...Cultural Research Paper- Bogota, Colombia In order to defy of the Spanish rule, the people of Bogota formed a council of representatives in the first steps toward independence on July 20, 1810. Only 3 years later, they proclaimed complete independence. After forming the Republic of Greater Columbia in 1819, they elected Simon Bolivar as the first president. Alongside Bolivar, as vice president, Francisco Paulo de Santander provided the Colombians with an opposing party, the “Liberals.” Bolivar and Santander serve as representatives for the two political parties that make up Colombia today, the Conservatives and Liberals. Bolivar’s followers believed in a centralized government with many ties to the Roman Catholic Church. The Vice President, in opposition, served the Liberals who believed in a decentralized government without church ties to civil and educational matters. No party has dominated the Columbian rule for a significant time period to this day. We see something very similar to two parties alternating leadership here in the United States with the Democrats and Republicans. The city of Bogota is known to have an older, high-class ambiance spread throughout the city. In fact, Bogota has grown very slowly culturally as a city since the historic value of homes, buildings, and other churches is very important to the people living there. However, Bogota is one of the fastest growing cities in South America in a continuous expansion with growing suburbs. Historically, the...
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...[pic] Coffee, Cooperation and Competition: A Comparative Study of Colombia and Vietnam Authors:[1] Adriana Roldán-Pérez Maria-Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez Pham Thu Huong Dao Ngoc Tien Research assistants (Colombia): Franz Xaver Riegler Stephanie Riegler Catalina Tabares Melissa Eusse Research assistant (Vietnam): Nguyen Thu Hang Table of contents List of figures 4 List of tables 4 Acronyms, abbreviations and definitions 6 Weights and measures 6 Abstract 7 1 Introduction 8 1.1 Research objectives 9 1.1.1 General objectives 9 1.1.2 Specific objectives 9 1.2 Research methodology 9 2 Literature review on the global value chain (GVC) of coffee 11 2.1 Theory of global value chains 11 2.1.1 Introduction to the value chain concept 11 2.1.2 Global commodity chains 12 2.1.3 Value chain analysis 13 2.1.3.1 Definition 13 2.1.3.2 Methodological aspects of value chain analysis 15 2.1.4 Governance 15 2.1.5 Barriers to entry and rent 16 2.1.6 Upgrading in value chains 16 2.2 Overview of the world coffee market 17 2.2.1 World coffee production 17 2.2.2 Production by type of coffee 18 2.2.3 Coffee producing countries 19 2.2.4 Stocks in producing countries 20 2.2.5 World coffee exports 21 2.2.6 World coffee consumption 24 2.2.7 The International Coffee Organisation and coffee prices 29 2.2.8 Mapping the global value chain of coffee 31 3 Analysis of Colombia and Vietnam’s participation in the coffee value chain 33 3.1 Vietnam’s...
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...Description of Research The focus of my dissertation is the watersheds of the Andes—how they vary spatially in terms of their physical characteristics including their morphology (e.g. shape, elevation distribution) geology (e.g. structure, lithology). These characteristics are all integrated in a geodatabase, which I am using to connect data on hydrology, erosion, and land use that will provide a macro-scale snapshot of the present-day conditions at a continental scale. My main objectives are to (1) create a geodatabase with morphology and geology of Andean watersheds, (2) integrate and systematically assess all possible sources of data on the hydrology and sediment yield (erosion), and (3) conduct regional fieldwork to verify the spatial data, collect new measurements, and get a sense of the culture and management of watersheds at a local level that is uncommon for a macro-scale study. Broadly, the Andes are divided into 3 distinct segments that are the Northern, Central, and Southern Andes. My proposed work this summer will focus on the Northern Andes, followed by trips to locations in the Central and Southern Andes over the next 2 summers. I expect these to be highly productive because there will be opportunities to network, discuss, and rethink my hypotheses on the different drivers (i.e. human aspects) of hydrology and erosion across the Andes. I will present results based on my first objective, to identify the spatial distribution of watersheds based on their morphology...
