...The Balanced Scorecard: Judgmental Effects of Common and Unique Performance Measures Author(s): Marlys Gascho Lipe and Steven E. Salterio Source: The Accounting Review, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Jul., 2000), pp. 283-298 Published by: American Accounting Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/248614 . Accessed: 11/03/2014 05:15 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . American Accounting Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Accounting Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 131.181.108.165 on Tue, 11 Mar 2014 05:15:52 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW Vol. 75, No. 3 July 2000 pp. 283-298 The Balanced Effects Scorecard: of Common Judgmental and Unique Performance Measures Marlys Gascho Lipe University of Oklahoma Steven E. Salterio University of Waterloo ABSTRACT: The balanced scorecard is a new tool that complements traditional measures of business unit performance. The scorecard...
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...Assignment : Research Paper 1-The Role of Standardization, Localization, Culture and Market Research in International Marketing Strategies Adamu Yushau Usumanu This Paper is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for International Marketing Management course SMC University School of Management Dr. Babu P. George May 19 , 2014 Abstract The research paper discussed standardization and localization strategies, where standardization strategy refer to a common marketing program cutting across nations and marketing segments, while localization strategy seek to adapt products and marketing strategy to the specific characteristics of individual markets. The paper further identified the advantages and disadvantages of standardization and localization strategies in the context of international marketing. The role of cultural pattern in society and its effect on consumption were also discussed, where culture refer to a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people. Cultural patterns exert a great influence on consumption in a social setting. The paper finally discussed the need for a business entity to carry out a research on differences in language culture, regulations governing marketing before entering a new international market. Key Words Marketing Strategy, Standardization, Localization,, International Marketing, Cultural Patterns, Marketing Mix, Market Research Introduction ...
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...Summary of Key Points for Chapter 7 This chapter looks further into key customer-driven marketing strategy decisions—how to divide up markets into meaningful customer groups (segmentation), choose which customer groups to serve (targeting), create market offerings that best serve targeted customers (differentiation), and positioning the offerings in the minds of consumers (positioning). Chapter Objectives: 1. Define the four major steps in designing a customer-driven marketing strategy: market segmentation, market targeting, differentiation, and positioning 2. List and discuss the major bases for segmenting consumer and business markets 3. Explain how companies identify attractive market segments and choose a market targeting strategy 4. Discuss how companies differentiate and position their products for maximum competitive advantage in the marketplace. Most companies have moved away from mass marketing and toward target marketing—identifying market segments, selecting one or more of them, and developing products and marketing programs tailored to each. Figure 7.1 (pg.216) shows the four major steps in designing a customer-driven marketing strategy. Market segmentation involves dividing a market into smaller groups of buyers with distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors that might require separate marketing strategies or mixes. Market targeting (or targeting) consists of evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more...
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...2.2. Individual Differences (IDs): It is clear that people reply in a different way to the same situations. They use different approaches towards communicating with others and solving the problems they encounter. Individuals also behave differently in learning contexts; As stated by Brown (2000), each of them practices a special type of learning style. For example, some individuals learn better with pictures and illustrations, some learn better with repetition and some others get better results through participation. Dörnyei (2005) defines individual differences (IDs) as: "characteristics or traits in respect of which individuals may be shown to differ from each other."(p.1). As a matter of fact, individual learner differences are the distinct...
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...Communication Differences and Strategies Marissa Hunter SOC 333 August 26, 2013 Matha Landrum Communication Differences and Strategies 1. Individual Assignment: Communication Differences and Strategies • Write a 2,100- to 2,450-word paper in which you consider specific types of communication, common miscommunications among genders, and effective communication strategies. Address the following questions: o What type of verbal and nonverbal communication do men and women use? o Is verbal and nonverbal communication different among genders? Nonverbal communication differs between genders as both men and women have different nonverbal cues, or nonverbal immediacy. Women are more active communicators than men and often use more immediate nonverbal communication. Women are more apt to use closer proximity, make more of an attempt to adjust their nonverbal channels to that of other, as well as are expressive overall during communication. Whereas, men give more nonverbal power signs and can appear more disconnected when communicating (Ivy & Backlund, 2008). There are many elements to consider when understanding the differences in the nonverbal communication of men and women. Trends show that there are some sex-based explainations o What are common miscommunications between men and women? What are the causes? Provide specific examples of dialogue among genders. o Describe...
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...A Comparative Analysis of Strategy versus Tactics In the Negotiation Process HR595 Negotiation Skills Instructor: Professor C. Butler June 18, 2011 Sammie L. Brookins drsammiebrookins@aol.com Introduction “Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as a serpents, and harmless as doves,” Matthew 10:16. This Scripture from the Holy Bible sets the parameters in the negotiation process. It shows the intensities of the parties because sheep and wolves are known enemies. Many times when we enter into the negotiation process, we feel as though we are enemies to the other party. What many of us fail to realize is that we reach many decisions through negotiation every single day without as much as a single thought? Our basic definition for this paper is that “Negotiation means to confer with another person so as to arrive at a settlement of some matter; also to arrange for or bring about such conferences” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). This paper will focus on the attributes that affect the choice of negotiation strategy, including both short and long-term thinking relative to the consequences, how to frame goals and the importance of the continuing relationship with the other parties involved after the negotiation process has ended. It is common knowledge that negotiation occurs in a series of steps or processes that are conclusive of many contractual principles, many of which are commonplace in daily routine. Offer, acceptance...
