...Ethics Awareness Inventory Michelle Duffield PSY/490 July 10, 2011 Karlene Kilmer Ethics Awareness Inventory Paper The Ethics Awareness Inventory and the results were insightful and fascinating. The inventory appear to be a almost like fortune cookie conjuring. It will be interesting to know whether the determination is empirically valid. The assumption articulates ethical perception and technique. How ethical conduct can evaluate ethical conduct except through measurable results is not easily understood. If the results cannot be accurately measured, then confident objectivity that the fundamental moral construct even exists or is of any penalty to ordinary people. The Role of Personal Ethics in Psychology Ethical guiding principles shift focus as of late from personal character to organizational ethics. The major focal point of this change is, “…the misuse of power and discretion by individuals performing organizational roles” (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2006, Introduction). The client-patient association in psychological therapy and clinical practice is the creation of ethical guidelines with the possibility for abuse of control and lack of attention to discretion. The results-centered approach to psychology would dictate the actions of the clinician must be in line with the declared principled rules of the practitioners. Also, ethical perspective recommends that ethical guidelines that support the practice of psychology should seek the greater...
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...1 Cognitive Psychology Dustin Finn PSY/360 September 20, 2015 Melissa Jackson 2 Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology can be defined as the study of the mind and mental functions. Some of these functions include learning, memory, and perception. Other functions are reasoning, language and decision making. Cognition has been studied recently as being a complex computing system. However, scientists began studying this form of psychology as early as the 1800’s. While it contains some flaws, it did create some milestones for cognitive psychology. The Beginning of Cognitive Psychology Back in 1868, a scientist named Franciscus Donders became interested in determining on how long it takes to make a decision. He used reaction time to try and formulate decision making. We learned from Donders studies, that mental processes cannot be measured directly. In, fact we base our findings from certain behaviors, biological changes and behavioral changes as they are affected by biological differences. In 1879, we saw the beginning of structuralism. Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Tichner focused on the conscious experience. They tried to find a “periodic table” for the mind and used an analytic introspection method. In regards to cognitive psychology, they emphasized a systematic, controlled observation. Wundt and Tichner emphasized the importance of understanding the structure of the mind and higher ...
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... R., 2002) and can approach in the form of observable actions and interior processes. Explanations of what happens when these actions take place are recognized as learning theories. These theories include behaviorism, cognitivism, humanist, social learning and constructivist. In this essay behaviorism and cognitivism will be described, compared and contrasted in order to justly comprehend their approaches. BEHAVIORISM ORIENTATION DESCRIBED The behaviorism methodology endeavors to study learning and conduct inside an experimental custom and was created by John B. Watson in the early twentieth century. Three suspicions set out its ideas. Grippin, P., and Peters, S., (1984) stated that the center of study is by and large noticeable conduct, the earth shapes conduct, and the standards of contiguity and support are key in clarifying the learning procedure Behaviorisms keep up the supposition that we see and experience the world precisely as it exhibits itself physically, for everybody. This consequently prompts the idea that everything capacities as indicated by characteristic laws, and any change happening is because of a circumstances and end results. Henceforth, this hypothesis concentrates on how ecological boosts inspire conduct and reactions. COGNITIVISM ORIENTATION DESCIRBED Gestalt's perspectives of Bode, Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka and Lewin later reprimanded the behaviorism hypothesis in 1929, through productions. According to Ormrod, E., (1995) these clinicians proposed...
