...solid substrate fermentation (SSF) is presented. The most important lignocellulolytic fungi and their properties are described, and their application in novel solid state bioreactors with on-line process control is discussed. The most important bioconversion products, biofuels, enzymes, animal feeds, biofertilizers, biopesticides, biopromoters, secondary metabolites, and the economy of their production by SSF is discussed. The use of SSF in the pulp and paper industry and in integrated crop management is illustrated. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Lignocellulose; Bioconversion; Solid substrate fermentation 1. Introduction Lignocellulose composes more than 60% of plant biomass produced on earth. This vast resource is the potential source of biofuels, biofertilizers, animal feed and chemical feedstocks. Lignocellulose is also the raw material of the paper industry. To fully utilize the potential of lignocellulose, it has to be converted by chemical and/or biological processes. Solid substrate fermentation (SSF) plays an important role, and has a great perspective for the bioconversion of plant biomass. Lignocellulose may be a good feedstock for the production of biofuels, enzymes and other biochemical products by SSF. Crop residues (straw, corn by-products, bagasse, etc.) are particularly suitable for this...
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...Catalysis. “Bio” prefix denotes biological and “catalysis” means the acceleration of a chemical reaction due to a catalyst. So in general biocatalysis is the use of biological (natural) catalysts, such as enzymes. These biological catalysts are used to transform organic compounds chemically. An enzyme is a protein catalyst that is responsible for the reactions in your body. Enzymes help with digestion of food, production of essential nutrients, movement of muscles, etcetera. Enzymes not only exist in our body but are used for quite a lot of other...
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...The use of enzymes to modify foods has increased vastly and these fermentations are continuing to be important, however, a new type of enzyme industry has evolved which involves the use of harvesting enzymes from microorganisms. According to Aritri Ghosh a Biotech engineer, the production of enzymes from bacteria and fungi can be isolated from the growth and cleansed and purified as necessary. Generally in industrial processes the enzyme is immobilized which allows the enzyme to be re-used and also enable the products to be separated easily. The production of textiles, paper, leather, fruit juices and biological detergents are produced from Microbial enzymes. We have learned from our text book Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections that Enzymes work by breaking down a substrate into simpler molecules. They increase the rate at which a reaction occurs. They lower the activation energy which results in a quicker rate. Once the substrate leaves the active site of the enzyme the enzyme is free to combine with another free substrate molecule as long as it will fit into the active site of the enzyme as each enzyme has a specific active site which results in enzymes being specific in what they break down. Proteases Proteases hydrolyze peptide bonds in peptides and proteins. They act within the peptide chain or by removing amino acid residues in sequence from one or other end of the chain. Proteases can also be known as proteinases and peptidases. Proteases account...
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...INTRODUCTION Microorganisms are used extensively to provide a vast range of products and services. They have proved to be particularly useful because of the ease of their mass cultivation, speed of growth, use of cheap substrates (which in many cases are wastes) and the diversity of potential products. Their ability to readily undergo genetic manipulation has also opened up almost limitless further possibilities for new products and services from the fermentation industries (Trevor Palmor, 2004). Microorganisms are a large and disease group that exist as its single cell or cell cultures. These include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and infectious agents at the borderline of life. Microbes are present most abundantly in soil, atmosphere and water plays a important role in the biochemical agent for the conversion of complex organic compounds into simple organic compounds (Glazer and Nikaido, 1995). Microorganisms are closely associated with health and welfare of human beings. Some Microorganisms are beneficial and others are detrimental. For example, Microorganisms are involved in the making of yoghurt, cheese and wine, in the production of Penicillin, interferons and alcohol, and the processing of industrial and domestic wastes. Microorganisms can cause disease, spoil food and deteriorate materials like iron, pipes, glass lenses and wood pilings (Glazer and Nikaido, 1995). Most of these Microorganisms irrespective of their origins, were subsequently modified by conventional...
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...Journal Article Assignment Name: Sajeel Khan ID: 20623349 Section: 3:30 Tuesday TA: Alyssa Guerra Cell Bio Bites Topic: Peroxisomes – What are they, where do they come from and what do they do? Define the key terms (scientific words) in your own words. (notes or textbook can be used as sources) Peroxisome – Small organelle that is enclosed by a membrane; it makes use of Oxygen (molecular form) to oxidize organic material. As a result of their functions, some of its enzymes produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, while other enzymes have the capabilities to degrade it. Plant peroxisome – Peroxisomes that are specific to plants. They perform as well as aid in the processes of many plant cultivations such as detoxification. Arabidopsis...