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...Research Paper Outline I. Introduction A) Hook – For thousands of years, humans have never really known what existed beyond what we could see with our own eyes. B) General Statements/Explain the Controversy – Advocates for space exploration say that there are much advantages that push humankind towards a better tomorrow. Opponents argue that there is an huge cost put into research and development C) Thesis Statement and Forecast – I think that the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages because of the benefits that people will inherit and that the economic benefit we receive is a lot more than the cost we put into it. II. Body (Arguments) A) Transition and Topic Sentence for Reason #1 – We can use the new technology 1) Supporting Detail - Not possible without NASA (Wilson, Space Program Benefits) 2) Supporting Detail -Things from fiberglass to GPS (Wilson, Space Program Benefits) 3) Supporting Detail - More investment, more commercialized (Wilson, Space Program Benefits) B) Transition and Topic Sentence for Reason #2 – The exploration development basic necessities 1) Supporting Detail - NASA started water program (Dunbar, “Water Water Everywhere!”) 2) Supporting Detail - Based off design for astronauts (Dunbar, “Water Water Everywhere!”) 3) Supporting Detail - Inexpensive, useful (Dunbar, “Water Water Everywhere!”) C) Transition and Topic Sentence for Reason #3 –The exploration extended to help people in medicine 1) Supporting...
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...RESEARCH PAPER General Topic: America’s War On Drugs Research Paper Question: How is the elimination of Drug supplies going to affect the economies and social concerns involved in the trade? Research Thesis Statement: The total elimination of illegal drugs in circulation will decrease employment in the US and increase unemployment in Afghanistan and Colombia. ABSTRACT: The "War on Drugs" is a campaign undertaken by the Federal government of the US with the assistance of participating countries such as Co lombia and Afghanistan , intend ed to reduce illegal drug trade to curb supply and diminish demand for certain psychoactive substances deemed harmful by the government. This initiative includes a set of laws and policies that are intended to discourage the p roduction, distribution, and consumption of targeted substances. COST: The U.S. government estimates the cost of the War on Drugs by calculating the funds used in attempting to control the supply of illegal drugs, in paying government employees involved in waging the war on crack, and to satisfy rehabilitation costs. This total was estimated by the U.S. government's cost report on drug control to be roughly $12 billion in 2005. Additionally, in a separate report, the U.S. government reports that the cost of incarcerating drug law offenders was $30.1 billion — $9.1 billion for police protection, $4.5 billion for legal adjudication, and $11.0 billion for state and federal corrections...
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...1.Now most cocaine is grown in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia but once it hits the united states its cut down or diluted with ingredients such as lactose so they can distribute more and make more. 2.The Organization of American States estimated that the revenue for cocaine sales in the U.S. was $34 billion in 2013. 2.Research presented this weekend reinforced previous findings that 90 percent of paper money circulating in U.S. cities contains traces of cocaine. 2.Estimates on how much money is sent south each year range from $10 to 30 billion. Processed cocaine is available in Colombia for $1500 dollars per kilo and sold on the streets of America for as much as $66,000 a kilo 1.•The primary way that cocaine enters the United States is via the border between the U.S. and Mexico (65% of all cocaine that comes in does so at the Southwestern U.S border). 1.•The Colombians control the bulk of the cocaine trade in major cities such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Miami. •1.Mexican drug cartels have started to run and produce cocaine themselves (and not as “middlemen” for the Colombians) and now control the drug trade in major Western U.S. cities such as Phoenix, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Seattle and San Francisco. •1.Despite the best efforts of the Unites States’ “War on Drugs”, the cost of cocaine is lower than ever and the availability is greater than it was 25 years ago. http://www.michaelshouse.com/cocaine-addiction/cocaine-trafficking/ References: http://www.cnn...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...
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...Montenegro, Iván Ricardo Insights on Bilingualism and Bilingual Education: A Sociolinguistic Perspective Íkala, revista de lenguaje y cultura, vol. 17, núm. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2012, pp. 263-272 Universidad de Antioquia Medellín, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=255025411004 Íkala, revista de lenguaje y cultura, ISSN (Printed Version): 0123-3432 ikala@quimbaya.udea.edu.co Universidad de Antioquia Colombia How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage www.redalyc.org Non-Profit Academic Project, developed under the Open Acces Initiative InsIghts on BIlIngualIsm and BIlIngual EducatIon: a socIolInguIstIc PErsPEctIvE [Percepciones sobre el bilingüismo y la educación bilingüe: una perspectiva sociolingüística] Iván Ricardo Miranda Montenegro holds a Master’s degree in Applied Linguistics to EFL Teaching from Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. Colombia. He currently works as assistant professor at Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. Mailing address: Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Instituto Internacional de Idiomas, Calle 4 sur No 15-134 Sogamoso, Boyacá, Colombia. E-mail: ivan.miranda@uptc.edu.co Abstract This paper is primarily intended to present some major considerations about bilingualism and bilingual education from a sociolinguistic perspective. In the first instance and due to the high complexity of the issue, I will deal with major definitions...