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...outline the meaning of non-cognitivism, and then further explain one branch of non-cognitivism expressivism. This particular view of non-cognitivism is mostly targeted by the wishful thinking argument. I will then outline the main problem brought up by the wishful thinking argument. I will then outline the expressionist’s responses to the wishful thinking argument using David Enoch and James Lenman’s solutions to the problem, and show the flaws in their arguments. Therefore I will come to the conclusion that the wishful thinking argument is a valid objection to non-cognitivism. Non-Cognitivism Non cognitivism is the objection to the claim the moral facts express belief. According to this view they are not either true or false, neither do the assert anything about the world. Seeing as moral facts cannot be seen as true and no one can have knowledge of something that is not true, non-cognitivism implies the moral knowledge is impossible. The three main forms of non-cognitivism are; prescriptivism, emotivism and expressivism. In this essay I will be addressing the problems found in the expressivism branch of non-cognitivism. Expressivism Expressivism is the view that sentences about moral facts are not to descriptive terms, and do not relate to the real world problems. They are used for expressing either positive or negative attitude towards the object of the sentence. The Wishful-thinking argument This is an argument that rejects non-cognitivism presented by Cian Dorr (2002)...
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...emotions, I believe that there is always a reason why the answer should be true and a reason for why the answer should be false. Ayer’s view on moral claim is incorrect because a moral claim is one that attempts to define what is right or wrong. Anti-moral realists believe that emotivism is more influential and moral realists believe that there should be a legit reason behind every answer. The debate between moral realists and anti-realists assumes a variety of claims can be recognized as moral claims. In my opinion, moral realists have common sense. With that advantage, there are a number of powerful arguments on why moral realism is the right way to go which include: the knowledge of a moral realist, the realism/antirealism debate, moral cognitivism and descriptivism, and the truth in moral judgements. “A moral realist believes that there is at least one moral fact, and moral facts are not reducible to non-moral facts. Moral statements are true or false, and at least one moral statement is true. An anti-realist merely disagrees with the moral realist in some respect” (Gray). The moral realist may cause an argument for the view that moral facts do exist as followed by: moral sentences are sometimes but not always true, and a sentence is true only if the truth-making relation, that supports it, that makes it true. In order for a moral sentence to be true, the “things” that...
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...Lenora A. Mayne American Intercontinental University May 2013 EDU 622: Applying Learning Theories Identifying The Components of Cognitivist Theories used in, "Kermit and The Keyboard." Abstract Cognitivism emphasizes on the explanation of cognitive structures and process, and the intervention of these structures and processes between instruction and learning (Glaserfeld, 1989). The study of cognitivism has allowed for educators, theorist and psychologist to understand the concepts of knowing, thinking and formulating feedback. In reviewing the sample texture, "Kermit and the Keyboard," has allowed for philosophers and psychologist to review the interactional theories of learning process. Within this paper, will identify, compare and contrast the views of congnitivist theories, Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), Piaget's Theory and Perspective of Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development as it relates to the sample text. The essence of utilizing cognitivist learning theories allows for educators such as myself to capture the meaning of cognitive and knowledge development within the classroom setting. Identifying The Components of Cognitivist Theories used in, "Kermit and The Keyboard." The developmental concept of learning theories allows for people to inquire the fundamentals of human engagement. The core concepts of learning has allowed for philosophers and psychologist to examine the nature of learning in applying those concepts in expanding...
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...Foundations of Psychology One of the most complex and diverse subjects in all of the social sciences is the study of the mind. Psychology, the constant attempt to understand human behavior, full of variables and unpredictable. Although psychology as a whole can be supported by many different theories and even sub-theories, there are six major schools of thought that are common knowledge to every professional in the field. The six major schools of thought are functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitivism, structuralism and humanistic psychology. These six major schools of thought may as well be the foundations of psychology. Functionalism is one of the most influential theories in modern psychology because it focus on describing and understanding thoughts and what thoughts do, without questioning the reasons behind them or the process of how they do it. The Psychoanalysis school of thought was originally created by Sigmund Freud. The psychoanalytic perspective attempts to explain the different human behaviors by analyzing the subconscious mind. Sexual natural behaviors play a very significant role in psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud himself suggested that “the instinct to pursue pleasure, which is described as sexual in nature, lies at the root of human development”. (Coomarsingh) The behaviorist school of thought is the one that pushes the practical side of psychology. By enforcing experiments and comparing the results to even more repeated experiments, it gives the...