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...Bioremediation Methodologies Summer Teeters COM/172 June 23, 2014 Sherry Howard Salois Bioremediation Methodologies What is bioremediation? According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Science (2008), bioremediation is any process that purifies an environment polluted by organic or inorganic contaminants with the utilization of microorganisms or other such creatures. Intensive industrialization and inadequate disposal of organic and inorganic compounds have brought about long-term persistent sources of contamination of our environment. This is a major environmental, policy and health issue facing numerous countries today. Current methods for remediation of polluted environments incorporate chemical and physical remediation, incineration and bioremediation. These conventional physicochemical methodologies are for the most part costly and the remediation process is frequently incomplete. However, since its first commercialized use in the 1970s, experts in the environmental field claim that bioremediation has proven itself to be an economically viable and socially acceptable process to remove hazardous wastes from our environment (Cummings, 2010). In the ever-growing bioremediation field, recent advancements in technology have helped develop new methods of removing contaminants from soil more efficiently and cost effectively. The three primary methods of bioremediation incorporate the utilization of microbes, plants and enzymatic remediation. Every one of these three methods...
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...Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química Vol. 13, No. CONTENIDO 3 (2014) 765-778 Volumen 8, número 3, 2009 / Volume 8, number 3, 2009 OPTIMIZATION OF ENZYMATIC SACCHARIFICATION OF WHEAT STRAW IN A MICRO-SCALE SYSTEM BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY ´ 213 Derivation and application of the Stefan-Maxwell equations ´ ´ OPTIMIZACION DE LA SACARIFICACION ENZIMATICA DE PAJA DE TRIGO EN ´ ´ (Desarrollo y aplicación las ecuaciones de Stefan-Maxwell) MICROESCALA A TRAVESdeDE LA METODOLOGIA DE SUPERFICIE DE Stephen Whitaker RESPUESTA C. Molina1∗ , A. S´ nchez2 , A. Seraf´n-Mu˜ oz3 y J. Folch-Mallol4 a ı n de Guanajuato - Guanajuato, Depto. de Ingenier´a Qu´mica, Noria Alta s/n, 36050 Guanajuato, ı ı 245 Modelado de la biodegradaciónGto., M´ xico. lodos de hidrocarburos totales del petróleo en biorreactores de e 2 Centro de Investigaci´ n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad de Ingenier´a Avanzada. Av. del Bosque 1145, o intemperizados en suelos y sedimentos ı Colonia el Baj´o, Zapopan, 45019, Jalisco, M´ xico. ı e (Biodegradation modeling of sludge bioreactors of total petroleum hydrocarbons weathering in soil 3 Universidad de Guanajuato - Guanajuato, Depto. de Ingenier´a Ambiental, Av. Ju´ rez 77, Zona Centro, 36000, ı a and sediments) Guanajuato, Gto., M´ xico. e S.A. Medina-Moreno, S. Huerta-Ochoa, L. 4 Universidad Aut´ noma del Estado de Morelos, CentroC.A. Lucho-Constantino, enAguilera-Vázquez,ıA. Jiménezo de Investigaci´ n Biotecnolog´a,...
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...Q: Sucrose is a disaccharide that undergoes hydrolysis to form two monosaccharaides, glucose and fructose, when it is consumed. Why then should there be any significant difference between consuming sucrose and HFCS-55? A: I believe that when the bees consume HFCS-55 that their body breaks it down and poisons the bees’ body. Q: Can HFCS-55 be considered a natural substance? Explain your reasoning, specifically listing the criteria by which you believe a substance may be considered “natural” as opposed to “unnatural.” A: I would say that HFCS is “unnatural” because HFCS is produced by using an enzyme (Alpha-amylase) to break down corn-starch. This leads me to ask why must we need the enzyme if it were “nature” Q: Both “natural” and genetically modified (GM) forms of corn are available in the United States. Based on the criteria that you have listed for Question 2, does your answer to the previous question depend on whether the HFCS-55 is made from “natural” or GM corn? Explain your reasoning. A: Yes, I believe that HFCS-55 is not “natural” and that it is a genetically modified form of corn. Q: It has been argued that just the process of transporting honeybees from one crop location to another over long distances may contribute to CCD regardless of what the colonies are fed. Is there evidence to support or refute this argument? A: Yes, I think that taking these bees all over the country each year is causing them stress and not to mention the...
