...In the world today the media has a major impact on individuals who are involved in it. Rather it be through the radio, television, or the internet the majority of individuals have access to this and are susceptible to the impact that it has. There are many theories that define the relations between individuals and the impact that media has. One theory out there is based off of a learning theory. This theory is the Social Cognitive Theory, and it revolves around the “functions and processes of observational learning. By observing others’ behaviors, including those of media figures, one may develop rules to guide one’s own subsequent actions prompted to engage in previously learned behavior” (Nabi & Oliver 2010). Media directly influences individuals simply by the viewers watching or listening to the media and picking up the behavior of that media. According to Bandura (1986, 2002), “observational learning is guided by four processes. Attention to certain models and their behavior is affected by source and contextual features such as attractiveness, relevance, functional need, and affective valence. Second, retention processes focus on the ability to symbolically represent the behavior observed and its consequences, along with any rehearsal of that sequence. The third is production, which focuses on translating the symbolic representations into action, reproducing the behavior in seemingly appropriate contexts, and correcting for any errors based on the feedback received....
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...ICOM101 Major Essay Does Media Discourse Reproduce Social Inequality? Student Name : Pratama Robin Rachel Discourse denotes to the various forms of representation, codes, habits, conventions associated with language are responsible for producing specific culturally and historically located meanings. Media discourse can be described as an interaction through a media platform with the help of verbal or non-verbal communication. It has been found that media can potentially influence the public. The objective of this essay is to find out the role of media discourse in reproducing social inequality. In order to meet this objective, in the following sections the concept of discourse is explained vividly along with its style of operations. A relationship between media discourse and social inequality will be established in this essay. Discourse can be referred to the manner or way of communication between individuals or group. Discourse plays a major role in determining how an individual will understand and interpret a specific thing based upon ideas, thoughts and beliefs. According to Michel Focault, discourse is an entity of sequences, codes and signs in that they are enouncements. Media discourse includes various media outlets such as radio, television, newspaper, magazine, internet etc. The inevitable power of media has been discussed in discourse studies. Many research studies have shown that media plays an important role in influencing the thought process of individuals...
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...Framework Social Learning Theory Developed by Albert Bandura in 1965 and 1977, Social Learning Theory emphasized on the importance of rewards and punishments. This theory identified that children can learn new behaviours in one or two ways: by direct experience through trial and error or by observing and imitating others in their social environment. Bandura (1994) stated that observational learning eventually is more efficient than trying to discover everything on your own. Children can and do learn from other people in their environment, including parents, siblings, peers, and teachers. Children can also learn from characters and people that appeared in the mass media (Sparks, 2002) Bandura’s studies helped researchers to understand a number of things about television violence, animated programs and children. First, viewing television violence and animated programs could cause children to behave more aggressively, particularly if the violent characters were attractive and received rewards for their actions. Second, in many of these studies, the effects emerged most strongly for boys not girls. The researchers thought that perhaps this aggressive tendency resulted in boys being more sensitive to the impact of media violence. In the 1980s, Bandura (1986) reformulated his theory for the reason that it had been criticised as too behaviouristic, which was focusing mostly on the reinforcements and how people act. The newer perspective, which was called Social Cognitive Theory...
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...MASS MEDIA EFFECTS In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Theories of Communication (LAC 701) A paper prepared by Group Four John Fasisi (91817) Kalim Gazal (136615) Moyofade Ipadeola (95580) Nwachukwu Egbunike (147181) Oluwaseun Oti (168137) Seyi Bodunde (168139) Victor Eze (167521) And submitted to: Professor F. A. Adesanoye Department of Communication and Language Arts Faculty of Arts University of Ibadan November 27, 2012 ABSTRACT This literature-driven study examined mass media effects. The work peered into the history of the ‘powerful media’. An in-depth review of relevant theories of mass media effects was analyzed. Findings pointed towards both positive and negative impacts of mass media. However, there was no empirical evidence to substantiate a direct cause and effect relationship of mass media messages with the actions of the consumer of the information. Consequently we can only assert that the mass media impacts on society but does not necessarily have an effect since other factors also influence people other than information consumed from the media. As such, this study asserts that the mass media influences public opinion but does not necessarily cause it. Key words: powerful media, mass media effects, theories of mass media effects, impact of media messages INTRODUCTION The mass media involve organisations that are responsible for the dissemination of information to a large number of people. Basically, the mass media...