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...Functionalism Functionalism has the most influence of any theory in contemporary psychology. Psychological functionalism attempts to describe thoughts and what they do without asking how they do it. For functionalists, the mind resembles a computer, and to understand its processes, you need to look at the software -- what it does -- without having to understand the hardware -- the why and how underlying it. Gestalt Psychology According to Gestalt psychologists, the human mind works by interpreting data through various laws, rules or organizing principles, turning partial information into a whole. For example, your mind might interpret a series of lines as a square, even though it has no complete lines; your mind fills in the gaps. Gestalt psychotherapists apply this logic to problem-solving to help patients. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic theory, which originated with Sigmund Freud, explains human behavior by looking at the subconscious mind. Freud suggested that the instinct to pursue pleasure, which he described as sexual in nature, lies at the root of human development. To Freud, even the development of children hinged on key stages in discovering this pleasure, through acts such as feeding at the mother's breast and defecating, and he treated abnormal behavior in adults by addressing these stages. Behaviorism In the 1950s, B.F. Skinner carried out experiments with animals, such as rats and pigeons, demonstrating that they repeated certain behaviors if they associated...
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...Ever since the earliest hominid knew something he wanted to share, the human race has been in an eternal struggle to find slightly more effective ways of conveying knowledge and skills. Thousands of years of evolution, Ancient Greece society notwithstanding, culminated in the invention of the ruler, which was not only a tool to measure the dimension of various objects, but it also doubled as a form of negative reinforcement to incentivize poorly performing and troublesome students. In the western world, specifically the United States, people began to turn away from physically abusing students and began to look for more effective ways of educating the nation’s larval citizenry. It would be unfair to speak of education theories without mentioning Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, as they together were of the first to put forth an effort towards understanding, among many things, how people think and why. Roughly 2000 years later, there were a growing number of educated individuals beginning to take second look at everything we thought we knew about being human. Among these people, there was Ivan Pavlov, who began ringing a bell, and not only did Clarence get his wings, but what was learned through the well-known story of Pavlov and his dogs also served as the impetus for John Watson and B. F. Skinner and their ground-breaking notion of Behaviorism. Behaviorism, simplified, is the theory that a person is the product of their environment, and to change a person’s behavior,...
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...the learning so they can set 1.expectations and judge for themselves whether or not they have achieved the outcome of the online lesson. Learners must be tested to determine whether or not they have achieved the 2.learning outcome. Online testing or other forms of testing and assessment should be integrated into the learning sequence to check individual learner’s achievement level and provide appropriate feedback. The learning materials must be sequenced appropriately to promote learning. The 3.sequencing could take the form of simple to complex, known to unknown, and knowledge to application. Learners must be provided with feedback so that they can monitor how they are 4.doing and take corrective action if required. Cognitivism Strategies used should allow learners to perceive and attend to the information so 1.that it can be transferred to working memory. Strategies to promote perception and attention for online learning include the following: Important information should be placed in the center of the screen for a.reading, and learners must be able to read from left to right. Information critical for learning should be highlighted to focus learners’ b.attention. For example, in an online lesson, headings should be used to organize the details, and formatted to allow learners to attend to and process the information they contain. Learners should be told why they should take the lesson, so that they can c.attend to the information throughout the...
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...Psychology notes January 27, 2013 Chapter One- Psychology & Scientific Thinking -Froid left out indirection of people. -Reciprocal determinism – sharing you happiness, or spreading out your negativity by lashing out on others. -All theories must be able to be tested right or wrong. -Anecdote evidence –telephone “my best friends sister brothers friends father” -Correlation does not cause causation. -Falsifiability means you have to be able to prove something is false to be true. ***Validity-studying what you say you’re gunna study. Reliability- something stays the same overtime Psychology – how can we explain someone’s behavior? Piaget- cognitivism : how children think, early development. Cognitivism- interpretation of events. Psychoanalysis- Froid focused on individual himself. Conclusion – end Chap 2 -Research is about planning and thinking about all the things that may go wrong ahead of time changing the outcome. Hindsight bias- I knew it Theories- never proven Hypothesis can be proven true or not true Naturalistic behavior – not knowing something is being experimented so you act normal. Case study designs- very small group we are studying :] -Studying something weird like synesthesia (small group of people have this) hearing color Stoop effect – seeing red saying blue Random selection- all people have an equal chance of being chosen. Control group- don’t receive Plasibo- people believing something are not. Independent...