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...Name of the Assignment: Characterization and Applications of Lipases Course Title: Enzymology Course ID: BTC 517 Date of Submission: 3 August, 2012 Submitted To: Professor Naiyyum Choudhury Coordinator,Biotechnology MNS Department BRAC University Mohakhali, Dhaka Submitted By: Sultana Rownok Jahan M.S Biotechnology Summer 2012 MNS Department BRAC University Mohakhali,Dhaka. Introduction: Lipases are the special kind of esterases belong to subclass 1 of hydrolytic enzyme class 3 and have been assigned sub-sub class 3.1.1 due to their specificity for carboxylic acid ester bonds. Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolases, E.C. 3.1.1.3) are ubiquitous enzymes of considerablephysiological significance and industrial potential. Lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to glycerol and free fatty acids. In contrast to esterases, lipases are activated only when adsorbed to an oil–water interface (Martinelle et al., 1995) and do not hydrolyze dissolved substrates in the bulk fluid. A true lipase will split emulsified esters of glycerine and long-chain fatty acids such as triolein and tripalmitin. Lipases are serine hydrolases and contain the consensus sequence G – X1 – S – X2 – G as the catalytic moiety, where G – glycine, S – serine,X1 – histidine and X2 – glutamic or aspartic acid .Lipases display little activity in aqueous solutions containing soluble substrates. In contrast, esterases show normal Michaelis–Menten...
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...INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The evolution of industrialization and mechanization in the 21st century made it possible to transform manual equipment into modern machinery. With this development, global reliance on petroleum-based fuel is constantly increasing, giving rise to a challenge on energy sufficiency. Negative impacts, such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, are associated with the combustion of these petroleum-based fuels (MacLellan, 2010). Major GHG contributors identified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include industry (20%), residential and commercial (11%), and agriculture (8%) (Bogart, 2013). Adverse effects on health and the environment of using petroleum-based fuels, thus, urge scientific community to search and develop alternative renewable fuel to replace the current and existing petroleum-based fuels. Biofuels have been demonstrated by several researches to reduce GHG emissions as compared to gasoline (petrol) (Leen, 2012). Among the alternative biofuels, bioethanol has received considerable attention in transportation sector because of its utility as an octane booster, fuel additive, and even as neat fuel (Mudliar, et. al., 2009). Bioethanol can be derived from organic materials, such as energy crops like corn, wheat, sugar cane, sugar beet, and cassava, among others (Neves, et. al., 2007). However, due to their primary utility as food, these crops cannot provide the global demand for bioethanol production. Among...
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...system with each chamber consisting of fibrinogen and platelets from the patient’s centrifuged plasma. The clot is held together by the platelets and the growth factors and proteins in the gel promote tissue regeneration. It is used widely in orthopedic, hepatic, reconstructive, and general surgical procedures. It may have reduced strength when used in combination with methyl methacrylate or other acrylic adhesives. It is costly and successful use is dependent on operator experience. The need for centrifuge and peruse processing makes the product less smart. [24, 38, 49] 2.13 HEMOSTATIC AGENTS: 2.13.1 APROTININ: Aprotinin is a serine proteinase inhibitor made up of 58-residue polypeptide chain.it exhibits its action by formation of reversible enzyme–inhibitor complexes with proteases such as plasmin, trypsin, kallikrein, chymotrypsin, activated protein C, and thrombin. The enzymatic activity of aprotinin is given in kallikrein inactivator units (KIU), with 1 KIU defined as the amount of aprotinin that decreases the activity of two biological kallikrein units by 50%. Aprotinin exert its hemostatic effects by inhibiting the flowing plasmin but does not react with fibrin-bound plasmin. [30, 32] Aprotinin has been vastly used in cardiac surgery and has been described in other studies such as orthopedic surgery and hepatic transplantation. It has consistently been reported to reduce blood loss and transfusion...