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...are to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences” (The White House, 2006). Each year the policies are updated to reflect the current trends within the illegal world of drug trafficking. Drug use in the last decade has nearly doubled. The Bush Administration updated the policies in February 2006 to achieve the primary goal of reducing drug use within the United States. The President’s strategy focuses on three principal elements: stopping drug use before it starts, healing drug users, and disrupting the market for illicit drugs. This paper will discuss the specifics, origins and goal of the third strategy, “Disrupting the Markets”. The writer will also discuss resources and costs involved for effective implementation and maintenance. Finally, this paper will provide information on the effects of drug use on the community, ethical implications and suggestions to improve this particular strategy. The policy of “Disrupting the Markets” attempts to stop drug trade by attacking the economics of the system. This element of the Bush Administration strategy provides details on progress being done domestically and internationally to “disrupt the availability of illicit drugs, through source country efforts, interdiction programs, and investigative operations. We are attacking market vulnerabilities in the illegal drug trade and applying pressure to reduce profits and raise the risks...
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...Business Ethics across cultures The first of the two articles that will be reviewed for this paper is by Tamar Lewin of the New York Times. In August of 2001 thirty Nigerian families sued the large drug company Pfizer in the Federal Court of the United States. The families alleged that Pfizer conducted an unethical trial on their children during the meningitis epidemic of 1996 The Pfizer Company sent a research team to the Infectious Disease Hospital in Kano, Nigerian in 1996 to test an experimental antibiotic, Trovan, on 100 children that had come down with meningitis. Pfizer want to ascertain whether this drug would be effective on the disease; until this point the drug had never been tested on children. For their control group Pfizer administered the very best treatment, ceftriaxone, too 100 other children. The suit states that Pfizer did not even administer the full dose of the ceftriaxone. The results from this trial left 11 children dead and many others brain damaged, paralyzed, or deaf. Pfizer’s only comment on the suit was that the fatality rate was less from the trial, than the overall fatality rate from the epidemic. Their spokeswoman also said that the trial had been a humanitarian mission and not a self-serving action. The suit against the company however, states that the company took opportunity from the chaos caused by the crises. They were able to quickly test a potentially dangerous drug without proper approval. The suit also claims that Pfizer also falsified...
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...WP/09/95 Ponzi Schemes in the Caribbean Ana Carvajal, Hunter Monroe, Catherine Pattillo, and Brian Wynter © 2009 International Monetary Fund WP/09/95 IMF Working Paper Western Hemisphere and Monetary and Capital Markets Departments Ponzi Schemes in the Caribbean Prepared by Ana Carvajal, Hunter Monroe, Catherine Pattillo, and Brian Wynter Authorized for distribution by Paul Cashin and David Hoelscher April 2009 Abstract This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. In several Caribbean states, unregulated investment schemes grew quickly in recent years by claiming unusually high monthly returns and through a system of referrals by existing members. These are features shared with traditional Ponzi schemes and pyramid schemes. This paper describes the growth of such schemes, their subsequent collapse, and the policy response of regulators, and presents key policy lessons. The analysis and recommendations draw on country experiences in the Caribbean, and in such diverse countries as the United States, Colombia, Lesotho, and Albania. JEL Classification Numbers: G18 Keywords: Pyramid schemes, Ponzi schemes, Caribbean Authors’ E-Mail Addresses: acarvajal@imf.org; hmonroe@imf.org;...
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...Kasetsart J. (Soc. Sci) 33 : 142 - 151 (2012) «. ‡°…µ√»“ µ√å ( —ߧ¡) ªï∑’Ë 33 : 142 - 151 (2555) Demand Analysis of Ethiopian Coffee in Japan Wolday Gebrehiwot1,* and Apichart Daloonpate2 ABSTRACT Ethiopia is the largest coffee producer in Africa. One of the major markets for Ethiopian coffee is Japan. This paper, therefore, analyzed the determinants of demand for Ethiopian coffee in the Japanese market. The Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) model was used to estimate a system of expenditure share equations for Ethiopian coffee and its competitors. Quarterly time series data from 1988 to 2009 were obtained for the analysis. Empirical results indicated that most of the slope coefficients were statistically significant and in accordance with microeconomic theory. The demand for Ethiopian coffee was determined by its price, price of substitutes, the contamination dummy variable, and total expenditure in the Japanese market. Ethiopian coffee demand was found to be elastic and this has an implication in pricing policy. Keywords: Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS), expenditure share, coffee, Ethiopia, Japan ∫∑§—¥¬àÕ ‡Õ∏‘‚Õ‡ªï¬‡ªìπª√–‡∑»ºŸº≈‘µ°“·ø√“¬„À≠à∑ ¥ â ’Ë ÿ „π∑«’ª·Õø√‘°“ Àπ÷Ëß„πµ≈“¥À≈—°¢Õß°“·ø®“° ‡Õ∏‘ ‚ Õ‡ªï ¬ §◊ Õ ª√–‡∑»≠’Ë ªÿÉ π ß“π«‘ ®— ¬ π’È ∑”°“√ «‘ ‡ §√“–Àå ªí ® ®— ¬ ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π µ— « °”Àπ¥Õÿ ª ß§å ° “·ø®“° ‡Õ∏‘‚Õ‡ªï¬„πµ≈“¥≠’˪ÿÉπ ‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈ÕßÕÿª ß§å ‡™‘ ß ‡ â π „°≈â ¡∫Ÿ √ ≥å „ π°“√ª√–¡“≥√–∫∫ ¡°“√ à«π·∫àß§à“„™â®à“¬ ”À√—∫°“·ø®“°‡Õ∏‘‚Õ‡ªï¬·≈–...