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...As a physical teacher I believe the best learning theories for my classroom are behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. As known not every kid is physically gifted compared to other students who do better with written assignments. My goal is to incorporate all three of the learning theories in my classroom. One way the theory behaviorism will be used is drill and practice on a skill with positive reinforcement given. An example would be students learning to dribble a basketball with the instructor giving back positive reinforcement on what they were doing good. One-way cognitivism theory will be used is by giving assessments that are multiple choice at the end of each unit. Lastly, the theory constructivism will be used by group work or teams. An example of this would be students playing capture the flag or a game of...
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...passed the first level. Then you have to go to the second level. It means you have said, "O Allah I admit that you are the Creator and I am your slave." Slave, not servant. In the law, testimony is a form of evidence that is obtained from a witness who makes a solemn statement or declaration of fact. Testimony may be oral or written, and it is usually made by oath or affirmation under penalty of perjury. Unless a witness is testifying as an expert witness, testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is generally limited to those opinions or inferences that are rationally based on the perceptions of the witness and are helpful to a clear understanding of the witness' testimony. Schools of Thought in PsychologyFrom structuralism to cognitivism, numerous schools of thought have emerged throughout psychology's history. Many of these theoretical outlooks have dominated the field at certain points in history. Learn more about some of the major schools of thought in psychology in the following articles and...
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...Section A: Personal Information In this section the author would like to gather personal information from respondents. (Please tick “X” at appropriate response.) Q1. What is your age? Below 21 years||21-30 years|||| 31-40 years||Above 41|||| Q2. What Gender? Male|| Female|| Q3. What programme are u undergoing currently at Twintech? Master degree||Diploma||Others|| Bachelor degree||SPM|| || Section B: ATTITUDE The section below is seeking the Attitude of students towards acceptance of e-learning to the e-learning system used by institution. Respondents are asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with each statement using 5 Likert scale [(1) = strongly disagree; (2) = disagree; (3) = neutral; (4) = agree and (5) = strongly agree] response framework. Please put an “X” to the BOX to indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the following statements. No|Questions|Strongly Disagree|Disagree|Neutral|Agree|Strongly Agree| B1|Attitude|||||| A1|I feel at ease using e-learning provided by my institution.|||||| A2|I tend to feel convince and accept the e-learning system into my life style.|||||| A3|I feel convince that, e-learning will enhance my education skill.|||||| A4|I feel the e-learning system, attracts me to my institution.|||||| A5|I generally believe in the e-learning system as it makes learning less stressful.||||| | From the section C to section H ALSO HELP TO DETERMINE WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF E-LEARNING...
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...Definition of e-Learning Is there only one way to define e-learning? Electronic learning or e-learning (sometime written as e-learning) has various definitions. E-learning is basically boils down to learning that is facilitated and supported via information and communications technology (ICT). The American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) defines e-learning as a broad set of applications and processes which include web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classrooms, and digital. Much of this is delivered via the Internet, intranets, audio- and videotape, satellite broadcast, interactive TV, and CD-ROM. The definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used but basically it is involves electronic means of communication, education, and training. Many terms have been used to define e-learning in the past. For example web-based training, computer-based training or web-based learning, and online learning are a few synonymous terms that have over the last few years been labeled as e-learning. Each of this implies a “just-in-time” instructional and learning approach. Regardless of the definition you chose to use, designers, developers, and implementers make or break the instructional courses and tools. E-learning is simply a medium for delivering learning and like any other medium, it has its advantages and disadvantages. E-learning covers a wide array of activities from supported learning, to blended or hybrid learning (the...
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