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...an appropriate marketing strategy for this product in your country. It should contain: explanations of global marketing and localisation; advantages and disadvantages of both strategies for this product in your country; details of the changes you would recommend for the marketing strategy in your country. Don’t forget that your marketing strategy should be integrated. [20] Advantages Global marketing: A pan-global marketing strategy adopts common products, branding and promotional campaigns across the world. Disadvantages • There will be economies • The brand name may • • • of scale as the product is the same in each country. Therefore, purchasing economies of scale can be utilised. No need for different flavours of Zumo. Promotional costs will be reduced as the same advertising is used everywhere – thus no need to commission different adverts in different countries. Advertising already used in Spain can simply be translated for other markets. The economy is increasingly globalised and there are fewer and fewer differences between tastes in countries around the world. The product may benefit from a common global identity. This has worked well for Coca Cola. • • • not be suitable in all countries, e.g. Plop, a popular Swedish chocolate bar, would struggle in the UK market. Does this apply to Zumo? Cultural and social differences exist between countries. Zumo may lose sales by trying to sell the same product in all countries. Economic differences between countries are significant...
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... it is not enough unless their aptitudes are incorporated into collectively performing unit. Turning an average performing into high performing team can be done by utilizing the strengths of each team member and the cultural diversity of the entire group. In the contemporary world we live, it is very common to work in multicultural teams. These teams are perceived as highly potential based on the perception that the greater the diversity, the greater the creativity and productivity of a team is. Yet, there are certain challenges that international teams encounter and that is why it is of great importance to be aware of the cultural diversity around the globe. Despite of how influential is our own culture on our beliefs and behaviours we must be aware that we are not coming from the one and only “valuable” culture in the world. People often tend to believe that their own values and beliefs are the only “right” ones as they are embedded in their particular cultures. We must be aware that each of us, each singular culture might shine in a different way, but that does not mean someone else’s light is less bright than ours. We must respect, mind and understand others differences in order to communicate efficiently and realize that these dissimilarities do not makes us weak ,they are actually the source of our strength. Frameworks for cultural analyses In order to acquire better understanding of the different cultures, several frameworks were developed by famous...
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...room. The line is a tacit agreement on which concurred by them. There are quite a few lines, perceptible or imperceptible, that reflect the differences between male and female in nearly all aspects of life, no matter how old they are. Language is another field that proves the existence of sexual lines. It`s so easy to notice the line between men and women when it comes to the use of language, and such kind of sex difference seems to be a reasonable choice. In her essay The Party Line, the author Rachel Rafelman starts with the gender split in party and sets out to explore the social dynamic of men and women in conversation by combining the ideas of plenty of writers, editors and friends with hers. According to her, women get personal and are more interesting than men, who limit their talking in business, in conversation. “Given a chance, everyone prefers talking to women (317)”. Nevertheless, men are instinctively blowing their horns when talking while women have no such “instrument”—they even depreciate themselves. However, on the basis of another essay about this gender issue, Sex Differences by Ronald Macaulay, men and women do not acquire and use differently. Macaulay claims that differences showed in research reports are not large enough to be statistically significant, people should focus more on what men and women have in common. Both writers consolidate their thesis in their own way, but generally I think Rafelman's essay strike a chord with me. I mean, I prefer...
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...------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- Received: | ------------------------------------------------- | | ASSESSMENT FRONT COVER SHEET | COURSE: | The Development of International Business since the 1870s | STUDENT NUMBER: | 2 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 1 | WORD COUNT*: | | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 | *excluding bibliography, references and appendices Please submit your assignment to the designated submission venue. ------------------------------------------------- FOR OFFICE INFORMATION ONLY Extensions All extensions requests must be submitted to programmes administrators in advance of the submission deadline. | Extension granted until: | Authorised by: | Most common Strategies to enter an International Market Development in International Businesses Jonas Meyer Glasgow University | | | | Adam Smith Business School | | | | Place & date: | Glasgow, 17. February 2015 | | | | Name, initials: | Meyer, JonasExchange Student fromMaastricht University | | For assessor only | | ID number: | Glasgow ID: 2185941MMaastricht ID: i6054474 | | 1. Content | | Study: | Development of International Business | | 2.Language structure | | Course code: | MGT 4060 | | 3.Language accuracy | | Tutorial number: | Wednesdays, 9-11am | | 4.Language: Format& citing/referencing | | Course Coordinator: | Dr Valerio Cerretano | | Overall: | | Writing assignment: | Essay | | Assessor’s...