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...YourFirstName YourLastName Instructor's Name Course Title 30 November 2013 Digital Life The Impact of Digital Life to Human Social and Cognitive Processes People in the current society are more connected to each other than any other time in human history, thanks to digital technology. But people are equally more distant from each other and lonely in their detached lives. The result is a strain on personal and social relations as well as thinking. To some people, digital media is their life and it directs every aspects of their living. While digital technology was intended to bring people closer, it has only served to push them further apart. And as it was intended to enhance knowledge, it has highly diminished the quality and nature of our thinking. In reality, it is constricting rather than expanding the horizon for human nature in social and cognitive processing. Digital media has changed how people think about themselves, relationships, and the sense of being human. Virtual interactions may make people feel good and secure but it leaves them diminished in a human sense. According to Turkle (11), it has eroded the ability of people to live comfortably offline. People feel out of place during face-to face interactions and there is a great sense of loss when one loses their phones or computer. Relationships between parents, friends, siblings and the community have significantly changed. People deal with members of their immediate family in the same way they...
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...(2011). Technology, Freedom and the Human Person: Some Teen Insights into Merton and Benedict XVI. Merton Annual, 24244-255 The article offers the author's insights on the implication of technology for human lives. Topics discussed importance of technology for enhancement of communication, risk factors associated with technology used, and the effects of technology on human behavior. Moreover, it provides the outlook of American Catholic writer Thomas Merton and Pope Benedict XVI regarding modernity. 2. Ives, E.A. (2012, October 1). iGeneration: The Social Cognitive Effects of Digital Technology on teenagers. The purpose of this study was to examine and better understand the social cognitive effects of digital technology on teenagers' brains and their socialization processes, as well as to learn best practices with regard to digital technology consumption. An extensive literature review was conducted on the social cognitive effects of digital technology on teenagers and an action research project was carried out gleaning quantitative and qualitative research findings collected from forty-six high school students, ranging from ages thirteen to fifteen. The findings of this paper are broken into three categories: (1) positive effects of digital technology; (2) negative effects of digital technology; (3) and, best practices with digital technology. One of the positive effects of digital technology is in education...
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...Impact of Contemporary Technologies on the Performance Potential of students Dr.AMRUTH G KUMAR ALI USSAIN T Associate professor Dept. of Education Research Scholar, Dept of Education Central University of Kerala Central University of Kerala ABSTRACT As technology use continues its steady growth among contemporary students, both within and outside of the classroom, its impact on academic performance becomes an increasingly important question to address. Cognitive theory and multitasking research strongly support a negative effect while other studies have found little to no effect. This article seeks to explore the impact of modern technologies on the performance potential of learners. It also describes the intellectual and theoretical contributions of great scholars whose scholarly intervention paved the for the advancement of technology in the field of education Key words CONTEMPORARY TECHNOLOGIES, PERFORMANCE POTENTIAL Introduction The role of technology in the field of education has been discussed in a vivid manner. It remains an important issue even today as the debates about the impact of technology on our society, the implications of quick and easy online access to information for knowledge and learning and the effect of technology on young people’s social, emotional and physical development is being analyzed and discussed the educationalists and social scientists. As the report presented by the School of Education...
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...Youth: An Excursion Of Media Violence Theories and Persuasion Theories Dr. Ajilore Head Of Department, Department Of Mass Communication, Babcork University, Ilisan ,Ogun State, Nigeria Ojo Titiloye Oyeyinka Lecturer, Department Of Mass Communication, Tai Solarin University Of Education, Ijagun ,Ogun, Nigeria Nwaolikpe Onyinyechi Nancy Department Of Mass Communication, Babcork University, Ilisan ,Ogun State, Nigeria Akinreti Qassim Olalere Head, Foreign Desk, Voice Of Nigeria And Part-Time Lecturer, Nigerian Institute Of Journalism, Ogba, Lagos, Nigeria Odegbenle Lateef Department Of Broadcast Media, Nigerian Institute Of Journalism, Ogba, Lagos, Nigeria Goke Rauf Head, Mass Communication, Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria Jegede Omolayo Station Manager, Babcock University Radio Station And Lecturer, Department Of Mass Communication Babcock University, Ilisan,Ogun State, Nigeria Tsebee Asor Kenneth Department Of Mass Communication, Al Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria Abstract: Several studies have been on the impact of media violence on aggressive and violent behavior. Researches on effect of media violence have proved that heavy exposure in films, videos, televisions and movies can increase the risk of behaving violently. This paper is an escursion of selected media violence theories -social learning theory, catharsis theory and cultivation theory, and Persuasion theories – Congruity theory, Symmetry theory and Cognitive Balance theory explaining...
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...THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FACEBOOK™ ACTIVITY AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS by Eric V. Brubaker Liberty University A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Liberty University April, 2013 1 The Relationship Between Facebook™ Activity and Academic Performance Among African American Students by Eric V. Brubaker A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA April, 2013 APPROVED BY: Amanda Rockinson-Szapkiw, Ed.D., Committee Chair Jennifer Courduff, Ph.D., Committee Member Judy Sandlin, Ph.D., Committee Member Scott Watson, Ph.D., Associate Dean, Advanced Programs 2 ABSTRACT This non-experimental, regression study examined the relationship between Facebook™ activity and academic performance for an African American sample population. The study was conducted at a large, four-year, private university in the Mid-Atlantic. All undergraduate, African American students enrolled in the College of General Studies, School of Health Sciences, and School of Education comprised the sample population. Volunteer participants completed a Facebook™ Activity Survey, which is an instrument used to collect semester grade point averages (GPAs), time-use of Facebook™, multitasking information, type of Facebook™ activities, and demographic information. The results of...