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...Group Department of Geography University of Bergen 2010 Abstract The coffee market in Colombia is highly unstable, being more unstable in the last 20 years (since the removal of the ICO agreement). During 1980 and 1990 the coffee price was varying around 8% around a mean and over the last 20 years it has been oscillating around 15% to 20% around a mean. The coffee market presents an 8 to 11 years cycle in price and production. Coffee market is well known for its volatility and for the crisis that producers are confronting, i.e., poverty, low prices, etc. The main causes for this crisis are the characteristic behaviors of the coffee market itself, which presents price instability, resource unsustainabillity, and inequity along the commodity chain (specially for coffee growers), the same characteristics of other commodity markets. In this paper we focused on the first of the causes, price instability, and so we created a System Dynamics model of the Colombian coffee sector that captures the structure of that market, the delays and feedbacks present on it. With this research we intended to answer the following questions: Why is the Colombian coffee market so unstable in price and quantity? And what can be done to reduce the instability of that market? The model is an adaptation of the generic structure, created by Meadows 1970 for commodity markets. We demonstrate that cycles in Colombia coffee sector can be endogenously generated and propose some policies that might contribute...
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...skills of the poor and allow them to propel themselves out of poverty through providing financial services with which they can protect assets and grow microenterprises. MFIs have developed many innovative financial products to offer their clients beyond credit, such as microsavings, money transfer vehicles, and microinsurance. Microfinance is a growing industry throughout the developing world and comprises commercial banks, regulated banks, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and nonprofit organizations (NPOs). With approximately 17 million impoverished, there is a large market for the microfinance industry to capture; yet, in Colombia, it is not nearly as well established as in neighboring countries. Peru and Bolivia, for example, are among the world’s most competitive and innovative microfinance markets (The World Factbook). A NOTE ABOUT COLOMBIA Capital and largest city | Bogotá, D.C 4°35′N 74°4′W | Official languages | Spanish | Recognised regional languages | 68 ethnic languages and dialects. English also official in the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. | Legislature | Congress | • | Upper house | Senate | • | Lower house | Chamber of Representatives | Independence from Spain | • | Declared | 20 July 1810 | • | Recognized | 7 August 1819 | • | Current constitution | 4 July 1991 | Area | • |...
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...International Security Research Paper Nate Henneman During the mid 90s, Afghanistan surpassed Myanmar, as the leading producer and exporter of opium in the world. Their rise has been attributed to the increased violence and anti-government organizations giving drug lords the ability to operate without much interference from the government. Afghanistan has extremely fertile lands, which makes growing poppy plants (opium is extracted from the poppy seed) very profitable considering the total opium market value is around $4 billion per year. The lack of governmental intervention coupled with the well suited growing conditions make Afghanistan along with other countries in the Middle East, the perfect manufacturing and shipping or distribution plant of opium in the world. Even though opium is used highly in western medicine when making morphine-based drugs to help relieve pain, opium in the drug trade most often comes in the illegal form of heroin; one of the most abused and highly addictive drugs used recreationally across the globe. Prolonged use causes dependency and constipation, along with the increased risk of contracting blood borne diseases such as HIV or hepatitis. Death by overdose is very prominent as well, around 100,000 per year die from heroin overdose, and around 30,000 of those deaths occur in Russia. “Afghan drug production is an international rather than a local or regional threat,” Russia’s drug control chief, Viktor Ivanov has said. The United States,...
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