance Life is a timeline that begins at birth and ends with death. People are given choices that are followed by reactions and behaviors that occur in one’s life. Life includes growth, reproduction, and functional behavior. People consciously make decisions that may affect their life as well as others. A family is formed when a group of two, male and female reproduces to create a life. That life begins to develop and growth starts to begin in stages such as infancy, childhood, adulthood, and late adulthood. It is the obligation of the parents to love, care, teach, and protect the child. Love is natural and develops as parenthood begins. The caring for the child comes naturally through the instinct of the parent. A parent’s job is to teach their child love, respect, morals, values, and beliefs. It is a parent’s responsibility and instinct to provide and protect the life that is created. Attitudes, moods, and choices are developed by the child as personalities are formed. The child then begin to make choices in life of right and wrong and is faced to make adult like decisions of their own and are responsible to pass the knowledge down to their child. Parent and child share a rare relationship that includes life and death which begins and ends with a purpose and intentions. Scenario Remembering 4 years ago today while I stand here on the porch listening to night noises and the children playing...
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...Children’s Theoretical Perspective on the Theory of Mind and False Beliefs on Social Cognition Questions seeking an answer to a missing piece, puzzled with things unknown, and bothering twisted thoughts. These are primordial stuff experienced by an individual leading to curiosity. Curiosity which makes every person motivated in finding an answers. The fact that curiosity about a matter will always be the starting point of a new development. One of the best examples is the children. As we can see, children are the most determine explorer because for them everything is a mystery. To discover simple unfamiliar objects, to meliorate their knowledge and to understand their environment are their major goals which we can identify as mediocre. The genuine truth about children is their capacity to understand someone even though they have minimal knowledge on how mental life processes goes through. They can easily figure it out when someone is motivated in acquiring their wants or goals. As a matter of fact, sometimes they can also distinguish what are the positive and negative emotions. On the other hand, they can also practice their false beliefs where they can hardly define between what is real and what is true. Furthermore, as we adults, we are more matured enough in thinking and behaving in all matter. We have the responsibility to modify what we perceive and to justify and stand on what we believe is right and wrong. Nevertheless, people talk too much; people think...
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...Cognitive Psychology PSY/360 Cognitive Psychology From the 1920s to the late 1950s behaviorist dominated experimental psychology in the United States. This trend continued until individuals began to question whether behaviorism could accomplish what it had pledged. Individuals started to view behaviorism as “one which failed to provide any coherent characterization of cognitive processes such as thinking, language and decision-making” (Cognitive Psychology,” 2009, p. 2). The fall of behaviorism brought on the rise of cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology is one of the most recent additions to the psychology research field (Willingham, 2007). The development of cognitive psychology was precluded by several influential milestones in the discipline of philosophy and psychology. Prior to the development of cognitive psychology philosophers had asked fundamental questions about how human beings acquired knowledge. These philosophers sought to understand the origin of knowledge and how individuals gained understanding regarding the world around them. In addition, philosophers were equally curious about how individuals retained the information once it was acquired. Greek philosophers came up with good questions but did not have the means to obtain the answers they were seeking. Theses philosopher’s questions, however, paved the road for future scientific disciplines including cognitive psychology (Willingham, 2007). During the renaissance...
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...Details on Research Summary Papers PSY 388-Cognition, spring 2016 Overview: For each research summary, an article will be provided on Blackboard for your use. Each reading will involve an original research report. Your task will be to read the article and summarize the major sections (introduction, methods, results, discussion). If an article has multiple experiments, you should briefly describe these components for each of the experiments. These summaries will allow you to delve more deeply into some research that was either touched on in your textbook. After summarizing the research, you will provide your own reflection on the article. There will be a total of 4 summary assignments, worth 25 points each, and you will be required to compete all of them. Due Dates: See the course schedule on the syllabus for specific dates. Summaries will be due via SafeAssign by midnight on the date listed. Formatting: No title page is required, but be sure to include your name and the name of the assignment (e.g. Research Summary 1). You will be summarizing each of the sections of the paper (introduction, methods, results, discussion). If it helps to organize your paper with these headings, you may, but it is possible to write your summary with effective transitions and no topic headings. Either way is fine. Use standard formatting (i.e. Times New Roman, 12 point font, 1” margins, double-spaced). Length: While there is no hard-and-fast length requirement, your summary should...
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...Fall 2014 Ms. Fadzilah 1. According to the article, explain what is working memory? Working memory is a storage system, where all the information needs to be processed in it before it can be stored in long term memory. The importance of working memory for multimedia learning, only few studies has tested the contribution to learning from text and pictures. In Baddeley model, working memory can conclude as the working is during learning from text and pictures. In the article, working memory is involved of multiple subsystems, which is phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the central executive. The first one phonological loop is the subsystem that processes verbal information. For visuo-spatial sketchpad is the subsystem that processes visual and spatial information. The subsystem central executive is responsible for monitoring and coordinating the operation of the subsystems and linking them to long term memory, switching attention between tasks and allocating attention to stimuli, assigning information to one of the subsystems, updating and regulating working memory contents and coding representations for their time and place of appearance. 2. Explain the role of working memory in theories of multimedia learning. There are two assumptions in Cognitive theory of multimedia learning and Cognitive load theory. The first assumption will be human own an auditory/verbal channel and a visual/pictorial channel for processing multimedia materials where this is...
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...Learning and Cognition Lakeisha Jordan PSY/390 November 30, 2012 Ross Seligman Learning and Cognition Growing up there was always the phrase, “You learn something new every day.” Through learning more about psychology, this will deem to be true. Learning starts in the womb, being able to recognize their parent’s voices, and noises in the outside world. Learning is to gain knowledge, comprehension, or mastery through experience or study. Learning will lead to a change in behavior, in other words, the results of learning must always be translated into observable behavior. After learning, learners are capable of doing something that they could not do before the learning took place (Olson M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. 2009). To study learning, behavior is required or there is no way for it to take place. Behavior is changed through conditioning, and there are two types of conditioning mentioned in this paper. Classical Conditioning was discovered by Pavlov during the 1890s, and it was discovered by accident with him doing something as simple as feeding his dogs. Another type of learning is through Operant Conditioning, discovered by B. F. Skinner. This conditioning is described as the behavior being followed by a consequence, and it occurs through the tendency to repeat the behavior. Classical Conditioning is the type of learning introduced by Ivan Pavlov. To summarize...
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...Learning and Cognition Spencer Surjue-Bowens Psych390 Prof. Gayle Ball October 10, 2012 Throughout history there have been many theories on the different styles of how people learn and retain information. There have also been different speculations on how these different learning styles pertain to certain types of behavior. Although this has been a strenuous taskresearchers have been able to conclude some theories by correlating learning to behavior. There are many variables to consider when discussing learning and cognition. According to Bietz (2010) “Learning is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience. Learning became a major focus of study in psychology during the early part of the twentieth century as behaviorism rose to become a major school of thought. Today, learning remains an important concept in numerous areas of psychology, including cognitive, educational, social, and developmental psychology.” People normally link learning with the different experience that occur in life. Most can relate what they learned to a certain emotion that presented itself at that time. Behavior is at the core of psychology; it is behavior that we study,analyze and experiment to understand the psychology of any person (Changani, 2011). There are numerous behavior types and most behaviors are a series of learned conditions that one experienced. Behavior plays a considerable role in learning because it is through one’s behavior that...
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