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...Cognitive, Conscious, Energetic and Behavioral Impact of Violent Video Gaming Experiences Gabriel Aaron Dionne Strayer University English 215 December 11th 2011 Cognitive, Conscious, and Behavioral Impact of Violent Video Gaming Experiences “Nonviolence means avoiding not only external physical violence but also internal violence of spirit. You not only refuse to shoot a man, but you refuse to hate him.” Martin Luther King, Jr. Brainy Quote (2011) Identifies Violence as: The quality or state of being violent; highly excited action, whether physical or moral; vehemence; impetuosity; force. Injury done to that which is entitled to respect, reverence, or observance; profanation; infringement; unjust force; outrage; assault. Ravishment; rape; constupration. To assault; to injure; also, to bring by violence; to compel. This statement gives insight to the ideology of violence being compelled or brought about in an individual through excited actions. The level of violence in video games is astounding not to mention the level of realism which can totally encapsulate you in the gaming experience leaving you feel like that experience was real on a conscious, cognitive, and behavioral level. Long gone are my days of Mario bouncing on mushrooms these days it is assault rifles, hand grenades and tactical missile strikes. Entertainment Software Rating Board (n.d.) provides a list of potential violent behaviors that may be found within our children’s gaming experience and it...
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...The Methodology used a 4 (affective, cognitive, social and non-humorous advertising) × 2 (low and high degree of advertising involvement) between-subjects factorial experimental design and the group of non-humorous advertisings as control groups. Findings of this research showed that humorous advertisings to promot a brand is more effective then the non humorous ads. Moreover the different types of humorous advertising have different effects on brand recognition and brand recall. The advertisement with humor has better brand recall then social or cognitive ones and they can also create positive brand...
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...adolescents, and the Internet, we survey the state of a new field of enquiry in developmental psychology. This field is important because developmentalists need to understand how children and adolescents live in a new, massive, and complex virtual universe, even as they carry on their lives in the real world. We have selected six empirical articles to showcase various aspects of child and adolescent development in this virtual universe. These articles reflect three major themes of this new field: the Internet. Encompassing the broad areas of cognitive and social development, these articles address a number of different specific developmental functions. Yan analyzes the factors influencing the development of an understanding of the Internet in both its technical and social dimensions. Jackson et al. demonstrate the positive impact of home Internet access on the reading achievement of low-income, mostly African American children. In the arena of social development, articles deal with five important foci of adolescent development: identity (Subrahmanyam et al.); self-worth (Whitlock et al.); sexuality (Subrahmanyam et al.; Borzekowski et al.); health behaviors (Borzekowski et al.; Whitlock et al.); and leadership (Cassell et al.). The selection of articles reflects a second editorial goal: to sample both the positive and negative aspects of the virtual world in which children and adolescents are increasingly living. For example, from Whitlock and...
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...Social Media & The Psychological Effects on Mental Health With the increase of Social Networking Sites (SNS's) dramatic increase in the past few years; there has been a growth in psychological research addressing the psychological impact of these online experiences. Consequently, there is a darker side to how social media can affect us. According to researchers, the more time spent on social media, the more likely you are to suffer from mental issues. This is especially true in children and teens; however prolonged and excessive use presents a danger to adults as well. Social Media Anxiety Disorder (SMAD) is a syndrome that relates to social anxiety and is presented when the participation of social media affects the mental and physical...
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...and the way people spend their spare time. Social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Tumblr have become a normal part of everyday life. We are now living in a world where if an individual does not have accounts in at least 2 of the aforementioned social media sites, they are an oddity, well, at least for most of the Western world. Social media has benefitted this generation in many ways. Globalisation has occurred as a result of these sites, making the world more interconnected, and often serving as a tool to help raise awareness of the events that happen around the world that are...
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...When it comes to the nature verses nature debate, I always find myself sandwiched between the two. I am neither against nature nor nurture; nor am I biased to one side. The psychological theories (e.g behaviourism, cognitive psychology, biological perspective) that augment their respective altercations, while valid and fundamentally true, can be misconstrued by others, since we all collect different experiences throughout our lifetime. We all (at some point in our lives) face the effects of nature and nurture to some degree—regardless of the impact. While it is true that some of us are raised with more nurture than nature (and vice versa), it may be erroneous to conclude we are solely one or the other. I view myself as someone who has been heavily influenced by nurture as many people I have met throughout my life have affected me in ways I never thought were possible; as a result, I am able to cognitively think about the friendships (nature) and make rational decisions as to what I should do. Incidentally,...
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