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...Molecules, Biodiversity, Food and Health Biological Molecules Biological Molecules (a) describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules, and relate this, and other properties of water, to the roles of water in living organisms; Water is a polar molecule. This is because the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons towards it, meaning that water is slightly negatively charged at the oxygen and positively charged at the hydrogen ends, so they can form hydrogen bonds with each other. This are continuing breaking and reforming, so the molecules can move around. Property of water Solvent Importance Metabolic processes in all organisms rely on chemicals being able to react together in solution Examples 70-95% of cytoplasm is water. Dissolved chemicals take part in processes such as respiration and photosynthesis in living organisms Liquid The movement of materials around organisms, both in cells and on a large scale in multicellular organisms requires a liquid transport medium Water molecules stick to each other creating surface tension at the water surface. Cohesion also makes long, thin water columns very strong and difficult to break Blood in animals and the vascular tissue in plants use water as a liquid transport medium Cohesion Freezing Water freezes, forming ice on the surface. Water beneath the surface becomes insulated and less likely to freeze Thermal stability Large bodies of water have fairly...
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...AS Biology Unit 1 page 1 AQA AS Biology Unit 1 Contents Specification Biological Molecules Chemical bonds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Biochemical Tests Enzymes Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Cell Fractionation Microscopy The Cell Membrane Movement across Cell Membranes Exchange The Gas Exchange System Lung Diseases The Heart Coronary Heart Disease The Digestive System Cholera Lifestyle and Disease Defence against Disease Immunisation Monoclonal Antibodies 1 – Mathematical Requirements 2– The Unit 1 Exam 2 4 6 8 10 16 17 24 28 30 31 35 37 44 46 50 54 58 60 67 68 72 80 81 83 86 Cells Human Physiology Disease Appendices These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH July 2011 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM/7/11 AS Biology Unit 1 page 2 Biology Unit 1 Specification Biochemistry Biological Molecules Biological molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are often polymers and are based on a small number of chemical elements. • Proteins have a variety of functions within all living organisms. The general structure of an amino acid. Condensation and the formation of peptide bonds linking together amino acids to form polypeptides. The relationship...
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...Unknown bacteria determined to be Alcaligenes faecalis because of its morphological, physiological and metabolic properties. In a laboratory setting, it often becomes necessary to identify an unknown organism. In this experiment, researchers classified an unidentified bacterium based on its physical structure, colony morphology, optimal conditions and metabolic properties. A Gram stain using crystal violet, iodine, and safranin and a simple stain using methylene blue characterized the organism’s cell wall. Cultural behavior was classified by inoculating the organism onto nutrient agar and incubating it at 37° C for 48 hours, and observing its behavior, as well as using SIM medium to test for motility. Optimal growth temperature was determined by incubating nutrient broths of the organism at 25° C and 37° C, and optimal pH was tested by inoculating broths with pHs of 3, 7, and 10. Fluid thioglycollate medium determined the organism’s oxygen requirements. The metabolic profile was created by inoculating the bacterium into broths containing glucose, lactose, mannitol, and citrate and incubating the tubes at 25° C for 48 hours, then observing it for color change. Oxidative metabolic tests for oxidase and catalase were also performed using an oxidative reagent and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The Enterotube II System was used to further classify its metabolic profile. The stains revealed that the bacterium was a Gram-negative bacillus. The organism was shown to be non-motile...
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...Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli. Introduction Enzyme is a type of catalyst that present in living organisms used for many biotechnological functions in various industrial processing. It has a special characteristic that allows the chemical reaction to speed up without being altered, thus significantly improve the industrial productivity (Roy et al. 2012). Among various enzymes available in market, α-amylase has received a special attention in commercial production due to its widely used applications. α-Amylase contributed to 50% of the world enzyme production and has a great importance in many industries such as in food processing, laundry and also in pharmaceutical (Asgher et al. 2007). α-Amylase enzyme acts on α-1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch substrate backbone leading to the formation of soluble maltodextrins, glucose and maltose (Vidyalakshmi et al. 2009). This characteristic is extremely useful especially in industries that require the hydroxylation of starch such as the production of sugar syrups. The α-amylase enzyme can be obtained from various sources such as plants animals and microbes (Ahmed et al. 2011). However, the naturally occurring enzyme is still insufficient to support all the industrial production and therefore, it is crucial to find a new alternative sources, which is cost-efficient and high yield capacity to meet the supply demand (Yin et al. 2003). In industries, the microbial α-amylase enzyme such as from Bacillus subtilis is more preferable compared...
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