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...room. The line is a tacit agreement on which concurred by them. There are quite a few lines, perceptible or imperceptible, that reflect the differences between male and female in nearly all aspects of life, no matter how old they are. Language is another field that proves the existence of sexual lines. It`s so easy to notice the line between men and women when it comes to the use of language, and such kind of sex difference seems to be a reasonable choice. In her essay The Party Line, the author Rachel Rafelman starts with the gender split in party and sets out to explore the social dynamic of men and women in conversation by combining the ideas of plenty of writers, editors and friends with hers. According to her, women get personal and are more interesting than men, who limit their talking in business, in conversation. “Given a chance, everyone prefers talking to women (317)”. Nevertheless, men are instinctively blowing their horns when talking while women have no such “instrument”—they even depreciate themselves. However, on the basis of another essay about this gender issue, Sex Differences by Ronald Macaulay, men and women do not acquire and use differently. Macaulay claims that differences showed in research reports are not large enough to be statistically significant, people should focus more on what men and women have in common. Both writers consolidate their thesis in their own way, but generally I think Rafelman's essay strike a chord with me. I mean, I prefer...
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...Running head: Teamwork and Cultural Differences 1 Teamwork and Culture Differences Diversity with Sensitivity Argosy University July 29, 2013 Com 105 Teamwork and Cultural Differences 2 Introduction Teamwork involves people working together in groups in order to achieve a goal. Teamwork and effective communication is extremely important when it comes to a business and the success to a company. When working in teams, people are able to share ideas and work together to accomplish more than they could by themselves. However, culture differences and personality differences can often cause a challenge. When working together, a person may not have an understanding of another person’s culture, which can have a negative impact on a business. Since companies are more global today, diversity and multicultural communication has become a crucial part of business success. Teamwork and Team Building Teamwork and team building is vitally important in any multicultural and global society. In today’s day, the workforce is becoming more diverse, meaning that people from different cultures are required to come together to work as a team. Teamwork in the workplace often contributes to success in a company. Teamwork enables people to come together to accomplish tasks faster than finishing projects individually. Also, when cooperating with each other, employees are able to share ideas and responsibilities with one another, which usually reduces...
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...landing area. If the jump and the parachute are handled correctly, the landing can be as gentle as jumping off two steps. Making a jump and floating to earth are only part of the sport of skydiving. For 5 5.1 Factoring Out Common Factors Special Products and Grouping Factoring the Trinomial ax2 bx c with a 1 Factoring the Trinomial ax2 bx c with a 1 Difference and Sum of Cubes and a Strategy Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring 5.2 Chapter 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 example, in an activity called “relative work skydiving,” a team of as many as 920 free-falling skydivers join together to make geometrically shaped formations. In a related exercise called “canopy relative work,” the team members form geometric patterns after their parachutes or canopies have opened. This kind of skydiving takes skill and practice, and teams are not always successful in their attempts. The amount of time a skydiver has for a free fall depends on the height of the jump and how much the skydiver uses the air to slow the fall. In Exercises 85 and 86 of Section 5.6 we find the amount of time that it takes a skydiver to fall from a given height. 322 Chapter 5 Factoring 5-2 5.1 In This Section U1V Prime Factorization of Integers Factoring Out Common Factors In Chapter 4, you learned how to multiply a monomial and a...
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...controlling for the effect of firm size on the level of performance, ratios enable financial statement users to examine how a firm has performed relative to its peers and relative to its own historical performance. A firm’s ratios can differ from its peers or its own historical performance because it has selected a different product market strategy, because its management team has become more effective at implementing its strategy, or because it has selected a different financial strategy. Of course, as we have seen throughout the course, sometimes firms can appear to perform differently because they have selected different accounting methods for reporting the same underlying economic events. For this reason, a precursor to effective financial ratio analysis is the development of a clear understanding of how a firm’s accounting decisions compare with those of its competitors, or with its own decisions in prior years. If there are important differences in accounting decisions, it may be necessary to make adjustments to the affected firms’ financial statements to ensure that ratio comparisons isolate differences in strategy or performance. Common adjustments include: treating operating leases as capital leases; adjusting LIFO inventories to a FIFO basis; changing the write-off period of intangible assets; restating reserves and charges for bad debts warranties and product returns; recognizing the possible impact of unrecognized potential contingent liabilities; revaluing tangible...
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...Assess Volvo’s strategy and performance prior to being acquired by Geely. Targeting the lower end of premium auto segment, historically, Volvo has focused on sustaining competitive advantage in safety through constant innovation. Over the last 82 years, the strategy has earned Volvo a strong brand equity and global recognition of its reliance and adherence to high safety standards. However, in 2000s it struggled with profitability due to increasing competition, changing customer preferences, and ineffective cost management and, finally, the recession. Discuss Geely’s strategy and competitive positioning in the auto industry prior to acquiring Volvo. In contrast to Volvo, Geely targeted the low cost-low quality budget segment, pursuing tier 2 and 3 towns in China. With relatively short history and small size, up until recently Geely had been mostly using the imitation strategy in its car design and production, which allowed for growth and increasing profitability. However, to accelerate growth of its modest market share, Geely has shifted its focus on technology in order to differentiate from the steep competition. Its competitive positioning is being in transition from low price advantage to technological advantage, with the objective to rapidly expand domestically and internationally. Why did Geely acquire Volvo? What are some of the merger integration challenges Geely faces, and how should they be addressed? There is very little overlap between Geely and Volvo...
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